FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:

TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS

EFFECTIVE DATE: 1/3/2014

EXPERIMENT: HEAD LOSS
THROUGH FITTINGS AMENDMENT
DATE:
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNQ 10304

EXPERIMENT NO. EXPERIMENT 2

EXPERIMENT TITLE HEAD LOSS THROUGH FITTINGS

DATE
GROUP NO.
LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR/ 1)
TUTOR 2)
DATE OF REPORT
SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISCIPLINE: /5%
INTRODUCTION: /5%
PROCEDURE: /5%
RESULTS& CALCULATIONS /15%
ANALYSIS /15%
DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
FOR LABORATORY DISCUSSIONS: /20%
REPORT: ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS /15%
CONCLUSION /10%
SUGGESTIONS& RECOMENDATIONS /5%
REFERENCES: /5%
TOTAL: /100%

EXAMINER COMMENTS: RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP:

 FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS

EFFECTIVE DATE: 1/3/2014

EXPERIMENT: HEAD LOSS
THROUGH FITTINGS AMENDMENT

KOD ETIKA PELAJAR DATE:

(KEP)
JABATAN TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa saya telah menyediakan laporan ini dengan daya usaha

saya sendiri. Saya juga mengaku tidak menerima atau memberi sebarang bantuan dalam

menyediakan laporan ini dan membuat ikrar ini dengan kepercayaan bahawa apa-apa yang

tersebut di dalamnya adalah benar.

Ketua Nama:

Kumpulan No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)

Ahli 1 Nama:

No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)

Ahli 2 Nama:

No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)

Ahli 3 Nama:

No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)

No. Matrik :____________________________

 FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS

EFFECTIVE DATE: 1/3/2014

EXPERIMENT: HEAD LOSS
THROUGH FITTINGS AMENDMENT
DATE:

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To determine the head loss associated with flow of water through standard fittings used in plumbing installations

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

Demonstrate the ability to conduct experiments related to fluid flow by following standard operating
procedure effectively in a group.

3.0 INTRODUCTION / THEORY

This apparatus is designed to allow the detailed study of the fluid friction head losses which occur when an incompressible fluid
flows through pipes, bends, valves and pipe flow metering devices. Friction head losses in straight pipes of different sizes can be
investigated over a range of Reynolds’ numbers from 103 to nearly 105, thereby covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow
regimes in smooth pipes. In addition, an artificially roughened pipe is supplied which, at the higher Reynolds’ numbers, shows a
clear departure from the typical smooth bore pipe characteristics. Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experiments and has
always found a place in the practical teaching of fluid mechanics. The results and underlying principles are of the greatest
importance to engineers in the aeronautical, civil, mechanical, marine, agricultural and hydraulic fields.

Osborne Reynolds distinguished between laminar and turbulent flow in pipes in his publication in 1883. Ludwig Prandtl, Thomas
Stanton and Paul Blasius later analysed pipe flow data in the early part of this century and produced the plot known as the Stanton
diagram. John Nikuradse extended the work to cover the case of rough pipes and one such pipe supplied with this equipment has
been roughened for flow comparison purposes. In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in straight pipes, a wide range
of accessories is available including pipe fittings and control valves, digital flow meter, a venturi tube and an orifice plate assembly.
 FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS

EFFECTIVE DATE: 1/3/2014

EXPERIMENT: HEAD LOSS
THROUGH FITTINGS AMENDMENT
DATE:

3.1 Head Loss Through Fittings

A piping installation consists of various fittings such as bends, elbows, tees and valves that form obstructions to flow. Head
loss in a pipe fitting is proportional to the velocity head of the fluid flowing through the fittings.

K u2
H
2g
(1)
Where,
H = Head loss across fittings (mH2O)
K = Fittings Factor
u = Mean velocity of water through the pipe (m/s)
g = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity m/s2)

4.0 EQUIPMENTS & MATERIALS

1. Smooth Bore Pipes (6mm,10mm,17mm) 8. Sudden Enlargement and Contraction

2. Artificial Roughen Pipe (17mm) 9. Manometer
3. Gate valve 10. Inline Y-Strainer
4. Outlet Control valve 11. Various Pipe Fittings
5. Digital Flowmeter 12. Pitot Static Tube
6. Differential Pressure 13. Venturi Meter
7. Globe Valve 14. Orifice Meter
 FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS

EFFECTIVE DATE: 1/3/2014

EXPERIMENT: HEAD LOSS
THROUGH FITTINGS AMENDMENT
DATE:

5.0 PROCEDURES

5.1 Experiment Head Loss Through Fittings

Test Section:

a. A 45o elbow
b. A 45o “Y”(135o flow, 180o flow)
c. A 90o “T”(90o flow, 180o flow)
d. A sudden enlargement
e. A sudden contraction
f. An in-line strainer
g. A gate valve (Fully opened, 1 turn, 2 turns)
h. A globe valve (Fully opened, 1 turn, 2 turns)

Procedures:

1. Start-up the apparatus according to general procedures.

2. Turn or switch the valves (Outlet or Inlet valve) to obtain flow of water flow to the test section only.
3. Measure flow rates using the digital flowmeter in conjunction with the inlet water flow control valve.
4. Measure differential head between tapping on each fitting with the differential pressure transmitter or pressurised
water manometer as appropriate.
5. Measure differential head between tapping on test valves using differential pressure transmitter or pressurised water
manometer as appropriate for different valve settings (open to closed).
6. Repeat the testing with different flowrate and obtain readings on test section.
 FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS

EFFECTIVE DATE: 1/3/2014

EXPERIMENT: HEAD LOSS
THROUGH FITTINGS AMENDMENT
DATE:

5.2 General Shut-down Procedures

1. Switch off the water supply pump.

2. Fully open all valves to drain off water from the piping.
3. Then fully close the bench flow control valve on the hydraulics bench.
4. Switch off the main power supply.
5. Retain the water in sump tank for the next study session.
 FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS

EFFECTIVE DATE: 1/3/2014

EXPERIMENT: HEAD LOSS
THROUGH FITTINGS AMENDMENT
DATE:

6.0 RESULTS & CALCULATION

Test Section: _________

Pipe Diameter: 0.025 m

Velocity
Flowrate, Velocity,
Head, Head loss,
Q u K
hv h Valve Position
(m3/s) (m/s)
(mH2O) (mH2O) (for valves)
V x 10-3 4Q h/hv
u2 0.0126 H
T d2
2g

7.0 DATA ANALYSIS

1. Confirm that K is a constant for each fitting over the range of test flow rates.
2. Plot a graph of K factor against valve opening for each test valve. Note the differences in characteristic.

8.0 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

Approved by / Disahkan oleh :

Prepared by / Disahkan oleh:

Signature / Tandatangan :
Signature/Tandatangan:
Name / Nama : PM. DR. ANGZZAS SARI
Name/Nama: DR. NOR FAIZAH BINTI RAZALI
BINTI MOHD KASSIM
Date/Tarikh :
Date / Tarikh :