Theory of Machines-II Lab

Lab Session 01:

Objective:

To balance a rotating (disturbing) mass with a same rotating (balancing) mass at

same radii in the same plane.

Apparatus:

Mass balancing apparatus, disturbing masses, balancing masses and motor.

Procedure:

1. First of all the whole apparatus was placed in static position.

2. The disturbing mass was placed in a plane at a fixed distance from the center.
3. During its rotation, the wobbling in the plane was observed.
4. The balancing weight at same line of action was placed at the same distance to
balance it.
5. Now the rotation was again made and the damping effect was observed and
noted down.

Observations and Calculations:

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑟𝑑
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝜃𝑑
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑏
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑟𝑏
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝜃𝑏

Table:
𝑚𝑑 𝑟𝑑 𝜃𝑑 𝑚𝑑 . 𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑏 𝑟𝑏 𝜃𝑏 𝑚𝑏 . 𝑟𝑏
(lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in)

0.6 3 60 1.8 0.6 3 240 1.8

0.6 4 90 2.4 0.6 4 270 2.4
0.6 5 160 3.0 0.6 5 340 3.0
0.7 3 30 2.1 0.7 3 210 2.1
0.7 4 60 2.8 0.7 4 240 2.8
0.7 5 90 3.5 0.7 5 270 3.5
Theory:

The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-
a-days. It is therefore very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should
be completely balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the
dynamic forces are set up. These forces not only increase the loads on bearings and
stresses in the various members, but also produce unpleasant and even dangerous
vibrations.

Whenever a certain mass is attached with a rotating shaft, it exerts some

centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In
order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite
side of the shaft, at such a position as to balance the effect of centrifugal force of the
first mass. This is done in such a way that the centrifugal force of both the masses are
made to be equal and opposite.

The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of
the centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.

Balancing of a Single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the Same Plane:

Consider a disturbing mass “𝑚1 ” attached to a shaft rotating at “𝑟1” as shown in the
figure. Let “𝑟1” be the radius of rotation of disturbing mass “𝑚1 ” (i.e. distance between
the axis of rotation of the shaft and the center of gravity of the mass “𝑚1 ”).

We know that the centrifugal force exerted by the mass “𝑚1 ” on the shaft is,

𝐹𝑐1 = 𝑚1 . 𝜔2 . 𝑟1

This centrifugal force acts radially outwards and thus produces bending moment on
the shaft. In order to counteract the effect of this force a balancing mass “𝑚2 ” may be
attached in the same plane of rotation as that of disturbing mass “𝑚1 ” such that the
centrifugal forces by both the masses are equal in magnitudes and opposite in
directions.

(Fig.1: Balancing of a Single rotating mass by a Single mass rotating in the Same Plane)
Let “𝑟2 ” be the radius of rotation of balancing mass “𝑚2 ” (i.e. distance between the
axis of rotation of the shaft and the center of gravity of the mass “𝑚2 ”).

Centrifugal force due to mass “𝑚2 ” is,

𝐹𝑐2 = 𝑚2 . 𝜔2 . 𝑟2

Equating both the equations,

𝐹𝑐1 = 𝐹𝑐2
𝑚1 . 𝜔2 . 𝑟1 = 𝑚2 . 𝜔2 . 𝑟2
𝑚1 . 𝑟1 = 𝑚2 . 𝑟2

Note:

1. The product “𝑚1 . 𝑟1” may be split up in any convenient way. But the radius of
rotation of the balancing mass is generally made larger to reduce the balancing
mass.
2. The centrifugal forces are proportional to the product of the mass and radius
of rotation of respective masses, because 𝜔2 is same for each mass.