PA  persimpangan di int carotid artery and p

communicating artery
1. Epidural hematoma (pulau)  persimpangan bifurcatio artery basilaris
o sequester tulang menyebar (di tepi jaringan)
o ada bekuan darah/hematoma 3. Brain abscess (tikus)
o pathophysiology o jaringan necrotic -> liquefactive//colliquative
 ada fracture yang nyebabin tear di middle o sel radang kronis (PMN, macrophage)
meningeal artery o process
 ada lucid interval (minutes to hours) dimana  infeksi di otak -> inflammatory cells dateng ->
pasiennya keliatannya oke2 aja pdhl ada necrosis -> jd ada fluid filled spaces
pendarahan dan proses peningkatan ICP o spread
 uncal herniation leads to coma with blown pupil  direct spread -> paranasal sinusitis, otitis media,
 contralateral hemiparesis mastoiditis
 trs grgr peningkatan ICP -> projectile vomit,  direct inocculation -> history of head trauma
headache  hematogenous spread
o CT scan: lens shaped (bikonveks) o classic clinical triad
 headache, fever & focal neurologic deficit
2. Aneurysm aorta (panjang) o WBC ↑ , protein ↑ , glucose ↓
o rupture
o tampak jaringan fibrolipid 4. Atherosclerosis (ayam bulet mata)
o timbunan kalsifikasi pada tunica media o lumen diameter decreases due to presence of plaques in the
o kalau diotak namanya berry aneurysm terus biasa nyebabin tunica media
sub arrachnoid hemorrhage o risk factor
o CT scan: spider-like (non contrast)  tempat: internal carotid artery, basilar &
o signs&symptoms vertebral artery
 quick penurunan kesadaran o may cause ischemic stroke & TIA
 severe headache with sudden onset o manifestation:
 abrupt onset pas udh meletusnya lel  mostly gadisadari gejalanya
o risk factors:  sudden onset confusion, fatigue
 HT, DM dislipidemia, smoking  syncope
o seringnya di:  seizure
 persimpangan ant cerebral artery and anterior o clinical:
communicating  dislipidemia, high cholesterol, smoking
 persimpangan di middle cerebral artery
5. Meningioma (kotak pink) o beda dengan astrocytoma, dia itu sifatnya lebih berbatas
o lolypop sign/whorling sign yang dibentuk oleh epiteloid jelas
o clasification -> psammomma bodies o manifestation
o pseudonuclear inclusion  kejang
o mass between dura and cerebral tissues  defisit neurologis sesuai topis
o 90% benign, 10% malignant o risk factor
o terjadi di orang dewasa  tempat: cerebral hemisphere terutama
o berasal dari dura mater or arachnoid mater frontal&temporal lobe
o manifestation: increased ICP  umur 40-50 tahun
 nausea o prognosis lebih bagus drpd astrocytoma
 projectile vomit
 diplopia 8. Ependimoma Grade 1 (pink ungu kyk ombak)
 headache o non malignant
o pseudorossete juga??
6. Astrocytoma (bercak bening gt) o khas: sel tumor mengelilingi pembuluh darah
o tumor dgn cytoplasma fibrillar o metastasis melalui CSF
o benign & infiltratif / cytoplasma diffuse / fibriler o jinak: lapisannya hanya selapis
o bersifat lebih mudah nyebar drpd si oligo o manifestation
o mikroskopik: gemitrocyte  increased in CSF production: increased ICP,
o cystic mass in right brain hemisphere !!!!! hydrocephalus
o risk factors: o risk factor
 tempat: sel glia di cerebral hemispheres, brain  tempat: anak -> 4th ventricle (most common),
stem, cerebellum or spinal cord kalau adult: conus medullaris medula spinalis
 age: mostly pd child and adolescent  age: dibawah 20 tahun
o etiologi: mutasi gen
o manifestation 9. Ependimoma Grade 2 (keciiiil titik 2)
 kejang o malignant, ganas selnya besar2 dan berlapis2
 sakit kepala o ada perivascular pseudorossete (area)
 defisinit neurologis lokal o manifestation:
 increased in CSF production: increased ICP,
7. Oligodendroglioma (udang?? croissant??? wtf) hydrocephalus
o café au lait
o sel2 bulat, sunny side up appearance ependimoma -> mass in lateral ventricles

10. Neurofibroma (2 jenis pink kyk bentuk potongan)

 o umumnya jinak, kalau ganas namanya malignant periferal
nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)
o batas sel tidak tegas karena tumornya tidak bercapsul jd kl
diangkat bisa kena daerah sehat juga
o mostly ada gangguan genetik
o manifestation:
 abnormalitas motor dan sensorik pada area saraf
yang kena
 nyeri
 hilang fungsi saraf
o risk factor:
 tempat: saraf perifer
o etiology: von Recklinghausen’s disease

11. Neurinoma (or schwanoma) (kecil bulet)

o jinak, di sistem paraf perifer
o bercapsul tumornya
o khas: pallisading cell
o membentuk ruang kosong dengan sitoplasma pink (ini
verocay bodies)
o asal dari schwan cells
o areas:
 antoni A: area sel padat
 antoni B: area sel longgar
o gen: NF 2
o manifestation:
 abnormalitas motor dan sensorik pada area saraf
yang kena
 ipsilateral tinnitus
 vertigo
 hearing loss
o risk factor:
 tempat: saraf CN VIII