1.

INTRODUCTION
Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total
housing cost are deemed “Affordable” to a group of people within a specified
income range. In a building the foundation, walls, doors and windows, floors and
roofs are the most important components, which can be analyzed individually
based on the needs thus, improving the speed of construction and reducing the
construction cost. We would like to attempt to design low cost housing buildings
using innovative construction techniques and various low cost building materials
such as Bamboo, Straw, and Compressed Earth Blocks. This project contains
information about construction of houses, for EWS and LIG. It details our
participatory approach and provides technical information about our techniques
and the associated costs. We aim to do this through promoting improved and
appropriate house building techniques – using cheap, locally available materials,
and environmental initiatives such as tree planting.

Proper housing is one of the basic needs for the millions of people living
below poverty line across the world today. Thus, affordable housing and the
climate should be compatible with one another so that the inhabitants of a house
in a hot climate should have cool living conditions whilst the inhabitants of houses
in cold areas have a warm environment in which to live. Mechanical pressed soil
products such as blocks and tiles can compete favorably with conventional fired
clay bricks and concrete blocks in both quality and durability. Reinforced cement
concrete structures are very popular and widely used all over the world today, but
its economic value is higher than any other building materials. Thus, there exists a
need for more economical and readily available substitute reinforcements for
concrete or rammed earth buildings. In some parts of the world, many buildings
are constructed only with concrete or mud bricks. This is dangerous in case of
seismic activity. Steel reinforcement would be an ideal solution, but cost is a
considerable problem. Scientists and engineers are constantly seeking for new
materials for structural systems; the idea of using bamboo as possible
reinforcement has gained popularity with due course of time. Since time
immemorial, bamboo has been used traditionally as a building material throughout

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the world’s tropical and sub-tropical regions. Bamboo is a renewable and versatile
resource, characterized by high strength and low weight, and is easily worked
using simple tools. As such, bamboo constructions are easy to build, resilient to
wind and even earthquake forces and readily repairable in the event of damage.
Thus, locally available bamboo and soil can substantially mitigate the housing
problem in rural areas in constructing an efficient, low cost and light weight
structures.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN INDIA
Low cost housing can be considered affordable for low- and moderate-
income earners if household can acquire a housing unit (owned or rented) for an
amount up to 30 percent of its household income. In developing countries such as
India, only 20% of the population are high-income earners, who are able to afford
normal housing units. The low-income groups in developing countries are generally
unable to access the housing market. Cost effective housing is a relative concept
and has more to do with budgeting and seeks to reduce construction cost through
better management, appropriate use of local materials, skills and technology but
without sacrificing the performance and structure life. It should be noted that low
cost housings are not houses which constructed by cheap building materials of
substandard quality. A low cost house is designed and constructed as any other
house with regard to foundation, structure and strength. The reduction in cost is
achieved through effective utilization of locally available building materials and
techniques that are durable, economical, accepted by users and not requiring
costly maintenance. Economy is also achieved by postponing finishing and
implementing low cost housing technologies in phases. High efficiency of workers,
minimize waste in design and apply good management practices, can also be
achieved.

Low cost housing is a new concept which deals with effective budgeting and
following of techniques which help reducing construction cost through the use of
locally available materials along with improved skills and technologies without
sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure. Low cost housing
technologies aim to cut down construction cost by using alternatives to the
conventional methods and inputs. It is about the usage of local and indigenous
building materials, local skills, energy saver and environment-friendly options.

Before considering the designing of house it is described to study the basic

requirement in house designing.

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  Strength and stability  Protection
 Comfort and convenience  Thermal insulation
Managing the response to the ever increasing housing needs of Indian
population expanding by 1.3% every year, has long been a problem for our
government. Providing affordable housing remains a major concern of the
government as 37% of its population remains below the International poverty line.
In India, the maximum affordability of household was defined to be 5.1 times the
household’s total gross income as compared to the developed countries. Based on
the development index of a location the average cost per square meter is about INR
9.000 in semi urban areas, INR 9,000 – INR 12,000 in B class cities whereas in metro
cities it increases to INR 12,000 – 17,500. So, majority of Indians have per capita
space equivalent to or less than a 3 meter × 3 meter room for their housing needs
like living, sleeping, cooking, washing etc. Whereas according to conventional norms,
the average is 10 square meters per person in rural areas and 11 square meters per
person in urban areas. The use of natural materials like straw, bamboo, fibres (jute,
coir), earth etc. is a centuries’ old practice in India. These materials apart from being
locally available have easy workability and speedy construction hence reducing
costs. Also industrial wastes like fly ash and rice husk possess pozzoloanic properties
which can act as excellent substitute material. This Project aims to bring together
the studies of these materials keeping in mind their affordability.

Shortage of 18.78 million dwelling units of which over 96% pertain to the
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) categories.

INR 8.5 Lakh crore is required for construction of affordable housing in slum
and non-slum areas.

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2.2 GOVERNMENT’S INITIATIVES FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Affordable Housing has been one of focus areas for the government over the
past few years. The following are some of the policies, programs, and initiatives
undertaken by the GoI in Affordable Housing sector:

 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-2015): To address the shortcomings

of the erstwhile programs and to evolve an all-encompassing scheme, The
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was launched in June 2015 to build
20 million houses for individuals who fall under EWS and LIG categories. In
order to address the shortfall, the scheme envisages to tackle the issues
through four models: In situ Slum Redevelopment, Affordable Housing in
Partnership and Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction
and Credit linked subsidy. In addition, it has suggested policy reforms to
implementing agencies.

Maximum loan
Category Income Size of house
value

Economically Up to Rs. 3
EWS Rs.6 Lakhs ~ 323 sq feet
weaker sections Lakhs

Up to Rs.6
Low income group LIG Rs.6 Lakhs ~ 646 sq feet
Lakhs
Middle income Up to Rs.12
MIG - I Rs.9 Lakhs ~ 1292 sq feet
group Lakhs
Middle income Up to Rs.18
MIG – II Rs.12 Lakhs ~1614 sq feet
group Lakhs

 External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) has been allowed for affordable

housing projects from 2012 to enable lower interest cost for developers
and ensured better capital availability for developers of low-cost housing.
In 2013, the parameters for extending ECB to Slum Rehabilitation Projects,
were outlined.
 Opening up of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for development of
townships, housing, built-up infrastructure and construction-development.

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 However, not much traction has been seen in the Affordable Housing
segment till date.
 The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has extended the benefits of
section 35AD (permitting 150% of capital expenditure as tax deduction) of
the Income Tax Act, 1961 with effect from assessment year 2012-13 to
affordable housing. . However, practically, there were no takers of this
scheme as developers / builders have minimal costs capitalized in their
books as capital costs. Major chunk of costs is represented by housing
units as inventory / stock in trade not as capital asset in order to be eligible
to claim the benefit of investment linked incentive.
 In addition to the service tax exemptions already available, Construction of
the following has been exempted from service tax from 1 March 2016:
 Low cost houses up to a carpet area of 60 square meters in a housing
project under ‘Affordable Housing in Partnership’ component of
Housing for All (Urban) Mission / Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
 Low cost houses up to a carpet area of 60 square meters in a housing
project under any housing scheme of the State Government.
 The Credit Risk Guarantee Fund with a corpus of Rs 1200 Cr in
collaboration with NHB was set up (2012) to facilitate credit availability to
low income customers without any collateral. The purpose is to guarantee
the lending agencies for loan to LIG/EWS borrowers for loan amount up to
INR 8 lakhs and unit size not exceeding 430 sq.ft, thereby reducing the
perceived risks for the lending institutions and catalyze the flow of credit
to low income housing sector.
 Urban Housing Fund Refinancing Scheme with a corpus of Rs 2000 crores
in the year 2013-14 has been created. The purpose of this scheme is to
provide refinance assistance in respect of loans extended by HFCs to public
agencies, private agencies, developers, builders for their AH projects. The
arrangement is applicable for slum improvement / rehabilitation as well as
for AH projects where unit costs do not exceed INR 30 lakhs. The tenure of
the refinance under the Scheme will be co-terminus with the PLI’s loan to
the agency subject to maximum tenure of 5 years.
 Tax free bonds are issued by HUDCO and NHB to ensure lower cost of
borrowing by them and in turn reduce their onward lending costs.

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  Efforts in increasing the ease of doing business especially in obtaining
construction permits in urban areas has been stepped up and several
initiatives undertaken. For example, Single Window clearance has been
initiated through an integrated online portal in select cities.
 Recent amendments to the Finance Act (2016) have introduced a 100% tax
holiday to affordable housing subject to the following conditions:
 Project approved by competent authority after 1 June 2016 but on or
before 31 March 2019
 Project is completed within 3 years from date of approval and
certificate of completion of project as a whole to be obtained from
competent authority
 Build up area of commercial establishments not to exceed 3% of the
aggregate built-up area
 Plot of land measuring not less than 1,000 sq. mts. in case of metro
cities / within 25 kms from metro cities and not less than 2,000 sq. mts.
in case of other cities
 Size of the residential unit is not more than 30 sq. mts. in case of metro
cities / within 25kms from metro cities and 60 sq. mts for other cities
 The Government (in the Budget for FY 16-17) has also considered the
needs of the buyer and allowed an additional deduction up to INR 50,000
in respect to interest for first time home buyers. Also the time period for
acquisition/construction is enhanced to 5 years. In addition to the above,
the central government and select state governments have initiated a
number of positive and reinforcing measures to give a fillip to the
affordable housing sector.

In the Union Budget 2017-18 the Government announced a number of

measures to support affordable housing:

 Affordable housing was granted ‘infrastructure’ status. This would make it

easier for builders to raise funds from Indian and foreign sources
 Developers were given a window of 5 years to complete projects,
compared to 3 years earlier.
 The definition of ‘long term’ for calculating capital gains was changed from
3 years to 2 years. This meant builders just need to hold the property for

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 two years to be in the lower tax bracket. This special condition applies only
to affordable housing projects.

To support the plan, RBI also announced some measures that would help
buyers and developers in the low cost housing segment:

 RBI allowed banks to raise funds from long term bonds. It also reduced the
requirement for provisioning on home loans. This meant banks could
arrange funds for home loans at a lower cost than before. In turn, the bank
can offer cheaper home loans to customers.
 Banks were allowed to finance up to 90% of the property value for houses
up to Rs.30 Lakhs in value.

As a result of these measures, developers are now taking an interest in low

cost homes in India. Their prime target audience is the middle income group which
has the capacity to drive demand in this segment.

A report by Cushman and Wakefield in 2017 indicated residential project

launched in top 8 cities of India had reduced by 8% in 2016-2017. At the same time
there was a 10% increase in affordable housing projects launched. This seems to be
a sign of times to come.

2.2.1 ‘Affordable housing’ for developers

 Affordable housing has been granted the status of ‘infrastructure’ projects.
This means developers will find it easier to raise capital or finance for such
projects.
 On the taxation front, tenure for capital gains has been reduced to 2 years.
This means a developer has to hold a project for just two years before
selling. The profit will be taken as long term gain and it will be taxed at a
lower rate.
 Clearly affordable housing in India is set to become a lucrative segment for
developers. But it is important that a developer does not confuse ‘low cost
housing’ with ‘low quality housing’. The cost of construction is made up of
cost of land, cost construction material, cost of labor and cost of approvals
and documentation. Despite all incentives, cost of land, labor and material
is still high in India. In a bid to keep cost of construction low, it is possible

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 that a developer tries to cut corners by compromising on the quality of
material used in construction. In the short run, this may give him some fat
margins. But if he want to build a loyal base of home buyers, he will have
to adopt more ethical standards.
 In addition to using Government and RBI incentives, a developer can
reduce his cost if he can increase the volume of projects. This is of course
an option for a big developer. Other will have to adopt techniques that
can save labor cost and time without compromising quality. This will be a
sustainable method of generating profits.

2.2.2 ‘Affordable housing’ for home buyers

 What is an affordable house for a buyer? According to leading reports:

Affordability measure = Ratio of EMI to Monthly income

 In the language of home loans this is called EMI/NMI ratio. Usually, an

EMI/NMI ratio of 30 or less is said to be good. This means, your home loan
or liabilities should ideally be less than 30% of your income. If you can buy
a house that you like, within this budget, it is an affordable home for you.
 For incentives to banks, RBI has afforded priority sector classification the
following:

Loan value House value Cities

Rs.40 Lakhs Rs.50 Lakhs Mumbai,
New Delhi, Chennai,
Kolkatta, Bengaluru, Hyderabad
Rs.50 Lakhs Rs.65 Lakhs Other cities/towns

 Banks in turn are offering lower interest rate for home loans with value
less than Rs.30 Lakhs.
 As a home buyer, you can make most of this situation in two ways:
 Find a house you like within Rs.30 Lakhs
 If you have an existing loan with outstanding amount less than Rs.30
Lakhs, switch your home loan to another bank and enjoy lower interest
rates.

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 While switching your home loan is fairly simple, finding a good house in
the range of Rs.30 Lakhs may be difficult. Here are some options you could
explore:
 Choose a house away from the city center
 Remember that size of home mentioned in PMAY refers to carpet area
and not built up area. This gives you more area.
 Choose a small house built with good quality raw materials
 Thanks to RERA projects will be completed in time and will adhere to
regulations.
 Plan to buy in one of the smart cities identified for future developments

 The past year has been exciting for home buyers. Interest rates on home
loan have reduced from 9.5% to as low as 8.35%. Incomes have held
steady. The middle income group is consistently earning more than
Rs.50,000 a month. Many households have 2-3 earning members. A
majority of this segment is looking to own a house property.

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 To truly tap into this demand, developers would need to find a way to offer
quality, basic amenities and proximity to the city but at lower costs. This is
a challenge they will have to ace if they want to ride the next wave that is
affordable housing in India.

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3. LOW COST CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Low cost Housing materials can be broadly classified into natural materials
and manmade materials according to the source of the building materials.

MATERIALS

Natural Man Made

• Random Straw or Coconut • Fly Ash
Fibres Stabilised Soil • Coal WasheryRejects
• Bamboo • Aerocon Panels
• Compressed Earth Block • Ferro Cement
• Non –erodible Mud Plaster
• Fibre Cement Composites
• Bagasse Composite boards

3.1 NATURAL

3.1.1 Non-erodible Mud Plaster

 It is an economical process of preventing
mud walls from erosion.
 It is simply mud mixed with bitumen and
kerosene oil.
 It is able to resist water.

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3.1.2 Random straw or Coconut Fibres Stabilised Soil
 It is an ancient construction material
used in many countries.
 It has both strength and durability. It
is a compacted material.
 Coconut fibres increases the
durability.
 Sulphur coating enhances the water
resistance.
 Use of 1% of straw increases the strength by three times as compared to
no straw.

3.1.3 Compressed Earth Blocks

 They are simply raw earth
stabilized by cement or lime.
 They are also known as Adobe
bricks.
 They are light in weight, non-
toxic and fire, sound and insect
resistant.
 Transportation cost of
compressed earth block is less.
 It is available in customizable sizes in the market.

3.1.4 Bagasse Cement- Boards and Panels

 Bagasse is a fibrous matter after
sugar is extracted.
 Sugarcane bagasse and Portland
cement is mixed as a building
material.
 This mixtures produces high density
boards.

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  It has inherent self-extinguishing property.
 It is used in door shutters, sanitary fixtures, pipes, cable and cabinets.

3.1.5 Bamboo
 India is the largest producer of
bamboo, around 50% of world
production of bamboo is produced
in India.
 It is easily affordable.
 It is easy to assemble and has long
durability.
 It provides high tensile strength
than steel.
 It is fire resistant upto 4000 ˚C.
 It provides high elasticity hence it can be used in earthquake prone areas.
 It is also light weight and easy for transportation and assembly.

3.1.6 Jute-Coir
 Jute-Coir Composites
 It is an economic alternative for wood.
 It contains eg-coir ply boards with jute face
 veneer, coir plus waste rubber inside it.
 Coconut and Wooden Chips Roofing Chips
 Coconut fibres and wooden chips are
soaked in water for 2 hours and then
drained off to use.
 It is mixed with cement and layed-over
corrugated mould and kept under
 pressure for 8-10 hours.
 CNSL oil can also be used as a natural
binder.

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3.2 MAN MADE

3.2.1 Fly Ash

 Mineral residue after burning burning
coal and fine glass.
 Constitutes of silica, alumina and iron.
 Fly Ash Bricks
 It is made of class C fly ash and water.
 Due to presence high calcium oxide it is a
self-cementing material.
 It is energy efficient, light weight and provides thermal insulation.

3.2.2 Coal Washery Rejects Bricks

 It is left over after fluidised bed
combustion.
 It uses water and reduces air and land
pollution.
 It is energy efficient.
 Industrial wastes like red mud, coal ash,
etc. from large scale industries can be used
in it.
 These are mixed with lime pozollona and
cement to form bricks.

3.2.4 Ferro Cement

 It is a thin walled versatile high strength
cement based composite material.
 In it cement mortar is reinforced with 2-3
layers of wire mesh.
 It is light in weight and provides high
strength.

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3.2.3 Aerocon Panels
 They are inorganic bonded sandwich
panels consisting of 2 fibre cement
sheets engulfing a Portland cement
mix with fibres of silica's and
micaceous aggregates.
 It is light weight and provides thermal
insulation.
 It is also fire and sound resistant as
well as termite and weather resistant.
 It is suitable for seismic or cyclone
prone zones.

3.3 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

3.3.1 Construction of a low cost house using rice husk ashand lime as
partial replacement of cement
 DESCRIPTION
 For utilization of agro-wastes a house was
constructed for the first time, using rice
husk ash and lime as partial replacement of
cement in construction.
 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
 Rice Husk Ash and Lime has been used as cement in the fabrication of
hollow, load bearing blocks and for mortar in plaster.
 The roof is prefabricated and consists of battens tiles; here too port
land cement has been replaced by Rice Husk Ash to the extent of 30%.
 The foundation and base course are made up with soil stabilized with
cement.
 The cost of construction was reduced by 37% as compared to cost of
construction by conventional methods.

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3.3.2 Construction of a room using ground granulated blast furnace slag as
partial replacement of cement
 DESCRIPTION
 For utilization of industrial waste
material, a room was constructed,
using ground granulated blast furnace
slag, as partial replacement of cement
in construction.
 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
 Load bearing walls are made of lime-slag-soil stabilized blocks.
 The lime-slag mixture consists of 30% lime and 70% slag. The blocks
contain 10% of this mixture and 90% of soil by weight.
 The roof is prefabricated and consists of battens and tiles.
 30% Portland cement has been saved in the tiles by replacing with it
with slag.
 The mosaic floor constitutes the mixture of slag, lime, cement and
marble chips.
 The cost of construction was reduced by 25% to 30% as compared to cost
of construction by conventional methods.

3.3.3 Construction of a low cost school using soil cement stabilized blocks
for masonry walls and pre-fabricated roof with slag cement
 DESCRIPTION
 For utilization of industrial wastes, a
five room school was constructed using
Soil-Cement Stabilized blocks for
masonry walls and pre-fabricated roof
using slag as partial replacement of cement in construction.
 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
 The foundation and base course of the floor is made of soil cement
stabilized material.
 The load bearing walls have been constructed using soil cement
stabilized blocks.

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  The roof is constructed with precast batten tiles wherein 30% Portland
cement has been replaced with finely ground granular slag.
 Air cooled slag was used in all the roofing elements as coarse
aggregate.
 The cost of construction was reduced by 43% as compared to cost of
construction by conventional methods.

3.3.4 Construction of low cost housing unit

 DESCRIPTION
 A demonstration and experimental low
cost housing unit was constructed by
utilization of alternative low cost
construction materials and techniques
including wastes.
 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
 Masonry walls have been constructed using irregular stone pieces, cast
in low grade concrete to obtain shape of regular block masonry.
 Saving in the cost of shuttering has been achieved by using pre-cast U-
Shaped Channel Blocks as lintels. The hollow spaces are filled with
concrete with reinforcement bars.
 Arches have been constructed by using old truck tyres to save
shuttering and labor cost.
 Cost of doors, windows, and their frames has been reduced by casting
them with ferrocement.
1. Reinforced burnt clay pot slab tiles,
2. Reinforced burnt clay brick slab tile,
3. Precast RCC battens and ferrocement barrel shell planks
 The overall saving of this house is 24% as compared to cost of construction
by conventional methods.

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3.3.5 Concrete block masonary walls and precast batten tile roof
 DESCRIPTION
 A model room is constructed by
using wheat straw concrete block
masonry for load bearing walls with
lightweight R.C.C. Tile Batten-
Roofing system. This type of
construction is economical and
thermally comfortable for rural
houses. The construction is simple, low cost and can be constructed on
self-help basis.

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4. LOW COST CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
4.1 ASPECTS

4.1.1 Cost reduction by proper planning.

 Proper planning will reduce the cost to a great extent. Planning means
consult a good structural engineer for safe structure with durable and low
cost material. A structural engineer can reduce the unnecessary cost and
optimum utilization of space. Avoid too much height and lot unwanted
rooms or spaces in the plan. Collect all the resource likes material before
starting the construction. Using alternate low cost material like steel door,
plastic door instead of wooden will reduces the cost. Consider the vaastu
concepts before starting the work to avoid the demolition and extra cost
for correction in future.

4.1.2 Preparation of low cost plan model

60m

Area = 3600
120m
60m

Area = 3600
Perimeter = 240
Perimeter = 300 30m

 Preparation of good plan can reduce the cost of rooms and boundary wall
to great extent. The boundary wall length will be shorter for square plot
compared to rectangular or triangular plot. From the below figure it is
clear that cost of 60m length boundary wall can be saved. This is applicable
to room design also. By planning a square room, the cost of brickwork,
plastering, wall base and paint will less.

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4.1.3 Low cost foundation
 Avoid large width and depth for foundation. For a good soils like sandy or
gravel type only two feet width and two feet depth is enough. For loose
soil or black soil use piles.
 Provide arched foundation to bridge across places that have large pits.
Provide belt beam only if needed. If you are providing rubble masonry well
packed with mortar, then there is no need to belt beam.

4.1.4 Low cost wall systems

 Precast wall system can be adopted in place of conventional laterite and
brickwork. Precast wall systems are made in factory and transported and
placed with the help of equipment.
 Another method is by use of hollow concrete block as low cost material.
These blocks are with dimensions similar to laterite in factory or site itself.
Lot of clay can be saved by adapting this method. This method is a cost
saving and provide thermal insulation. The precast stone is used instead of
laterite and brick masonry. Semiskilled labors can prepare this precast
stone in site or factory. Unskilled labor can easily construct wall with this
type of block and reduce the cost. Length and height are 30 and 15 with
width varies from 20 to 10 cm.
 Soil cement blocks are another substitute for brick work. For this, stabilized
soils and cement are mixed and compressed with the help of machine and
form the blocks. Rat trap bond is type of brick work in which bricks are
placed in such a way that a cavity is formed in the brick wall. This system
will reduce the cost and will help as thermal insulation.
 Half thick brick wall will reduce the cost of construction by more than 50
%. Usually non load bearing wall are constructed by half brickwork. But
properly arranged half brick wall can be used as load bearing wall in single
storied house. The strength of wall can be made by overlapping half brick
wall. Place a belt ring of 23 cm and depth 7.5 with 10 mm diameter MS bar
is required.

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4.1.5 Low cost roof systems
 A structural engineer can accurately calculate the steel required for the
concrete and hence reduce the over placement of steel.
 Filler slab is another method roofing. In which concrete in tension zone can
be replace by low cost material like brick and soil.

4.1.6 Low cost windows and doors

 Cost of wood is increasing very fastly and not available also. RCC door and
window frame can be used instead of wood door. It is a good practice to
use wood door and window in front and others are RCC.
 Another substitute for wooden door are hollow steel frame. Plastic door
also used in many places to reduce the initial cost and maintenance cost.
Construction of Jalies are another method to reduce cost. These are the
several small openings in the place of window.
 COST COMPARISON FOR DOOR FRAMES
 Let us compare the cost of different material like teak, irul, concrete etc
used for door frames. To make one door frame approximately 3 cubic
feet material is required. Then for,
Teak wood door frame: 3*5100 = 15,552
Irul wood door frame: 3*2079 = 6,237
Plavu wood door frame: 3*2241 = 6,723

4.1.7 Room size

 A definite saving cab is made in cost of constructing house by reducing the
size of room. By paying proper attention to position of furniture, location
of doors, the windows, size of room can be reduced without effect. The
committee of experts for building work in their recent report has stated
that minimal size of living room should be 120 sq. ft.

4.1.8 Shape of house

 The shape of house as an important bearing on its cost of the construction
due to the amount of outside wall and roof area required to in close given
amount of space. The square is most economical shape since it provides

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 the maximum amount of floor area with the list amount of wall area.
Corner construction cost is more than standard wall construction due to
extra expenditure in corner and increasing the length of wall with
conclusion that the square and rectangular shaped plans are most costly
shapes. Economy in construction can also be affected by building small
1&2 room house is rows on account of saving in more numbers of
wallpaper from saving the construction cost the low houses are
characterized by economy in land use.

4.2 METHODS

4.2.1. The traditional construction methods

 The traditional construction methods are used in construction of Duplex
buildings, Government buildings and other such buildings. The detail
procedures of each step of this method are as follow:
 Foundation: Foundation is the lowest part of the structure which is
provided to distribute loads to the soil thus providing base for the
super-structure. Excavation work is first carried out, then earth-work is
filled with available earth and ends with watering and compaction in a
6” thick layer.
 Cement concrete: Plain cement concrete is used to form a leveled
surface on the excavated soil. The volumetric concrete mix proportion
of 1:4:8 (cement: sand: aggregate), with a 6” thick layer for masonry
foundation and column footings is used. Plain cement concrete is
finished on the excavated soil strata and mixed by manual process.
 Wall construction: Size stone masonry for foundation is constructed for
outer walls and burnt brick masonry of a 9” thick layer for main walls
and a 4 ½” thick layer for all internal walls. Good quality table-moulded
bricks are used for the construction.
 Reinforced cement concrete slab and beam: The normal procedure to
cast reinforced cement concrete slab is to make shuttering and provide
reinforcement and concreting. Good steel or plywood formwork is
used, with proper cover blocks between bars. Both aggregate and sand

Page | 23
 used are clean, with aggregate being ¾” graded. After the concrete is
poured, it is properly consolidated.
 Plastering: Plastering is used for the ceiling, inside and outside walls.
Joints are raked before plastering and proper curing is ensured.
 Flooring: For the flooring purpose, the earth is properly filled and
consolidated in the ratio of 1:4:8 (cement: sand: aggregate) concrete.
 Plumbing: Good quality plumbing materials are used and passed
hydraulic test before using it.
 Painting and finishing: Before the painting process, surface is prepared
with putty and primer and a ready-made paint is used.

4.2.2 Low cost construction technologies

 It is found that cost-effective and alternative construction technologies,
which apart from reducing construction cost by the reduction of quantity
of building materials through improved and innovative techniques, can
play a great role in providing better housing methods and protecting the
environment. It should be noted that cost-effective construction
technologies do not compromise with safety and security of the buildings
and mostly follow the prevailing building codes. The detail procedures of
each step used for the case study are as follow:
 Foundation: Arch foundation is used in which walls are supported on
the brick or stone masonry. For the construction of the foundation, the
use of available materials such as brick or concrete blocks can be made
to resist lateral forces buttresses at the corner.
 Walling: Rat trap bond technology is used in the case study. It is an
alternative brick bonding system for English and Flemish Bond. The
reduced number of joints can reduce mortar consumption. No
plastering of the outside face is required and the wall usually is quite
aesthetically pleasing and air gaps created within the wall help making
the house thermally comfortable. In summer, the temperature inside
the house is usually at least 5 degrees lower that the outside ambient
temperature and vice versa in winter.
 Roofing: A filler slab roofing system is used which based on the principle
that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is

Page | 24
 subjected to compressive forces and the lower part of the slab
experience tensile forces. Concrete is very good in withstanding
compressive forces and steel bears the load due to tensile forces. Thus
the low tensile region of the slab does not need any concrete except for
holding steel reinforcements together.
 Flooring: Flooring is generally made of terracotta tiles or color oxides.
Bedding is made out of broken brick bats. Various patterns and designs
are used, depending on shape, size of tiles, span of flooring, and client’s
personal preference.
 Plastering: Plastering can be avoided on the walls, frequent expenditure
on finishes and its maintenance is avoided. Properly protected brick
wall will never lose its color or finish.
 Doors and windows: As door and window frames are responsible for
almost half the cost of timber used, avoiding frames can considerably
reduce timber cost. Door planks are screwed together with strap iron
hinges to form doors, and this can be carried by ‘holdfast’ carried into
the wall. The simplest and cost effective door can be made of vertical
planks held together with horizontal or diagonal battens. A simplest
frameless window consists of a vertical plank of about 9” wide set into
two holes, one at the top and one at the bottom. This forms a simple
pivotal window. Wide span windows can be partially framed and fixed
to walls or can have rows of pivotal planks.

4.3 COMPARISION
The dream of owning a house particularly for low-income and middle-income
families is becoming a difficult reality. It is necessary to adopt cost effective,
innovative and environment-friendly housing technologies for the construction.

Here is an examination of the cost effectiveness of using low cost housing

technologies in comparison with the traditional construction methods. The
construction methods of walling and roofing are selected for the detail cost analysis
based on available resources. Table 1 summaries the cost analysis of the traditional
construction methods and the low cost housing technologies in the case studies for
walling. It is found that about 24.41% of the construction cost, including material

Page | 25
and labor cost, can be saved by using the low cost housing technologies in
comparison with the traditional construction methods for walling.

Suggestion for reducing construction cost in this paper is of general nature

and it varies depending upon the nature of the building to be constructed and
budget of the owner. However, it is necessary that good planning and design
methods shall be adopted by utilizing the services of an experienced engineer or an
architect for supervising the work, thereby achieving overall cost effectiveness.

CONVENTIONAL RAT-TRAP BONDED

RATE
NO ITEM UNIT BRICKWORK BRICKWORK
(INR)
QTY AMOUNT(INR) QTY AMOUNT(INR)
MATERIALS
1 BRICKS NO. 4.00 500 2000.00 406.00 1624.00

2 SAND M3 800 0.28 224.00 0.17 136.00

CEMENT (50 KG
3 NO. 280.00 1.34 375.20 0.80 224
BAG)
LABOUR
MASON (HIGHLY 0.35
1 NO. 400.00 0.35 140.00 140.00
SKILLED)
2 MASON (2ND CLASS) NO. 300.00 1.05 315.00 0.80 240.00
3 UNSKILLED LABOUR NO. 200.00 2.96 592.00 1.96 392.00
ADD 1.5% WATER CHARGES 54.69 41.34
ADD 10% CONTRACTOR PROFIT 364.62 275.6
TOTAL (PER M3) 4065.51 3072.94
SAVINGS 24.41%
Table: Cost analysis of the traditional construction methods and the low cost
housing technologies used in the case studies for 1m3 of walling.

4.4 GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSES

Below are some points to be taken account while designing an affordable housing
scheme:

 Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept. For example, 15 cms
thick solid concrete block wall.

Page | 26
  Use locally available material in an innovative form like soil cement blocks
in place of burnt brick.
 Use an energy efficient material which consumes less energy like concrete
block in place of burnt brick.
 Use environment friendly materials which are substitute for conventional
building components like use of R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of
wooden frames.
 Preplan every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure
for reducing the size of the component in the building.
 By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of
materials due to demolition of the unplanned component of the house can
be avoided.
 Each component of the house shall be checked whether if it’s necessary, or
not.

4.4.1 Foundation
 Normally the foundation cost comes to about 10 to 15% of the total
building and usually foundation depth of 3 to 4 ft. is adopted for single or
double storied building and also the concrete bed of 6″ (15 Cms) is used
for the foundation which could be avoided.
 It is recommended to adopt a foundation depth of 2 ft. (0.6m) for normal
soil like gravely soil, red soils etc., and use the uncoursed rubble masonry
with the bond stones and good packing. Similarly the foundation width is
rationalized to 2 ft. (0.6m).To avoid cracks formation in foundation the
masonry shall be thoroughly packed with cement mortar of 1:8 boulders
and bond stones at regular intervals.
 It is further suggested to adopt arch foundation in ordinary soil for
effecting reduction in construction cost up to 40%.This kind of foundation
will help in bridging the loose pockets of soil which occurs along the
foundation.
 In the case of black cotton and other soft soils it is recommend to use
under ream pile foundation which saves about 20 to 25% in cost over the
conventional method of construction.

Page | 27
4.4.2 Plinth
 It is suggested to adopt 1 ft. height above ground level for the plinth and
may be constructed with a cement mortar of 1:6. The plinth slab of 4 to 6″
which is normally adopted can be avoided and in its place brick on edge
can be used for reducing the cost. By adopting this procedure the cost of
plinth foundation can be reduced by about 35 to 50%.It is necessary to
take precaution of providing impervious blanket like concrete slabs or
stone slabs all-round the building for enabling to reduce erosion of soil and
thereby avoiding exposure of foundation surface and crack formation.

4.4.3 Walling
 Wall thickness of 6 to 9″ is recommended for adoption in the construction
of walls all-round the building and 4 1/2” for inside walls. It is suggested to
use burnt bricks which are immersed in water for 24 hours and then shall
be used for the walls.
 RAT – TRAP BOND WALL
It is a cavity wall construction with added advantage of thermal comfort
and reduction in the quantity of bricks required for masonry work. By
adopting this method of bonding of brick masonry compared to traditional
English or Flemish bond masonry, it is possible to reduce in the material
cost of bricks by 25% and about 10 to 15% in the masonry cost. By
adopting rat-trap bond method one can create aesthetically pleasing wall
surface and plastering can be avoided.
 CONCRETE BLOCK WALLING
In view of high energy consumption by burnt brick it is suggested to use
concrete block (block hollow and solid) which consumes about only 1/3 of
the energy of the burnt bricks in its production. By using concrete block
masonry the wall thickness can be reduced from 20 cms to 15 cms.
Concrete block masonry saves mortar consumption, speedy construction
of wall resulting in higher output of labor, plastering can be avoided
thereby an overall saving of 10 to 25% can be achieved.

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  SOIL CEMENT BLOCK TECHNOLOGY
It is an alternative method of construction of walls using soil cement blocks
in place of burnt bricks masonry. It is an energy efficient method of
construction where soil mixed with 5% and above cement and pressed in
hand operated machine and cured well and then used in the masonry. This
masonry doesn’t require plastering on both sides of the wall. The overall
economy that could be achieved with the soil cement technology is about
15 to 20% compared to conventional method of construction.

4.4.4 Doors and windows

 It is suggested not to use wood for doors and windows and in its place
concrete or steel section frames shall be used for achieving saving in cost
up to 30 to 40%.Similiarly for shutters commercially available block boards,
fibre or wooden practical boards etc., shall be used for reducing the cost
by about 25%.By adopting brick jelly work and precast components
effective ventilation could be provided to the building and also the
construction cost could be saved up to 50% over the window components.

4.4.5 Lintels and Chajjas

 The traditional R.C.C. lintels which are costly can be replaced by brick
arches for small spans and save construction cost up to 30 to 40% over the
traditional method of construction. By adopting arches of different shapes
a good architectural pleasing appearance can be given to the external wall
surfaces of the brick masonry.

4.4.6 Roofing
 Normally 5″ (12.5 cms) thick R.C.C. slabs is used for roofing of residential
buildings. By adopting rationally designed in-situ construction practices like
filler slab and precast elements the construction cost of roofing can be
reduced by about 20 to 25%.

 FILLER SLABS
They are normal RCC slabs where bottom half (tension) concrete portions
are replaced by filler materials such as bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks,

Page | 29
 etc. These filler materials are so placed as not to compromise structural
strength result in replacing unwanted and nonfunctional tension concrete,
thus resulting in economy. These are safe, sound and provide aesthetically
pleasing pattern ceilings and also need no plastering.
 JACK ARCH ROOF/FLOOR
They are easy to construct, save on cement and steel, are more
appropriate in hot climates. These can be constructed using compressed
earth blocks also as alternative to bricks for further economy.
 FERROCEMENT CHANNEL/SHELL UNIT
These provide an economic solution to RCC slab by providing 30 to 40%
cost reduction on floor/roof unit over RCC slabs without compromising the
strength. These being precast, construction is speedy, economical due to
avoidance of shuttering and facilitates quality control.

4.4.7 Finishing Work

 The cost of finishing items like sanitary, electricity, painting etc., varies
depending upon the type and quality of products used in the building and
its cost reduction is left to the individual choice and liking.

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5. STUDY AREA
5.1 SITE SELECTION

Locations considered for Affordable housing scheme:

1. Khar Area
 Disconnected with urban area.
 No General facilities nearby (i.e. hospitals, schools, supermarkets, local
parks, etc.)
 Cost of land per sq. mts.=8,400 INR
2. Sidsar Area near Iscon Elevan
 Area is under development.
 Cost of land per sq. mts.=19,200 INR which is costly.
 General facilities like hospitals, schools, petrol pumps, supermarkets, etc.
are far (i.e. More than 10 Kms).
3. Kaliyabid Area (Slected site)
 Area is much developed.
 Connected to the city.
 Cost of land per sq. mts.=11,000 INR
(Note: Information about general facilities is discussed further in this chapter)

5.2 LOCATION OF SITE

 The site we have selected for affordable housing scheme is located in

Kaliyabid area.
 It is located in front of Mahatma Gandhi Vidhya Sankul having Latitude and
Longitude 21.7329092 and 72.1265386 respectively.
 The site is located in an educational area.
 It is located 6.5 KM towards South from District head Post office
Bhavnagar.

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 (*The box in this image indicates unused area, which will be used for construction of affordable housing
scheme.)

5.2.1 Regional setting and linkage of location

 The site itself is located in Kaliyabid, Bhavnagar.
 Kaliyabid is a Locality in Bhavnagar City in Gujarat State, India.
Vidhyanagar, Hill Drive, Bharat Nagar, Rajapara, SardarNagar are the
nearby Localities to Kaliyabid.
 Sihor, Palitana and Talaja are the nearby Cities to Bhavnagar.
 It is near to Arabian Sea. There is a chance of humidity in the weather.

Page | 32
5.2.2 General facilities nearby
 Bus Stops
 Ayodhya Nagar Bus Stop
Vallabh Vidyanagar; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
1.0 KM distance
 Nandanvan Bus Stop
Vallabh Vidyanagar; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
1.0 KM distance

 ATMs
 State Bank of India ATM
ISCON Mega City; Vidhyanagar; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
1.4 KM distance
 BOI ATM
Kaliyabid; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
1.5 KM distance
 Axis Bank ATM
LAKHUBHAI CHOWK SHOP NO3 DM/75 LAKHUBHAI CHOWK KALVIBID
BHAVNAGAR 364002; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
2.1 KM distance

 Cinema Theaters
 Maxus Cinemas
2nd Floor; Himalaya Mall; Gujarat State Highway 6; ISCON Mega City;
Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
1.5 KM distance

 Restaurants
 Iscon club
Kaliyabid; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
0.7 KM distance

Page | 33
  Deckers
The Iscon Club & Resort; Bhavnagar; Gujarat; India
0.8 KM distance

 Hospitals
 Red Cross hospital
Flat No - 407; Sardar Patel Institution Rd; Shree Ramnagar; Kaliyabid;
Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
1.1 KM distance

 Petrol Bunks
 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
S WARD NO-6; SHEET NO-178;SURVEY NO-3022/B/1 PAIKI;OPP RAM
MANTRA MANDIR; TALAJA ROAD; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
0.7 KM distance

 Colleges
 Smt. Laxmiben L. Kakadia B.Ed. College
Kalvibid; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
0.7 KM distance

 Schools
 Sardar Patel Educational Institue
Kalvibid; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364001; India
0.4 KM distance
 Gyanmanjari Vidyapith
Kalvibid; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364001; India
0.4 KM distance

 Super Markets
 Reliance Market
GF; Himalaya Mall;ISCON Mega City; Vidhyanagar; Bhavnagar; Gujarat
364002; India
1.4 KM distance

Page | 34
  Local Parks
 Victoria Park Garden
MK Krishnakumar Sinhji Road; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
0.8 KM distance

 Police Stations
 Bhangaligate Police Station
Talaja Rd; Sardarnagar; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
2.5 KM distance

 Governement Offices
 Ojas Gujarat
Shree Ramnagar; Kaliyabid; Bhavnagar; Gujarat 364002; India
0.7 KM distance

5.3 BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT KALIYABID AREA

 Average temperature :- 33 to 35 ˚C
 Type of soil :- Shallow calcareous soil
 Population :- approx. 40,000
 Living Standards of people :- Mostly middle class families
 Elevation/Altitude :- 11m Above seal level
 Telephone code :- 0278
 Time zone :- IST (UTC + 5:30)

Page | 35
6. SURVEY WORK
6.1 LAND REQUIREMENT

6.2 TYPICAL PLANS

We have prepared a typical floor plan for affordable housing scheme. The
scheme will consist of 3 buildings having 4 floors (i.e. G+3). As shown in the plan, a
single floor consists of two flats each having a bedroom, kitchen and drawing room.
The plan of a single flat is prepared considering facilities needed for a family of
four members. The plan also satisfies the criteria of economy as well as functionality.
 No of units :3
 Built up area : 4853.063 sq.ft
 Carpet area : 391.500 sq.ft
 No. of floors in each unit : G+3
(*NOTE: The probable plans and elevation are given below)

Page | 36
Plan of Single Floor
Page | 37
Plan of Scheme

Page | 38
Elevation of Scheme

Page | 39
6.3 SPECIFICATIONS

I. All dimensions are in mm.

II. All cement, reinforcement steel and other materials shall confirm to the
latest specifications published by BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (B.I.S).
III. All concrete shall be machine mixed and machine vibrated.
IV. All reinforced concrete shall be M20 or M15, as required.
V. Concrete surfaces exposed to atmosphere shall be kept continuously damp
or wet at least seven days after a laps of 24 hours after placing of the
concrete, the curing period however shall be as specified in the IS code.
VI. Maximum water cement ratio for reinforced concrete shall be 0.55.
VII. Clear cover to main steel shall be 5 cm for footings, 4 cm for columns, 3 cm
for beams and 2 cm for slabs.
VIII. For bending member lap length shall not be less than 55 times the diameter
of the bars.
IX. Lap length shall be 50 times diameter of bars for column, maximum one half
bars shall be lapped at a point.
X. All dimension shall be checked with architectural drawing any, ambiguity if
found, shall be brought to the notice of the consulting engineers before
commencement of work.
XI. Building is designed for ground floor + three floors.
XII. Mortar is to be used of 1:8 (cement : sand) ratio.
XIII. Internal plaster and external plaster are done by single coat.
XIV. For all the doors, windows, frames and ventilators Neem wood is to be used.
XV. For interior colouring white washing is done and for exterior colouring
cement colours are used.

Page | 40
6.4 MARKET RATE OF ITEMS AND LABOURS

6.4.1 Rate of labour work

SR. NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT RATE (INR)

1 Foundation of dabber stone 100 Cu.ft 700

2 Plinth work of dori dabber 100 Cu.ft 1000

3 Levelling of brick work 1 Sq.ft 10

4 15” brick work 1 Rn.ft 15

5 9” brick work 100 Sq.ft 1000

6 Partition brick work 100 Sq.ft 800

7 3” brick work 100 Sq.ft 700

8 Projection for masonry work 1 Rn.ft 15

9 Stair masonry work 1 Rn.ft 40

10 Door and Window 1 Nos. 250

11 P.C.C concrete work 100 Sq.ft 500

12 Plaster single coat surface 1 Sq.ft 10

13 Plaster double coat surface 1 Sq.ft 15

14 Beam, Column, R.C.C plaster 1 Sq.ft 20

15 Grill and railing 1 Sq.ft 15

16 Steel main gate 1 Nos. 1000

17 Pillar 9” with masonry and plaster 1 Sq.ft 30

18 Thin column elevation 1 Sq.ft 100

Page | 41
 19 Door and Window Fitting 1 Nos. 300
6.4.2 Rate of R.C.C work

SR. NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT RATE (INR)

1 P.C.C 1 Sq.ft 10

2 Copping Sq.ft/Rn.ft 30

3 Lintel 1 Rn.ft 40

4 Sill 1 Rn.ft 40

5 Footing 1 Cu.ft 60

6 Chhajja, Water Tank, Balcony 1 Sq.ft 40

7 Beam Cu.ft/Rn.ft 75

8 Column Cu.ft/Rn.ft 85

9 Simple Stair Step 1 Nos. 400

10 Dogleg Stair Step 1 Nos. 500

11 One-way Slab 1 Sq.ft 22

12 Two-Way Slab 1 Sq.ft 25

13 Round Column Cu.ft/Rn.ft 95

14 Round Beam Cu.ft/Rn.ft 105

6.4.3 Labour wages per day work rate

SR. NO. DESCRIPTION UNIT RATE (INR)

1 Head Mason Per Day 700

2 Skilled Mason Per Day 600

Page | 42
3 Unskilled Mason Per Day 500

4 Mazdoor Male Per Day 400

5 Mazdoor Female Per Day 300

6 Bhisti Per Day 300

7 Carpenter Per Day 500

8 Fitter Per Day 400

9 Painter Per Day 400

10 Plumber Per Day 450

Page | 43
7. ESTIMATION
(*NOTE: The below provided estimation is approximate and is done using a website
where we had to provide build-up areas and quality of materials we preferred)

7.1 WORK WISE QUANTITY

7.1.1 Excavation
7.1.1.1 Bedding
 For M15
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 356.91 Bags

Sand 929.1 Cu.fts

Metal 1858.19 Cu.fts

Labour 188869 INR

7.1.1.2 FOOTING
 For M20
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 300.44 Bags

Sand 662.62 Cu.fts

Metal 1325.23 Cu.fts

Labour 27067 INR

Page | 44
7.1.2 Structural
7.1.2.1 PLINTH BEAM
 For M20
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 227.1 Bags

Sand 500.87 Cu.fts

Metal 1001.74 Cu.fts

Labour 36089 INR

7.1.2.2 COLUMNS
 For M 20
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 73.08 Bags

Sand 161.18 Cu.fts

Metal 322.35 Cu.fts

Labour 13533 INR

7.1.2.3 BRICK WORK

 For 1:8
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Brick 20543.75 Nos.

Sand 527.23 Cu.fts

Cement 39.97 Bags

Labour 5390 INR

Page | 45
7.1.2.4 COUPING
 For M15
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 25.32 Bags

Sand 65.9 Cu.fts

Metal 131.9 Cu.fts

Labour 5416 INR

7.1.2.5 MURUM FILLING

ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Labour 45148 INR

7.1.2.6 PLASTER
 For Single Coat
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 114.62 Bags

Sand 14.62 Cu.fts

Labour 30450 INR

7.1.2.7 STEEL
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Labour 10376 INR

Page | 46
7.1.2.8 COLUMNS
 For M20
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 114.12 Bags

Sand 251.68 Cu.fts

Metal 503.37 Cu.fts

Labour 19020 INR

7.1.2.9 BEAMS
 For M20
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 232.23 Bags

Sand 512.19 Cu.fts

Metal 1024.37 Cu.fts

Labour 36093 INR

7.1.2.10 SLABS
 For M20
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 357.28 Bags

Sand 787.98 Cu.fts

Metal 1575.95 Cu.fts

Labour 67685 INR

Page | 47
7.1.2.11 STEEL

ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Labour 15636 INR

7.1.3 BRICK
7.1.3.1 BRICKWORK
 For 1:8
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Brick 148371.74 Nos.

Sand 3807.76 Cu.fts

Cement 291.35 Bags

Labour 38037 INR

7.1.3.2 LINTELS
 For M15
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 75.95 Bags

Sand 197.71 Cu.fts

Metal 395.42 Cu.fts

Labour 23818 INR

Page | 48
7.1.3.3 CHAJJAS
 For M15
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement 247.66 Bags

Sand 644.71 Cu.fts

Metal 1289.42 Cu.fts

Labour 23832 INR

7.1.3.4 INTERNAL PLASTER

 For Single Coat
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Sand 1332.76 Cu.fts

Cement 169.96 Bags

Labour 30215 INR

7.1.3.5 EXTERNAL PLASTER

 For Single Coat
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Sand 426.62 Cu.fts

Cement 54.4 Bags

Labour 30467 INR

Page | 49
7.1.4 Flooring
7.1.4.1 FLOORING TILES
 For Vitrified Tiles
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Labour 27067 INR

Cement 83.68 Bags

Vitrified Tiles 5145.24 Sq.fts

Sand 354.35 Cu.fts

7.1.5 Doors/Windows
7.1.5.1 Door Frames
 For Neem Wood
 96 nos. of Door Frames
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Neem Wood 179.54 Cu.fts

Labour 96000 INR

7.1.5.2 Window Frames

 For Neem Wood
 96 nos. of Window Frames
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Neem Wood 7317.23 Cu.fts

Labour 96000 INR

Page | 50
7.1.5.3 VETILATORS
 For Neem Wood
 48 nos. of Door Frames
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Neem Wood 38.96 Cu.fts

Labour 48000 INR

7.1.6 COLOURING
7.1.6.1 INTERIOR COLOURING
 For White Wash
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

White Wash 1353.35 Ltrs.

Wall Putty 541.34 Bags

Primer 1127.79 Ltrs.

Labour 24811 INR

7.1.6.2 EXTERIOR COLOURING

 For Cement Colour
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Cement Colour 90.22 Bags

Labour 22554 INR

Page | 51
7.1.7 Water Proofing
7.1.7.1 WATER PROOFING
 For White Wash
ITEMS QUANTITY UNIT

Mosaic Tiles 4562.76 Sq.fts

Brick Bat 1795.64 Cu.fts

Sand 448.91 Cu.fts

Cement 93.29 Bags

Labour 18243 INR

7.2 MATERIAL WISE REPORT

MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT (INR)

Cement 2228.63 Bags 270 601730.1

Sand 9380.96 Cu.fts 30 281428.8

Aggregate 7542.27 Cu.fts 35 263979.45

Bricks 135132.39 Nos. 4 540529.56

Neem wood 6028.58 Cu.fts 500 3014290

Steel 104.050 Qtls 4800 499440

Mosaic tiles 3650.21 Sq.ft 18 65703.78

Vetrified Tiles 4116.19 Sq.ft 20 82323.8

White Wash 1082.68 Ltrs. 16 17322.88

Cement Colour 72.18 Bags 270 19488.6

Labour - - 802918.4
TOTAL = 6189155.37 INR

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7.3 WORK WISE ESTIMATE

7.3.1 Structural Work

MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

(INR)

Cement 1392.86 Bags 270 376072.2

Sand 3610.7 Cu.fts 30 108321

Aggregate 6194.4 Cu.fts 35 216804

Bricks 16435 Nos. 4 65740

Steel 104.05 Qtls 4800 499440

Labour 400617.6

TOTAL = 1666994.8 INR

7.3.2 Brickwork

MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

(INR)

Cement 671.46 Bags 270 181294.2

Sand 5127.65 Cu.fts 30 153829.5

Aggregate 1347.87 Cu.fts 35 47175.45

Bricks 118697.39 Nos. 4 474789.56

Labour 136160.8

TOTAL = 993249.51 INR

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7.3.3 Flooring

MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

(INR)

Cement 89.68 Bags 270 24213.6

Sand 283.48 Cu.fts 30 8504.4

Vetrified Tiles 4116.19 Sq.fts 20 82323.8

Labour 21653.6

TOTAL = 136695.4 INR

7.3.4 Doors/Windows

MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

(INR)

Neem Wood 6028.58 Cu.fts 500 3014290

Labour 192000

TOTAL = 3206290 INR

7.3.5 Colouring

MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

(INR)

White Wash 1082.68 Ltrs. 16 17322.88

Cement Colour 72.18 Bags 270 19488.6

Labour 37892

TOTAL = 74703.48 INR

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7.3.6 Water Proofing

MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT

(INR)

Mosaic Tiles 3650.21 Sq.fts 18 65703.78

Cement 74.63 Bags 270 20150.1

Sand 359.13 Cu.fts 30 10773.9

Labour 14594.4

TOTAL = 111222.18 INR

7.4 TOTAL ESTIMATION

TOTAL 6189155.37

+ 3% CONTIGENCIES 185674.661

+ 5% WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT 309457.77

+ 10% PLUMBING AND SANITARY

618915.54
WORK

+ 10% ELECTRIFICATION 618915.54

LAND COST

GRAND TOTAL

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8. Conclusion
The dream of owning a house particularly for low-income and middle-income
families is becoming a difficult reality. It is necessary to adopt cost effective,
innovative and environment-friendly housing technologies for the construction.

Mass housing targets can be achieved by replacing the conventional methods

of planning and executing building operation based on special and individual needs
and accepting common denominator based on surveys, population needs and
rational use of materials and resources.

Adoption of any alternative technology on large scale needs a guaranteed

market to function and this cannot be established unless the product is effective and
economical.

The essence lies in the systematic approach in building methodology and not
necessarily particular construction type or design.

In this project, we have discussed the alternative materials and techniques for
construction of affordable housing. We have selected one of the probable site
where the construction of affordable housing scheme is possible. We have studied
the area in detail and a plans and elevations are also provided accordingly.

Later on, we have provided approximate estimate of the quantity of materials

required and total cost of the project. As the approximate estimated cost is
economical as well as material used are of good quality and there was no
compromise in it.

Hence the affordable housing project was successfully designed, taking

consideration of low-income and middle-income families. Moreover the quality was
taken care and also the estimated cost per house was kept affordable.

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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 RESEARCH PAPERS
 Research paper published on the Twelfth East Asia-Pacific Conference
on Structural Engineering and Construction
 International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and
Technology (IJARTET) Vol. 3, Special Issue 2, March 2016
 Research paper published on the Mainstreaming Affordable Housing in
India by Deloitte
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 04 Issue: 03| Mar -2017
 Technical Manual - Miles, 2000
 Research Journal - Tiwari et al., 1999
 Research methodology by Kumar, 1999; Civil Engineering Portal, 2008

 WEBSITES
 https://www.slideshare.net/YashKotgirwar/low-cost-building-materials-
and-construction-techniques?qid=c9a0a59f-8880-48e2-8c4a-
b2320fb821e0&v=&b=&from_search=1
 http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Bhavnagar/Bhavnagar/Kaliy
abid
 https://www.switchme.in/blog/2018/04/affordable-housing-india-way-
forward/
 http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/155885-Low-cost-
house-construction-methods-India.aspx
 http://www.homes4india.com

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