EXISTING SITUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT IN IBADAN

Engr. Bola Olowe, B.Sc (Hons) M.Sc (Loughborough), MBA (Ibadan), FNSE

Location

Ibadan, according to several historical accounts, is considered Africa’s largest indigenous

settlement with a population of over 2.6 million people by the 2006 National Census survey.
Unofficially, it is estimated that the population of Ibadan could range anywhere between 3.5
and 5.0 million people. Ibadan is the capital of Oyo state and the 3rd largest city in Nigeria. It
is located in south western Nigeria in the south eastern part of Oyo State, about 120 km
east of the border with the Republic of Benin in the forest zone close to the boundary
between the forest and the savannah.

The city of Ibadan is located approximately on longitude 305' East of the Greenwich
Meridian and latitude 7023' North of the Equator (Fig. 2.1) at a distance of some 145
kilometres north east of Lagos. Ibadan is directly connected to many towns in Nigeria, and
its rural hinterland by a system of roads, railways and air routes. The physical setting of the
city consists of ridges of hills that run approximately in northwest – southeast direction. The
largest of these ridges lies in the central part of the city and contains such peaks as Mapo,
Mokola and Aremo. These hills range in elevation from 150 to 275 metres above sea level
on the major north-south ridge which crosses the central part of the city. The city covers a
total area of about 3,080 km2.

Like other parts of Nigeria, Ibadan experiences two local climates (rainy and dry seasons).
The rainy season runs from March to October and the dry season is from November to
February, with highest rainfall of 170 mm (6.69 inches) in the month of September.
Temperature in Ibadan ranges from 21oC and 35oC (69.8oF and 95oF).

Ibadan is naturally drained by four rivers with many tributaries (Fig. 1), namely Ona River in
the North and West; Ogbere River towards the East; Ogunpa River flowing through the city
and Kudeti River in the Central part of the metropolis. Ogunpa River is a third-order stream
with a channel length of 12.76 km and a catchment area of 54.92 km2.
 Figure 1: The Map of Ibadan

Population and Population Growth

The growth of the population of Ibadan has been quite remarkable. As shown in Table 1, the
population of Ibadan grew from a war camp in 1829, consisting of a motley collection of
soldiers, at estimated number of 100,000 in 1851 to 175,000 in 1911. Between 1911 and
1921 it increased at the rate of about 3.1 percent per annum to 238,075. The rate of
increase between 1921 and 1931 was 0.5 percent per annum while it was only 0.8 percent
per annum for the period between 1931 and 1952 when the population rose from 387,133
to 459,196. In 1952, the less city was counted and it was 286,252. From then on, the
population of Ibadan metropolitan area increased at a growth rate of 3.95percent per
annum from 1952 and 1963 when the population rose to 1,258,625. The population rose to
1,829.300 in 1999 at a growth rate of 1.65% from 1963 and increased to 1,338,659 in 2006
at a growth rate of 2.35%. However, the population growth is gradually shifting to the less
city with a growth rate of 4.7% per annum between 1991 and 2006 according to the
provisional census figure released by the National Population Commission (2006).

Table 1 Population Growth of Ibadanland, (1851 – 2006)

Year Ibadan Rate of Ibadan Rate of Total Rate of
Urban Growth Less City Growth Population Growth
1851 100,000 - - - - -
1890 120,000 0.5 - - - -
1911 175,000 2.2 - - - -
1921 238,075 3.6 - - - -
1931 387,133 5 - - - -
1952 459,196 0.8 286,252 - 745,448 -
1963 627,379 2.8 514,298 5.70% 1,141,677 3.95%
1991 1,222,663 2.43 606,639 0.50% 1,829,300 1.65%
2006 1,338,659 0.57 1,211,934 4.70% 2,550,593 2.35%

There are eleven (11) Local Governments in Ibadan Metropolitan area consisting of five
urban local governments in the city and six semi-urban local governments in the less city.
According to the 2006 National Population Census (Table 2), the combined population of
male and female in Ibadan Metropolitan area is about 2,550,593 people.

Population Density
Table 3 shows that the population density of urban area of Ibadan increased by 9.47%, while
that of the rural area increased by 100% within a period of 15 years. As a result of rapid
urbanization and industrialization of the core area, the population is moving towards the
less city where land is more available for industrial development. Also the dualization of
Monatan – Olodo Road, Mokola/Ojoo Road and Ibadan/Ife Express Road had opened up the
rural areas.
 Table 2 Total Population of Ibadan Metropolis
20061
NO. Local Government Population 2006 Male 2006 20122 Population
Area Female (projection)
A Ibadan Urban (Central)
1 Ibadan North 306,795 153,039 153,756 379,434
2 Ibadan North East 330,399 163,625 166,774 408,626
3 Ibadan North West 152,834 75,311 77,523 189,020
4 Ibadan South East 266,046 130,577 135,469 329,037
5 Ibadan South West 282,585 139,515 143,070 349,492
B Ibadan Semi-urban
6 Akinyele 211,359 105,633 105,726 261,402
7 Egbeda 281,573 138,298 143,275 348,240
8 Ido 103,261 51,750 51,511 127,710
9 Lagelu 147,957 74,315 73,642 182,988
10 Oluyole 202,725 102,220 100,505 250,723
11 Ona-Ara 265,059 131,471 133,588 327,816
TOTAL 2,550,593 1,265,754 1,284,839 3,154,487
1
National Population Commission 2006 Census
2
Projected 3.46% annual Oyo State population growth rate from UNFPA statistics

Table 3: Population Density of Ibadan Metropolitan Area (1991)

S/No. Local Government Area Population Area in Population Density
2006 km2 Person/km2
1991 2006
1 Ibadan North 306,795 145.58 2,067 2,107
2 Ibadan North East 330,399 81.45 3,355 4,057
3 Ibadan North West 152,834 31.38 4,677 4,870
4 Ibadan South East 266,046 80.45 2,832 3,307
5 Ibadan South West 282,585 124.55 2,200 2,269
Sub-Total (Urban) 1,338,659 463.33 2,639 2,889
6 Akinyele 211,359 427.26 327 495
7 Egbeda 281,573 136.83 943 2,058
8 Ido 103,261 865.49 65 119
9 Lagelu 147,957 283.92 242 521
10 Oluyole 202,725 369.37 246 549
11 Ona Ara 265,059 577.1 212 459
Sub-Total (Rural) 1,211,934 2,659.97 228 456
Grand Total 2,550,593 3,123.30 586 816.63
Source: Provisional Figure released by the National Population Commission (2007) and
Survey Department Ministry of Lands, Housing and Survey, Ibadan
Household Survey
Housing Density
Table 4 below provides information on the housing density is some selected areas of Ibadan
municipality.

Table 4: Housing Density of Selected Neighbourhood in Ibadan Municipality (1996)

S/N Neighbourhood and No. of Population No. of Person

Communities Houses 1996 (NPC) Per Building
1 Iyaganku GRA 835 5,850 7
2 Oke Foko/Asaka 1,990 36,255 18
3 Isale-Osi/Popo 873 25,021 29
4 Apata/Aba-Alamu 1,856 31,443 17
5 Kure/Kobomoje 2,577 21,279 8
6 Odinjo/Academy 5,807 50,322 9
7 Elekuro/Idi-Aro 3,814 28,282 8
8 Odo-Oba 1,096 24,352 22
9 Mokola Layout 1,847 19,646 11
10 Sabo Quarters 800 8,635 11
11 Old Bodija Estate 2,495 27,447 11
12 Sango/Ijokodo 2,303 49,676 22
13 Agodi G.R.A. 492 5,083 10
14 Iwo Road/Holy Trinity 6,477 44,492 7
15 Agugu 1,054 41,028 39
16 Koloko/Omowumi 3,509 35,891 10
17 Ekotedo/Dugbe 911 24,208 10
18 Okeseni/Abebi 2,783 25010 9
19 Benjamin/Eleyele 807 21,872 27
20 Olopomewa 2,320 26,235 11
Source: *Oyo State Urban Project (IDF II), Ministry of Finance Budget and Planning, 1996. National
Population Commission, 1996.

Household Size
According to the Oyo State Urban Project (IDF II), Ministry of Finance Budget and Planning,
1996 and the National Population Commission, 1996 Okeseni, Odinjo, Kobomoje and
Elekuro which are traditional areas of Ibadan have low number of persons per building
(Table 4). The areas contain predominantly bungalow type buildings with low quality
construction materials and sanitation and are occupied by poor indigenes.
On the other hand, Agodi and Iyaganku Government Reservation Areas (G.R.As) have low
density population because of the single family structure with enough recreational areas or
open spaces round their buildings. Agugu area and Foko are known slums neighbourhood in
the municipality due to high population per building.

Apata, Ijokodo, Mokola, Benjamin/Eleyele are medium density areas dominated by blocks of
4 units of household buildings commanding high rents per flat. This is where majority of
workers live in the metropolis because of high quality utilize enjoyed and fairly good road
network and available public transportation.

Table 5 below, produced form the National Population Commission census data of 1991 and
1996 for the five urban local governments within Ibadan Municipality shows the average
Household size and average persons per building for each of the Local Government Areas.

Table 5: Analysis of Building and Population of Ibadan Metropolis 1991

S/No. Local Govt. Area No. of Population Average Average persons

Buildings 1991 H.H. size building

1. Ibadan North 21,649 302,271 4 14

2. Ibadan North East 25,329 275,629 6 11

3. Ibadan North West 13,491 147,918 4 11

4. Ibadan South East 18,554 225,800 5 12

5. Ibadan South West 20,323 277,047 5 14

TOTAL 99,091 1,228,663 5 12

Source: National Population Commission, 1991.

Number of Households
According to the 2006 National Housing Characteristics and Amenities Tables prepared by
the National Population Commission, there are 616.103 households in the 11 local
government areas of Ibadan Metropolis (Table 6). This would imply an average of four (4)
persons per household in 2006.
 Table 6 Housing Characteristics and Amenities Tables
No. LGA 20063 Total 20124 Total Households
Households (projection)
A Ibadan Urban (Central)
1 Ibadan North 76,740 80,731
2 Ibadan North East 81,661 86,942
3 Ibadan North West 39,336 40,217
4 Ibadan South East 69,235 70,008
5 Ibadan South West 73,052 74,360
B Ibadan Semi-urban
6 Akinyele 49,883 55,617
7 Egbeda 65,466 74,094
8 Ido 24,745 27,172
9 Lagelu 32,688 38,934
10 Oluyole 44,200 53,345
11 Ona Ara 59,097 69,748
TOTAL 616,103 671,167
3
National Population Commission 2006 Census
4
Projected 3.46% annual Oyo State population growth rate from UNFPA statistics. Average number
of persons per household ~ 4.7 based on Sridhar et al. 2011 Ibadan Household survey results (2011),
the average number of persons per household in Ibadan Central was 4.7.

Dump Sites
There are presently four dump sites located around Ibadan in four different local
government areas, as shown in Figure 2 below. These dump sites and the number of
households located within their vicinity are as shown in Table 7 below. However, though the
dump sites are located within these local government areas, they still receive wastes from
all over Ibadan metropolis, based on their proximity to the waste generating areas.

Table 7 Existing Dump Sites and their locations and Households

Name of dump Local Government 2006 No. of 20124 No. of Households

Site Area Households (projection)
Lapite Akinyele 49,883 55,617
Awotan Iddo 24,745 27,172
Ajakanga Oluyole 44,200 53,345
Aba Eku Ona Ara 59,097 69,748
4
Projected 3.46% annual Oyo State population growth rate from UNFPA statistics. Average number
of persons per household ~ 4.7 based on Sridhar et al. 2011 Ibadan Household survey results
 Figure 2: Map of Ibadan Metropolis showing the relative locations of the Dump Sites

3°40'0"E 3°50'0"E 4°0'0"E

7°40'0"N
7°40'0"N

Akinyele LGA

7°30'0"N
7°30'0"N

Ido LGA
Lagelu LGA

Ibadan North LGA

Ibadan North-West LGA
Egbeda LGA
Ibadan North-East LGA
Legend
Ibadan South-West LGA

7°20'0"N
7°20'0"N

Lapite Dump Site

Ibadan South-East LGA
Awotan Dump Site
Ajakanga Dump site
Aba Eku Dump Site
LGA
Ona Ara LGA
Akinyele LGA
Egbeda LGA
Ibadan North LGA
Ibadan North-East LGA Oluyole LGA

7°10'0"N
7°10'0"N

Ibadan North-West LGA

Ibadan South-East LGA
Ibadan South-West LGA
Ido LGA
Lagelu LGA
Oluyole LGA
Ona Ara LGA 0 2.5 5 10 15 20
Kilometers

3°40'0"E 3°50'0"E 4°0'0"E

Waste Characterisation
Waste Composition
The organic content of the waste produces methane under anaerobic conditions. According
to historical reports by PAI Associates (1983), the organic content of solid waste in Ibadan is
on average 40% and this comprises of food remnants and leaves. According to reports by
the World Bank, the organic content for low-income countries of which Nigeria is one, lies
between 40 – 85%. More recent analysis conducted by Ayorinde (2008) showed the waste
composition at the Awotan and Abaeku to have an organic content of between 57%
(Awotan) and 68% (Aba Eku) during the rainy season. The food and leaf content was
between 22% (Awotan) and 29% (Aba Eku). The composition at Awotan and Abaeku were
used as proxies for Lapite and Ajakagan.

Table 8a. Awotan Waste Composition – Rainy Season1

Waste Category %
Food Waste 16.4%
Paper and Cardboard 15.1%
Garden Waste (Green Waste) 5.8%
Wood Waste 10.4%
Rubber, Leather, Bones, Straw 0.0%
Textiles 4.2%
Toilet Paper 0.0%
Other Organics 5.1%
Diapers (assume 20% organics / 80% inorganics) 0.0%
Metals 3.1%
Construction and Demolition Waste 5.1%
Glass and Ceramics 4.5%
Plastics 23.4%
Other Inorganic Waste (bulky items) 7.1%
Source: Ayorinde, 2008

Table 8b. Abaeku Waste Composition – Rainy Season

WASTE CATEGORY %
Food Waste 18.1%
Paper and Cardboard 22.3%
Garden Waste (Green Waste) 10.8%
Wood Waste 5.9%
Rubber, Leather, Bones, Straw 0.0%
Textiles 7.2%
Toilet Paper 0.0%
Other Organics 3.5%
Diapers (assume 20% organics / 80% inorganics) 0.0%
Metals 2.8%
Construction and Demolition Waste 3.5%
Glass and Ceramics 4.2%
Plastics 21.9%
Other Inorganic Waste (bulky items) 0.0%
Source: Ayorinde, 2008

1
Rainy season from March to November (between 8 to 9 months)
Waste Generation and Generation Rates
Waste Generation
According to a report published by MacLaren (1970), average per capita quantity of solid
waste generated was between 0.37 to 0.5 kg/day for the traditional areas of the city and
0.53 kg/day for the newer areas. Oluwande (1983) estimated the average solid waste
generated and its mean production rates per head for three distinguished areas of Ibadan:
0.420 kg/day in the GRA; 0.377 kg/day in outlying areas; and 0.35 kg/day in the old city. The
World Bank reports that the average per capita generation rate for developing countries is ~
0.5kg/day.

The Ibadan Master Plan Study of 1970 by MacLaren International also estimated waste
generation rates based on types of wastes and came out with the following figures :

• Residential wastes - 0.2 tonnes/capita/year (including street

refuse)
• Commercial Waste - 6.0 tonnes/ha/year
• Individual Waste - 60 tonnes/ha/year
• Public and Institutional Waste - 10,000 tonnes/year

Then by making use of the land use map and population of Ibadan at that time, MacLaren
came out with an estimate of the generated amounts of solid wastes, shown in Table 9
below.

Table 9: Estimated Generation of Solid Wastes in Ibadan

Location Waste Generation
(1000 tonnes)
1995 2000
Inner Core 360 420
Other high density areas 170 196
Medium and Low density areas 135 156
Commercial areas 15 15
Industrial areas 35 35
Public and institutional areas 10 10
Source: Oyo State Urban Rehabilitation Project, Part II; Solid Wastes Component, 1988
Therefore making use of the above table and assuming that street refuse constitutes 15% of
the residential wastes, MacLaren came out with the following waste generation rates:

• Domestic wastes - 0.46 kg/capita/day

• Street Refuse - 0.09 kg/capita/day
• Total (residential) - 0.55 kg/capita/day

On the other hand, in a study carried out for USEPA by the Centre for People and
Environment (CPE) for Methane-To-Markets Program, the average waste generation per
capita per day in Ibadan was put at about 0.3kg per capita per day. Several other studies and
reports also put the waste generation rate of Ibadan at 0.3 to 0.51 kg per capita per day.

However, for the purpose of this report, we will adopt the MacLaren value of 0.55 kg per
capita per day as it included provision for street sweeping, which may not be the case with
the other values sited in other literatures referred to above.

Therefore applying this waste generation value to the population figures for the year 2006
and a projected figure of 2013, the annual waste quantity generated in Ibadan Metropolis is
are shown in Table 10 below.

Table 10: Population and Waste Quantities for 2006 and 2013
NO. LGA Population Waste Quantity (tonne/yr)
2006 2012 2006 2012
Ibadan Urban
1 Ibadan North 306,795 379,434 61,757.83 76,380.06
2 Ibadan North East 330,399 408,626 72,555.62 82,256.41
3 Ibadan North West 152,834 189,020 33,562.35 38,049.73
4 Ibadan South East 266,046 329,037 58,423.70 66,235.15
5 Ibadan South West 282,585 349,492 62,055.67 70,352.74
Ibadan Semi-urban
6 Akinyele 211,359 261,402 46,414.44 52,620.22
7 Egbeda 281,573 348,240 61,833.43 70,100.71
8 Ido 103,261 127,710 22,676.12 25,708.02
9 Lagelu 147,957 182,988 32,491.36 36,835.48
10 Oluyole 202,725 250,723 44,518.41 50,470.54
11 Ona-Ara 265,059 327,816 58,206.96 65,989.36
TOTAL 2,550,593 3,154,487 420,182.42 634,998.43
Therefore, with a projected population of 3,154,487, the quantity of waste generated in
Ibadan Metropolis in 2012 is estimated at 634,998.43 tonnes/year. However, it must be
pointed out that not all of the wastes eventually get to the dump sites. Some are either
burnt, dumped in drainage channels or at unapproved dump sites.

2.6.2 Waste Composition

Waste composition is a term used to describe the individual components of a solid waste
stream and their relative composition, usually based on percentage by weight. Information
on the composition of waste is important in evaluating equipment needs, systems and
management programmes and plans. Waste composition varies from country to country.
The type of wastes generated in a community are in different forms, depending on the
source of generation. These are in three major classes, namely:

i. Domestic Wastes
ii. Commercial Wastes
iii. Industrial Waste
iv. public and institutional waste

In some cases, a typical waste stream may comprise all of these wastes in varying
proportions. Centre for People and Environment (CPE) for Methane-To-Markets Program
USEPA on Landfill Recovery and Use in Nigeria in their report of June 2010, analysed wastes
at three major dump sites in Ibadan to determine their composition. Table 11 below shows
the outcome of the exercise.

Table 11: Composition of MSW from the three Dump Sites in Ibadan
Composition Average weight %
Awotan Ajakanga Afofunra (Aba Eku)
Paper & Textile 21.99 23.14 19.46
Garden, Park or non food waste 15.64 26.65 25.47
Food waste 36.67 21.80 26.51
Wood/Straw 25.70 28.40 28.57
Total 100 99.99 100
Source: Centre for People and Environment (CPE) for Methane-To-Markets Program USEPA on
Landfill Recovery and Use in Nigeria, 2010
On the other hand, data obtained from Oyo State Waste Management Agency (OYOWMA)
presented the following waste composition at three of the four sites in Ibadan (Table 12).

Table 12: Waste Composition at the four existing dump sites in Ibadan
Composition Average weight %
Awotan Lapite Aba Eku
Vegetable Matter 72 67 72
Putrescible 0 0 0
Paper 12 13 12
Textile 4 2 4
Metals 2 4 5
Plastics 2 3 4
Total 92 89 97
Source: Oyo State Wastes Management Authority (OYOWMA), 2013

Similarly, data from the Federal Ministry of Environment indicates the following waste
composition for Ibadan (Table 13).

Table 13: Composition of Waste generated at Ibadan

Composition Average weight %
Organic 41.61
Paper 10.17
Textile 2.48
Glass 3.54
Metals 5.19
Wood 3.02
Plastics 9.52
Miscellaneous 4.90
Total 80.43
Source: Federal Ministry of Environment, 2005

Solid Waste Management in the Context of Flooding in Ibadan

Over the years, the city of Ibadan has experienced serious environmental problems brought
about by the rapid physical development of the city, poor environmental sanitation habits,
and unplanned inner-core areas. These factors have combined to expose the city to many
natural and man-made ecological problems, including flooding, sheet erosion and sporadic
solid waste dumping.
Presently, waste collection methods in most parts of the city differ from place to place. This
often depends on the ease of accessibility of mechanised technology adopted for this
purpose. In the interior of the city where accessibility of motorised vehicles could be a
problem, communal depots and block system (bring and dump) are the commonest means
of solid waste collection. The house to house method is commonly practised in areas with
better road networks. Since most of these services usually require some forms of financial
commitment, the very poor who could not afford these costs mostly resort to sporadic and
indiscriminate dumping of their wastes into available plots of land, sidewalks, roadways,
streams, channels and drainages. It has been reported that more than 70% of the refuse
generated in the city are mostly disposed in this way – a method commonly known as ‘bulk
loading’. This is partly responsible for the incessant flood disaster being witnessed in the city
over the years. Unfortunately, most of the measures adopted by relevant government
agencies to combat these problems could not be sustained due to poor funding, lack of
appropriate technology and manpower for effective management of solid wastes and the
poor attitude of most of the residents of the city.

Historically, flood disaster is not a new phenomenon in the history of Ibadan. From 1902 to
2011, there has been eight cases of flooding recorded in Ibadan. These are as follows:

i. 1902 – First flood-flooding of Oranyan swamp;

ii. 1924 – Ogunpa overflowed its banks;
iii. 1956 – Ogunpa flood which rendered many homeless
iv. 1960 – Ogunpa flood disaster-destroyed 400 houses;
v. 1963 – Ogunpa river overflowed its bank again causing disaster to many homes;
vi. 1978 – Ogunpa river destroyed properties worth several millions Of Naira at Old
Gbagi market, Ogunpa Oyo, Omitowoju and Molete (Tomori, 1979);
vii 31 August 1980- Another ogunpa flood disaster; the most devastating ever in the
history of Ibadan.
vii. 26th August 2011 - A most severe and catastrophic flood occurrence when, this time
it was not really Ogunpa that overflowed its banks, because sections of it has
recently been channelized, but Ona and Ogbere Rivers, which claimed many lives
and destroyed many properties, rendering thousands homeless.
As earlier stated, lack of proper solid waste management system in the city is one of the
major causes of flooding and environmental problems in Ibadan. Though Ogunpa channel
has eventually been fully channelized up to its lower course across the Lagos - Ibadan
express road, near Oluyole Industrial Estate, close to the Ibadan toll gate of the Lagos -
Ibadan expressway. However, other major rivers and tributaries of Ogunpa river, such as
Ogbere, Kudeti, Yemetu etc have continued to overflow their banks because they have not
yet been fully channelized and there is continuous, unabated and indiscriminate dumping of
uncollected solid wastes into their channels. In addition many of the bridges and hydraulic
structures along these rivers are narrow and hydraulically inefficient and so they get easily
clogged and blocked during heavy rainfall.

Apart from this, erosion and deposition within the catchment of the rivers, due to lack of
proper planning and poor soil conservation measures have also contributed to the seasonal
flooding being experienced in the city. For example, the Ogunpa Lake or Dandaru, as it is
popularly called, continues to get silted up (Figure 3), despite many efforts in the past to
dredge and clear it of accumulated solid wastes, which emanates from the upper courses of
the river, which unfortunately include the well laid out Bodija estate.

Figure 3: Present condition of Ogunpa Lake (Dandaru)

Indiscriminate dumping of refuse inside river courses, causes blockage of hydraulic
structures along the river channels, thereby leading to constriction and eventual overflow of
runoff onto the roads and surrounding areas within the immediate vicinity of the river basin.
The most recent flood event of monumental proportions is that which occurred on the 25th
August 2011 which caused incalculable damages and losses of many lives and properties. It
was however observed that, whilst serious flooding occurred within other channels during
this flooding, Ogunpa channel was, this time, substantially spared and did not experience
serious flooding.

This flooding event led the Oyo State government to approach the World Bank for funds to
finance infrastructure projects in Ibadan. As earlier mentioned, it is not that governments
over years have not spent money in developing infrastructure in Ibadan, it however appears
that the efforts have not yielded the desired result of preventing decay and incessant
negative environmental impacts on the people and the city in general.

In particular, in the recent past, between the year 1988 to 1996, the Oyo State Government
implemented the Oyo State Urban Rehabilitation Project. This project included the following
components:

i. Channelization of Ogunpa River;

ii. Ibadan solid Waste Management project;
iii. Rehabilitation and Urban renewal of Yemetu Aladorin, Mokola and Ogbere Agugu
areas in Ibadan.

These projects have been concluded, albeit at different times and by many agencies of
government ranging from the State to the Federal. For example, in the case of
Channelisation of Ougnpa River, the project was recently completed by the Federal
Government.
REFERENCES
1. Tomori M. A: Ibadan Metropolitan Area and the Challenges of Sustainable
Development. Published by MACOS Urban Management Consultancy
Services
2. Oyo State Urban Rehabilitation Project, Part II: Solid Wastes Component, by Haskoning
and DHV, June 1988
3. Design Report, Volume 1 of the Ibadan Solid Wastes Management Project, submitted to
for Oyo State Ministry of finance and Economic Development by Haskoning and
Konsadem Associates Ltd., July 1992.
4. Economic Analysis of Wastes Management for Cost Recovery, Ibadan Solid Wastes
Management Project, submitted to for Oyo State Ministry of finance and Economic
Development by Haskoning and Konsadem Associates Ltd., September 1992.
5. Institutional and Organisation Study, Ibadan Solid Wastes Management Project,
submitted to for Oyo State Ministry of finance and Economic Development by Haskoning
and Konsadem Associates Ltd., December 1993.
6. Laurent Fourchard, The case of Ibadan, Nigeria. Institut Francais de Recherche en
Afrique (IFRA), University of Ibadan in Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global
Report on Human Settlements 2003.
7. Centre for People and Environment (CPE) for Methane-To-Markets Program U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, USA. Landfill Recovery and Use in Nigeria (Pre-
Feasibility Studies of using LFGE). June 2010.
8. Ibadan Master Plan Study, MacLaren International, 1970.
9. Sandra Cointraeau-Levine, Private Sector Participation in Municipal Waste Services in
Developing Countries, 1991.
10. Alakinde, Michael Kayode, Private Sector Participation and Sustainable Solid Waste
Management in Ibadan South West Local Government, Nigeria, in Journal of Emerging
Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS).
11. Adegbenro P. Daso and Oladele Osibanjo (2012). Water Quality Issues in Developing
Countries - A Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria, Water Quality Monitoring and
Assessment, Dr. Voudouris (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0486-5.
12. Environment Handbook for Community Development Initiatives, Second Edition of the
Handbook on Environmental Assessment of Non-Governmental Organizations and
Institutions Programs and Projects, 2005.