In electronics, signal processing, and video, ringing is oscillation of a signal,

particularly in the step response (the response to a sudden change in input). Often ringing
is undesirable, but not always, as in the case of resonant inductive coupling. It is also
known as hunting. It is closely related to overshoot, generally occurring following
overshoot, and thus the terms are at times conflated. It is also known as ripple, particularly
in electricity or in frequency domain response.

In electrical circuits, ringing is an unwanted oscillation of a voltage or current. It

happens when an electrical pulse causes the parasitic capacitances and inductances in
the circuit (i.e. those that are not part of the design, but just by-products of the materials
used to construct the circuit) to resonate at their characteristic frequency. Ringing artifacts
are also present in square waves; see Gibbs phenomenon.

Ringing is undesirable because it causes extra current to flow, thereby wasting

energy and causing extra heating of the components; it can cause unwanted
electromagnetic radiation to be emitted; it can delay arrival at a desired final state
(increase settling time); and it may cause unwanted triggering of bistable elements in
digital circuits. Ringy communications circuits may suffer falsing. It can be due to signal
reflection, in which case it may be minimized by impedance matching.

Ringing can affect audio equipment in a number of ways. Audio amplifiers can
produce ringing depending on their design, although the transients that can produce such
ringing rarely occur in audio signals.

Transducers (i.e., microphones and loudspeakers) can also ring. Mechanical

ringing is more of a problem with loudspeakers as the moving masses are larger and less
easily damped, but unless extreme they are difficult to audibly identify.

In digital audio, ringing can occur as a result of filters such as brickwall filters. Here,
the ringing occurs before the transient as well as after.
 This experiment is about the Telephone Ringing of a Telephone System. For the

experiment, we used the Reconfigurable Training Module Model 9431, TTS Power

Supply Model 9408 and the Telephony Training System software.

To begin with the experiment, we first setup the connections and settings

of the oscilloscope and using the Telephone set B, we dial the number of the

Telephone Set A to make it ring. We observe that when the Telephone Set A is

ringing, the AC ringing voltage shows a sinewave. The AC Ringing Voltage RMS

Value is 86.4V and the AC Ringing Voltage Frequency is 20Hz. We can also notice

that when the Telephone set is ringing, an AC voltage is being applied to the

telephone line. And when the telephone call has been answered, the ringing stops

and the AC voltage was removed.

For the Ringing Threshold Voltage of a Telephone Set part of the

experiment, we set the output voltage of the Ring Generator or AC ringing voltage

to 45 V, we then dial again the number of the telephone set A using the teleph one

set B to make it ring. On the host computer, we increase the resistance of the

telephone line connected to analog line interface A by steps until Telephone A

stops ringing. We noticed that the telephone stops ringing at 2 Kohm with 37.9 V

across the telephone line. And the telephone set A cannot be dialed at 10 Kohm
with 26.9V. We measure the amplitude of the AC ringing voltage and the Ringing

Threshold Voltage is 37.9 V.

After conducting the experiment, we were able to understand how does a

telephone ringing work and what is happening when the telephone is ringing and the
handset is being lifted.

On the first part of the experiment, we saw that when the telephone is ringing the
signal shows a sinewave and when the handset is lifted or the call is answered the ringing
stops and the AC voltage was removed. We can therefore conclude that the switchhook
acts like a switch for the AC voltage that is on the telephone line when ringing. When the
handset is on the cradle, the switchhok is pressed and it keeps the line a short circuit and
when the handset is lifted then the line becomes an open circuit for the AC Ringing
Voltage.

On the second part of the experiment, or the Ringing Threshold Voltage of a

Telephone Set. We noticed that when we increase the resistance of the telephone line
connected to analog line interface A the telephone stops ringing at a specific point of the
resistance. In our case it is at 37.9 V. We therefore conclude that the telephone stops
ringing because when the telephone line resistance makes the amplitude of the AC
ringing voltage across the Tip and Ring terminals decrease below the ringing threshold
voltage.
 AC - Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically
reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only
in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power
is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of
electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen
appliances, televisions, fans and electric lamps into a wall socket.

 Voltage - the difference in electric potential between two points. The

difference in electric potential between two points (i.e., voltage) in a
static electric field is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to
move a test charge between the two points.

 Ringing - In electronics, signal processing, and video, ringing is

oscillation of a signal, particularly in the step response (the response
to a sudden change in input).

 Sinewave - a mathematical curve that describes a smooth periodic

oscillation. A sine wave is a continuous wave. It is named after the
function sine, of which it is the graph.

 Threshold Voltage - commonly abbreviated as Vth, of a field-effect

transistor (FET) is the minimum gate-to-source voltage VGS (th) that is
needed to create a conducting path between the source and drain
terminals. It is an important scaling factor to maintain power efficiency.
 Wikipedia contributors. (2019, July 21). Alternating current. In
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternating_current&oldid=
907210725

 Wikipedia contributors. (2019, June 25). Voltage. In Wikipedia, The

Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltage&oldid=903429552

 Wikipedia contributors. (2017, November 18). Ringing (signal). In

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ringing_(signal)&oldid=810
960499

 Wikipedia contributors. (2019, June 17). Sine wave. In Wikipedia, The

Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sine_wave&oldid=9022406
57

 Wikipedia contributors. (2019, March 9). Threshold voltage. In

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threshold_voltage&oldid=8
86997286