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Increasing Energy Efficiency in Sugar and Ethanol Plants
Increasing Energy Efficiency in Sugar and Ethanol Plants
Increasing Energy Efficiency in Sugar and Ethanol Plants
"INCREASING ENERGETIC
EFFICIENCY IN SUGAR, ETHANOL, AND ELECTRICITY PRODUCING PLANTS", p.583-600. In Luis
Augusto Barbosa Cortez (Coord.). Sugarcane bioethanol — R&D for Productivity and Sustainability, São
6
Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/BlucherOA-Sugarcane-SUGARCANEBIOETHANOL_53
The sugar-alcohol industry has been one The next step was the self-generation of all
of the most important activities in the Brazilian energy required, both thermal and electric, by
economy, producing sugar and ethanol for both developing co-generation systems adequate to the
domestic and foreign markets. This industry has plants’ needs, using exclusively bagasse for fuel.
been historically characterized by its low energy In parallel, the thermal energy consumed in
efficiency, consuming a considerable part of the the process began to be better exploited, intro-
bagasse produced as fuel in its co-generation sys- ducing the use of vegetal steam from evaporators.
tems, to supply the energy needs of the process. A A third challenge came up with public elec-
new scenario, with the possibility of selling surplus tricity deregulation, and hence the possibility of
electricity to the distribution network, or else, to selling electric power to the distribution network
use bagasse as a raw material for other processes, at competitive prices.
has motivated several plants into investing in more Still, within the proposed utilization of Ran-
efficient co-generation systems, as well as in higher kine cycles, the industry introduced new co-gen-
process energetic integration. eration systems, with boilers and turbines working
This chapter discusses the improvement of at higher temperatures and pressures.
sugar-alcohol mills co-generation systems by However, new challenges are lurking around
increasing boiler efficiency through the use of ba- the corner, with the possibility of introducing BIG-
gasse dryers, as well as other design approaches, to CC cycles, as it’s being planned in India, for differ-
these systems. Energy process integration is also ent types of biomass (see RENEWABLE ENERGY
included, showing that available thermal energy FOCUS, 2009a), and also with the introduction of
exploitation may lead to a significant reduction the so-called third-generation refineries (RENEW-
in plant steam intake, thus improving the energy ABLE ENERGY FOCUS, 2009b), in which bagasse
efficiency of the production process. is shifted from combustible waste into raw material.
In this chapter, the discussion will cover the
INTRODUCTION shortest-range challenges, dealing with co-gener-
ation systems improvement, boiler exhaust gases
Through the Brazilian sugar-alcohol industrial exploitation system, as well as a better thermal
history, it is possible to identify efforts to increase integration of the process.
mill energy efficiency, as a result of the need to solve
actual problems that came up from time to time.
CO-GENERATION SYSTEMS
Therefore, one of the first objectives achieved
was freeing the industry from any auxiliary fuel, The co-generation concept has several defini-
using bagasse, a waste from its own process, as tions found in the literature, many of them being
sole source of heat. close to the one adopted by LIZZARAGA (1994),
584 A New Model for Industrial Production and Final Uses of Ethanol
defining this term as the “joint generation of elec- ization of energy inputs have shown the need for
tricity (or mechanical energy) and usable thermal improved exploitation of sugarcane residues.
energy in a sequential process”. The structure of mills having low-efficiency
Anyway, it is evident that the co-generation op- co-generation systems and high power demand
tion allows for more efficient energy generation, if processes may be analyzed to improve energy
compared to the independent generation of one sole usage in this industry, making it possible to gen-
form of energy, such as in a thermoelectric power erate surplus electric power that could be sold to
generating station. The use of thermal energy en- electric utility companies. On top of using bagasse,
ables high performance in the global use of energy, the elimination of burning in sugarcane fields, the
and consequently, savings in primary energy. presence of mechanized harvest and recovering
The growing worldwide interest in the ratio- sugarcane tips and leaves, may also represent a
nal use of energy, combined with minimum use of significant increase in biomass availability for use
natural resources, finds in co-generation technol- as fuel in co-generation systems, further increasing
ogy a very compelling technological option, which surplus generation.
has conquered space in many industrial and utility The decision on the optimum co-generation
applications. system for a mill depends on several factors to be
In Brazil, sugar-alcohol industry mills have observed, among them:
co-generation systems with the simultaneous pro- • process-required for mechanical, electric,
duction of heat and work for the sugar and ethanol and thermal energy;
production process, using sugarcane bagasse as • process-required for steam pressure and
fuel. The steam produced may be used to drive temperature levels;
mills, pumps, blowers, as well as be converted into • process energy intake dynamics; intermit-
electricity, where it finds its noblest use. tent or continuous;
Co-generation allows exploiting the energy • system utilization factor;
in the bagasse, and generating electric power in • energy share in the final product cost;
a decentralized and independent manner at the • technical and economical feasibility of sell-
various plants in this industry, that has its energy ing surplus electricity.
requirements fulfilled by these systems.
The need for disposal of bagasse, a residue bio- STEAM CYCLE SYSTEMS
mass from the production process, was one of the
reasons leading to the adoption of low-efficiency Traditionally, topping-type steam cycle sys-
co-generation systems, thus making it possible to tems are adopted by mills, where bagasse is used
consume large quantities of residue, and locally to generate live steam to drive back-pressure tur-
generating the energy the process requires. bines coupled to an electric generator. High pres-
The restructuring of the Brazilian electrical sure steam is taken to drive choppers, defiberers
power generation industry in the 1990s, following and mills, while the turbine low-pressure exhaust
the worldwide trend towards distributed power steam is used as a source of heat for various equip-
generation, gave room to small-scale production ments in the plant.
of electricity, and fostered some keener interest in Older systems, characterized by their low
mills for more efficient co-generation systems. The energy conversion efficiency are limited for gen-
possibility of non-utility generators selling their erating electricity. Low-efficiency boilers, generat-
generated energy surplus contributed to increase ing steam at around 22 bar pressure, overheated
the value of residual biomass as a source of energy between 280 ºC and 320 ºC, and the process’ high
for power generation. steam consumption, around 500 kg of steam per
Furthermore, increasing social demands for ton of sugarcane, are strong limiting factors to
energy policies that value minimum environmental electricity generation, which makes surplus power
impact, alternative energy sources, and rational- virtually inexistent.
Increasing Energetic Efficiency in Sugar, Ethanol, and Electricity Producing Plants 585
According to CAMARGO (1990), boilers used in mid-2008 at Usina Equipav, located in Prom-
by the sugar-alcohol industry until the 1980s were issão, SP (STEFANO, 2009). DEDINI (2008) of-
conceived around eliminating bagasse, considered fers systems that operate at 100 bar pressure and
as an undesirable waste, therefore being low effi- 520 ºC temperature. Internationally, KAMATE e
ciency and low cost. Some alternatives available for GANGAVATI (2009) state that the highest pres-
increasing this equipment’s efficiency in drawing sure used industrially is 105 bar, in a sugar plant
energy from bagasse are described by NETO and in Okeelanta, Florida, USA.
RAMON (2002), among them the use of superheat- Inquires made to boiler and turbine manufac-
ers, thermal deaerators, savers, air preheaters, and turers showed that there is an economic limita-
bagasse dryers, in addition to efficiency-preserving tion to using higher temperatures to generate live
actions, such as care in handling fuel, feed water steam, as steels currently produced in Brazil can
treatment, and better control on combustion. only withstand temperatures up to 520 ºC. Special
Systems with back-pressure turbines are lim- steels, that can endure higher temperatures, would
ited to generation during the harvest period, as require importing the material, or ordering specific
they need the process to condense the generated batches to Brazilian industries, which would lead
steam. Steam loss, or its condensation at turbine to unaffordable costs (EQUIPALCOOL, 2006).
exhaust pressure is not economically justifiable, Another trend noticed was towards increas-
rendering off-harvest power generation unviable ing the capacity of steam generation by boilers
with such systems. intended for the sugar-alcohol industry, shifting
Increasing temperature and pressure levels from the present systems that generate from 150
of the steam generated by co-generation systems t/h to 250 t/h of steam to capacities between 300
boilers makes it possible to increase the surplus t/h and 450 t/h.
electricity generated, which can be sold to utility The trend for larger capacity boilers is the
companies. Furthermore, the use of extraction- monodrum type construction. The monodrum
condensation turbines makes it possible to gen- boilers technology is new to the sugar-alcohol
erate electricity and sells it also during the off- industry; however it has been used for several
harvest season. years, both in and outside Brazil, in industries
such as pulp & paper, petrochemical, and thermal
Technological evolution of sugar-alcohol electricity generation. According to the manufac-
industry co-generation systems turers, the technology used to build monodrum
boilers allows adopting high steam flow rates, and
In Brazil and all over the world, only steam pressures in excess of 100 bar (CALDEMA, 2006).
systems are found in sugarcane mills. This is a Regarding steam turbines, it is observed that
widely known technology, using mostly locally- Brazilian industry has been supplying the domestic
made equipment. There are many boiler, steam demand for turbines operating at the highest pres-
turbine, and electric generator manufacturers in sure an temperature levels adopted for steam gen-
Brazil, several of them also serving the interna- eration, however according to some manufacturers,
tional market. the maximum power of such equipment is limited to
It is observed that more efficient co-genera- 50 MW for economical reasons, since domestic elec-
tion systems have been installed in the Brazilian tricity generators can only work up to this power
sugar-alcohol industry, with boilers generating level, importation still being unaffordable from the
live steam above 60 bar and temperatures ranging investment viability standpoint (NG, 2006).
between 480 ºC and 520 ºC. However, it is observed that Brazilian indus-
The trend observed is towards using higher try has the technology to produce steam reaction
parameters in steam generation, to render more turbines with power up to 150 MW, operating with
efficiency in electric power generation. The first intake steam up to 120 bar and 530 ºC, however
boiler to operate at 90 bar pressure was installed for export only (NG, 2006).
586 A New Model for Industrial Production and Final Uses of Ethanol
Evolution of bagasse boilers efficiency thermal energy from exhaust gases is the bagasse
dryer (SOSA-ARNAO et al., 2006a).
Old 20 bar/300 ºC boilers did not provide any The efficiency of 20 bar boilers with air pre-
device of how to use the exhaust gases enthalpy. heaters and pneumatic type bagasse dryers was
With the progressive increase of steam pressure determined by SANCHEZ PRIETO et al. (2001).
and temperature parameters, and the change in The schematics of the system studied by those au-
boiler design (single-pass on the gas side, at the thors is shown on Figure 1. Gases exiting the steam
convection beam), the temperature of gases from generator were split, part of them being sent to an
the steam generator increased, and for this reason air preheater, and the remainder to a bagasse dryer.
devices were progressively aggregated for using The Tables 1 and 2 show the boiler features
this energy. and the data obtained.
SOSA-ARNAO and NEBRA (2009) present a The boiler’s overall efficiency was calculated
correlation for calculating this temperature, as a based on the low heat capacity of bagasse; this
function of the vapor saturation temperature: definition particularly fails to consider the energy
Tg = 42.94Tsat
0.3962
(1) spent in evaporating the water it contains. Calcu-
lating the efficiency according to the high heating
Correlation valid for temperatures up to 67 bar. value, such effect is taken into account, and effi-
Thus, for 20 bar boilers we would have a ciency is decreased by around 25%, as discussed
temperature of the gases of 359 ºC, and for 65 by SOSA-ARNAO et al. (2006b).
bar, 401 ºC (these values depend on boiler con- Due to the high particle content of exhaust
structive features, and may vary). In any case, it gases, the most popular heat exchanger is the
is a significant amount of thermal energy, which shell and tubes type, which, as it requires a large
should be exploited. area to transfer heat between two gaseous flows,
So, with the technical improvement air pre- takes up considerable space, its size being limited
heaters were initially introduced, to use the ther- by the cost/benefit ratio.
mal energy from exhaust gases to heat the air Hence, it may be observed that the exhaust
blown into the boiler itself. gas temperature at the air preheater is relatively
Though seldom used in the Brazilian industry, high, causing significant heat loss. This effect is
another proper piece of equipment for using the detected by the effectiveness parameter of the
Air
Steam Gas
generator Dryer washer
Bagasse
air preheater (HOLMAN, 1983), which shows was used in combustion. Over time, boiler design
relatively low figures. was changed increasing the height of bagasse feed
In terms of exploiting the available energy, from 1 m to 4 m, and secondary air was introduced.
the direct type dryer has better performance. Gas The result was an increase in suspended bagasse
temperatures at its outlet are lower, and its effi- burning, less superficial burning, and increased
ciency shows good values for the first two boilers. combustion efficiency.
It is smaller and cheaper equipment, however it The Sugar Research Institute – SRI developed
must be carefully designed to offer good results. the vortex bagasse burning system, where the ba-
Another important issue is the evolution in the gasse enters the boiler immersed in the spiraling
way of burning bagasse. At the outset, bagasse was air flow, which gives it more drying and burning
burnt in a stockpile, which resulted in unstable and time in suspension than the traditional spraying
deficient burning. In these cases, only primary air system (DIXON et al., 2003).
In Brazil, there is equipment using the same previously tested pneumatic types seem adequate.
vortex principle, however, it only mixes the bagasse Cyclone dryers were also tested in laboratories,
with the spiraling air at the sprayer outlet. This with promising results (CORRÊA, 2003; CORRÊA
system, developed from burning rice husk, was in- et al. 2004), as they are smaller units.
troduced in the Branco Perez mill by the company SOSA-ARNAO (2007) and SOSA-ARNAO and
Equipalcool Sistemas Ltda., in August 2008. NEBRA (2009), discussed the efficiency and the
economics of an arrangement using a pneumatic
Bagasse dryers dryer with a separator cyclone at its end, con-
sidered to be the best option found. Some of the
In a comprehensive review, SOSA-ARNAO results from these works are shown next.
et al. (2006a) present a series of data on differ- The system concept was guided by the idea of
ent dryer types used for bagasse, both industrial exploiting the boiler exhaust gases thermal energy,
and experimental. So this comprises the classic considering the use of air preheaters, feed water
rotating dryers, the descending flow ones, and the preheaters (savers), and dryers. The system was
pneumatic ones, among others. designed using optimization tools, in a way to ob-
The pneumatic type dryers were tested by tain a dimensioning that led to the minimum costs
the Brazilian sugar-alcohol industry, using a model for the overall system.
developed by the former Copersucar Technology Three possible arrangements were analyzed
Center, today Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (Figures 2 to 4), comparing them in terms of their
(Piracicaba). Experimental results obtained on the energy efficiency and cost. In case III, the saver
field compared to data simulations are reported by is placed before the air preheater. This was done
NEBRA and MACEDO (1989). because the return water from the plant being at
The design of any dryer should start from a a higher temperature that the surrounding air, so
careful analysis of material shapes and sizes (NE- this way the saver increases its effectiveness.
BRA and MACEDO, 1988; SOSA-ARNAO, 2007). The dryer type selected was the pneumatic
One important consideration is related to type, with a cyclone at its end to separate bagasse
the source of energy to be used. Previously, an and gas. Four pneumatic ducts were considered,
example of use of boiler exhaust gases was given. each of them connected to a pair of cyclones, being
In the case of sugar-alcohol mills, this seems to be each of the boiler burners fed by a cyclone. In this
the best option. In any case, the process integra- matter, dryers surrounded the boiler, in a proper
tion concept explained next requires that for the layout, with the same maximum height.
drying operation – which does not demand high In terms of system design, the same boiler
temperatures – thermal waste be used, at 200 ºC was considered for all three arrangements, with
or lower temperatures. a steam production capacity of 200 t/h, at 65 bar,
On top of the consideration regarding thermal and 500 ºC.
waste, in the case of bagasse, care must be taken The calculation procedure for each type of
with its easy ignition. RAMAJO-ESCALERA et al. equipment is reported on the mentioned works
(2006), SOSA-ARNAO (2007), and SOSA-ARNAO (SOSA-ARNAO, 2007 and SOSA-ARNAO and
and NEBRA (2009) present data relative to the NEBRA, 2009).
combustion of this material, where it is possible to Table 3 shows the thermodynamic data of the
identify the point where carbon dioxide emissions main system flows, in terms of their initial, pre-
(step) begins, around 200 ºC. Being part of the ma- optimization values. Figures indicated correspond
terial composed by small-particles material, which to those shown on Figures 2 to 4.
will dry quickly (NEBRA DE MACEDO, 1989), it First-law efficiency, based on the high heat-
is advisable that drying gases in direct contact do ing value, is 64.1% for case I, and 70.4% for cases
not exceed much that temperature. II and III. Higher efficiencies in cases II and III is
Regarding the type of dryer, considering the owed to the lower temperature of gases leaving the
material size diversity and its light weight, the system, which contributes to reduced heat losses.
Increasing Energetic Efficiency in Sugar, Ethanol, and Electricity Producing Plants 589
5
6
2‘ 2
Air
preheater Air
Steam
generator 7
1
3‘ 3
Economizer
Bagasse
Water
8
4
Bleeding
5
6
2‘ 2
3 Air
preheater Air
Water Steam
generator 7
1‘ 1
Dryer
Bagasse
8
4
Bleeding
5 6
3‘ 3
Economizer Water
7
Steam 2‘ 2
Air Air
generator preheater
8
1‘ 1
Dryer Bagasse
4 9
Bleeding
FIGURE 4 Sequential arrangement, saver, air preheater, and dryer – case III.
590 A New Model for Industrial Production and Final Uses of Ethanol
Costs corresponding to the initially dimen- to a smaller air preheater, a larger saver, always
sioned system are shown on Table 4. In the case of with a dryer, working with the highest input
the saver and air preheater, costs were calculated temperature allowed in the calculations: 215 ºC.
based on the area of heat exchange, considering Under these conditions, it is possible to obtain a
respectively values of 161.58 R$/m2 (80.79 USD/ final moisture content in bagasse of 34.5% (h.b.).
m2) and 138.62 R$/m2 (69.31 USD/m2). In the case From the results obtained in successive stud-
of the dryer, the cost adopted was 9.70 R$/kg (4.85 ies, bagasse dryers are an economical and function-
USD/kg). Construction of this equipment was al option, which allows improving boiler efficiency.
simulated using a 4 mm thick steel plate.
In case I, it is necessary to make a trade-off PROCESS ENERGY INTEGRATION
between the costs of the economizer an the air pre-
heater, varying the temperature of air preheater The process integration (PI) concept came up
outlet gases; the saver cost increases with this tem- in the early 1980s, and has been used ever since
perature (T7), as more energy is transferred to the for analyzing energy usage and to reduce the en-
water in the saver, and less to air in the preheater. vironmental impact of industrial processes. This
This calculation may be observed in Figure 5. research area was initiated with research on heat
The system was optimized in terms of equip- recovery via the Pinch Point concept, however
ment dimensioning, which led to variations in currently PI encompasses a wider universe of
their intake and outlet temperatures, as well as integration possibilities that goes beyond the use
their heat exchange areas and external dimen- of energy in processes.
sions. For optimum conditions, the temperatures PI application in industry became a fundamen-
shown on Table 5 and the costs shown on Table 6 tal tool for planning and designing its activities,
were obtained. providing investment and operational costs reduc-
From these results, it is possible to notice that tion. Minimum consumption of natural resources
the optimum system dimensioning corresponded in integrated industrial processes derives not
TABLE 3 Thermodynamic data of the main flows in the systems shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4.
Temperature Pressure
Flow Output
[ºC] [MPa]
1* – 74 74 – 1 1 – 17.5 17.5
9 – – 74 – – 1 – – 97.9
Increasing Energetic Efficiency in Sugar, Ethanol, and Electricity Producing Plants 591
TABLE 4 Costs of energy recovery systems before In other cases, the analysis can be made aiming
optimization. at equipment cost reduction for a certain energy
consumption level.
Total
Cases Economizer Air preheater Dryer The major areas for process integration ap-
cost
plication in industry may be described as:
[US$] [US$] [US$] [US$]
• new processes or retrofit design, including
I 285,013 429,032 – 714,045 batch, continuous and semi-continuous
II – 547,930 149,020 696,950 operation modes;
III 81,618 201,594 149,020 432,232 • process operations planning;
• to increase efficiency in raw materials and
energy intake, and to improve productivity
(debottlenecking);
only from optimized energy usage, but also from • equipment design, such as reactors, separa-
the consumption of raw materials and water, with tors, and heat exchanger networks;
analyses that include thermal and mass integra- • integration of processes and utilities system;
tion, on top of industrial waste management. • integration between industrial complexes,
Process integration techniques application power plants and public HVAC systems;
areas may be understood, at first, as those cases • minimizing the generation of water-based
where less energy intake and lower environmental effluents and process water consumption;
impact are sought; however their applications go • minimizing residue and emissions generation.
beyond these objectives.
As a more immediate example, it may be It is important to point out that the use of pro-
mentioned the case of reducing energy consump- cess integration techniques, even in similar process-
tion, which is usually associated to an increased es, may require different designs to fulfill the mini-
investment in energy recovery equipment. The mum desired demand goals. Each process should
goal, in this case, is the search for a minimum total be studied separately, considering local investment
cost comprising both operation and investment. operating costs, as well as operating conditions.
TABLE 5 Temperature distribution corresponding to the opti- Pinch (WANG, 1994a-b), can also be applied to
mized dimensioning of energy recovering systems. the distributed effluents treatment.
According to GUNDERSEN (2000), more
Tg, 6 Tg, 7 Tg, 8 Tg, 9
Cases
[ºC] [ºC] [ºC] [ºC]
recently the Pinch concept was applied to the so-
called Hydrogen Pinch, developed by TOWLER
I 401 368 – 165
et al. (1996), and ALVES (1999). This methodol-
II 401 215 74.5 – ogy is applied to the analysis of the distribution of
III 401 252 215 74.9 hydrogen in petroleum refineries, optimizing its
use, and evaluating the introduction of purification
units, membranes, and cryogenic units.
Some goals, such as energy consumption, are range is transferred to the adjoining lower range.
based on thermodynamic concepts, while others, If there is a negative result for the energy balance
such as quantity of heat exchange equipment, are at a certain range, the use of hot utilities should be
based on heuristic rules. prescribed. Likewise, if the result is negative, this
In addition to the aforementioned goals, some quantity of heat may be transferred to the lower
others, like minimum generation of effluents and range, and so on, creating the heat cascade.
emissions and maximum power generation are ap- By implementing this procedure, it is possible
plied; however, in all cases, under the assumption to calculate the minimum hot and cold utilities de-
that no actual project can surpass the optimum mand in the system. The Pinch Point location can
performance obtained in such analysis, being it, in be so identified in the temperature range where
most cases, a guide to the most appropriate design. there is no heat transfer to the next range, and
where there is no demand for hot utilities.
Utility consumption goals – Table Method
(Heat Cascade) Composite Curve
Definition of the minimum utilities intake goal Visualization of results in graphic format by
may be calculated from the Table Method construc- plotting Composite Curves – CCs is one of the
tion introduced by LINNHOFF and FLOWER (1978), major tools in this method, making it possible to
which determines the so-called heat cascade. ascertain, in a practical and simple way, the pos-
This method starts by defining temperature sibility of thermal integration, and the need for hot
ranges in which hot and cold flows involved in the and cold utilities.
process may exchange heat. In order to maintain Like in the Table Method calculations, CC
the minimum temperature gap (tmin), preset for plotting for hot and cold flows is based on the
implementing the analysis method, temperatures distribution of process flows over temperature
in each range are determined, adding a tmin/2 value ranges. One curve for hot flows and another for
for cold flow temperatures, and subtracting a tmin/2 cold ones may be drawn adding the enthalpy varia-
value for hot flow temperatures. tion of the flows within each range, as shown on
Temperatures are sorted in descending or- Figure 7, which also indicates areas where a pos-
der, creating ranges where process flows may be sible thermal integration may be implemented, as
ranked according to their initial and final tempera- well as the needs for hot and cold utilities, located
tures, as shown on Figure 6. on the graph extremities.
Hot and cold flows fitting into the same tem- The value adopted for tmin defines the small-
perature range have their thermal capacities est distance between the two Composite Curves
(mcp) added, providing a sum for each range, drawn, identifying the energy bottleneck, or Pinch
considering a positive value for cold flows, and a that will divide the system in two parts, one below,
negative one for hot flows. and another above this point. This point limits
This enables to build the thermal cascade, the process thermal integration, representing the
considering that the heat in each temperature bottleneck from the energy recovery standpoint.
594 A New Model for Industrial Production and Final Uses of Ethanol
Interval 1 2 3 4 5
Pinch
Point
Enthalpy mcp Temp.
165
145
140
Current
85
55
25
(k-W) (kW/ºC) (ºC)
F1 700 6.09 Fria 3 – – – – – •
F2 500 8.33 Fria 3 – – – •
Q1 700 5.83 Quente • – – – – – – – 4
Q2 300 2.73 Quente • – – – – – – – 4
The area above the Pinch will act as a heat in using cold utilities to supply the additional cool-
absorber, consuming hot utilities. On the other ing requirement.
hand, the region below this point will act as a heat Thus, some basic application principles were
source, requiring only cold utilities. set for the method, in order to avoid unnecessary
The separation of these two regions is impor- use of hot and cold utilities:
tant, as if cold utilities are consumed above the • Do not use cold utilities above the Pinch.
Pinch, it will be necessary to add even more hot • Do not use hot utilities below the Pinch.
• Do not transfer heat through the Pinch.
utilities to supply the additional intake, increasing
its energy demand, and consequently the energy
consumption by the system as a whole. Great Composite Curve
The same occurs at the region below the The Great Composite Curve – GCC is yet
Pinch, where the addition of hot utilities implies another graphic tool for visualizing the minimum
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