Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)

A.Y. 2018-2019

COMPUTER  one that computes; a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.
 a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically.

COMPUTERS ARE EVERYWHERE..

CALCULATOR
 cannot perform computer's operations
 limited only to mathematical calculations (4 arithmetic operations, advanced operations like logarithmic,
algebraic, and geometric operations)
COMPUTER
 can be programmed to perform same operations as a calculator.
 uses includes: entertainment, communication, word processing, connecting to internet, file sharing and
editing, software development.

COMPUTER and CALCULATOR originated from the same source.

BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

PEOPLE  are considered as the first computers.

COMPUTER  was originally a job title for the people whose job is to perform repetitive calculations required to
compute things.

ABACUS (EARLY 300 B.C)  is a Latin word that has its origins in the Greek words abax or abakon (meaning "table"
or "tablet")

 COUNTING BOARDS (EARLY ABACI)  a piece of wood, stone or metal with carved grooves or painted lines
between which beads, pebbles or metal discs were moved.

 MODERN ABACUS  a device, usually of wood (plastic, in recent times), having a frame that holds rods with
freely-sliding beads mounted on them.
OLD ABACUS (Counting Board)

MODERN ABACUS

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

NAPIER'S BONE (1617)  invented by Scotsman, John Napier, where logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks.
 LOGARITHM  technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition.
 logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3.

SLIDE RULE (1632)  mechanical analog computer.

 used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such
as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or subtraction.

CALCULATING CLOCK (1623)  the first gear-driven machine to actually be built, invented by German astronomer
and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard.

 LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)  made drawings of gear driven calculating machines but apparently
never built any.

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

PASCALINE (1642)  also called Arithmetic Machine, the first gear-driven one-function calculator or adding machine
to be produced in any quantity and actually used.

 BLAISE PASCAL  at age 19, he invented Pascaline. At the age of 12, he was discovered doing his own
version of Euclid's 32nd proposition on the kitchen floor.

STEP RECKONER (1672-1694)  the very first calculator that could perform the four arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division).

 The name comes from the translation of the German term for its operating mechanism;
staffelwalze meaning 'stepped drum'
 GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ  German mathematician, invented this digital mechanical calculator
(co-inventor with Newton of calculus).

JACQUARD MECHANICAL LOOM (1801)  could be attached to a power loom or a hand loom, the head controlled
which warp thread was raised during shedding.
 controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the
design.

 PUNCH CARD  is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or
absence of holes in predefined positions.
 JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD  invented the earliest programmable loom or the mechanical loom.

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

DIFFERENCE ENGINE (1822)  a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room. This machine would be able to
compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables or tabulate polynomial functions.

 CHARLES BABBAGE  father of the programmable computer, English mathematician who invented the
first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.

ANALYTICAL ENGINE (1837)  proposed mechanical general-purpose computer. This device, large as a house and
powered by 6 steam engines, would be more general purpose in nature because it would be programmable.
 hailed as the first general-purpose computer concept
 had a key function that distinguishes computers from calculators: the conditional statement.

2 MAIN PARTS OF ANALYTICAL ENGINE

o STORE  Memory Unit in modern computer
o MILL  Central Processing Unit in modern computer

 LADY AUGUSTA ADA BYRON (ADA LOVELACE)  daughter of famous port Lord George Gordon Byron.
 the first computer programmer, invented the subroutine and was the first to recognize the
importance of looping

HOLLERITH DESK  consisted of a card reader which sensed the holes in the cards, a gear driven mechanism which
could count, and a large wall of dial indicators to display the results of the count.

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

 It was used to count the 1890 U.S. census, was the first machine to ever be featured on a magazine cover.

 HERMAN HOLLERITH  widely regarded as the father of modern machine data processing.
 had the insight to convert punched cards to what is today called a read/write technology.
 built the Tabulating Machine Company, which eventually became International Business
Machines (IBM).

HARVARD MARK I (1944)  built as a partnership of Harvard and IBM the first programmable digital computer
made in the U.S.
 ran non-stop for 15 years.
 HOWARD AIKEN  the principal designer of Mark I.

A central shaf driven by an outside waterwheel

and connected to each machine by overhead belts
was the customary power source for all the
machines in a factory

One of the four paper tape readers on the Harvard Mark I

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

(you can observe the punched paper roll emerging from the
bottom)
 GRACE HOPPER  one of the primary programmers of Mark I.
 the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were
blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape.
 credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults.

o BUG  had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889.

oFLOW-MATIC  first high-level language, eventually became COBOL

o A high-level language is designed to be more understandable by humans than is the binary
language understood by the computing machinery.
oCOMPILER  translates high-level language into the binary language of the computer.
oGrace Hopper is also the one constructed the world's first compiler.

MICROELECTRONICS REVOLUTION  packing the power of yesterday's large, expensive computers (with complex
wirings) into tiny electronic circuits which could even be smaller than a printed character on this page.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT  a small silver silicon, the size of your thumbnail.

Photo Courtesy of IBM

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER or ABC (1937)  a machine that could solve 29 simultaneous equations with 29
unknowns. This machine was the first to store data as a charge on a capacitor, which is how today's computers store
information in their main memory (DRAM or dynamic RAM). As far as its inventors were aware, it was also the first
to employ binary arithmetic.

 JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF  a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University,
attempted to build and all-electronic digital computer.
 CLIFFORD BERRY  a student of JV who helped him create the first digital electronic computer.

Cliford
J.V. Atanasof Berry
ABC in May, 1942 (Courtesy of Iowa University)

 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)  is temporary and volatile, RAM chips lose their contents if the
current is lost or turned off.
 DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM)  is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate
capacitor within an integrated circuit.

COLOSSUS  the world's first electronic digital computer that was at all programmable, the first Colossus worked
on June 1, 1944. Ten Colossi were in use by the end of the World War II.

Z3 (Zuse 3) COMPUTER (1941)  was probably the first fully operational, general-purpose, programmable (that is,
software controlled) digital/electromechanical computer.
 Z1, Z2, Z3 was destroyed by an Allied Bombing raid. Z4 survived only because Zuse hauled it in a wagon up
into the mountains.

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

 PLANKALKUL  "Plan Calculus" is a first high level programming language designed for engineering
purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945.
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER (ENIAC)  was usually awarded the title of forefather of
today's all-electronic digital computers.

 JOHN MAUCHLY and JOHN ADAM PRESPER ECKERT JR.  inventors of ENIAC between 1943 and 1943 at
University of Pennsylvania.

To program a modern computer, you type out a program with statements like:
Circumference = 3.14 * diameter
To perform this computation on ENIAC you had to rearrange a large number of patch cords and then locate three
particular knobs on that vast wall of knobs and set them to 3, 1, and 4.

ELECTRONIC DISCREET VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (EDVAC)  one of the earliest electronic computers, it
was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program computer (pioneer).
 Eckert and Mauchly teamed up with the mathematician John Von Neumann, then they designed EDVAC.

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

OTHER COMPUTERS CAME AFTER ENIAC & EDVAC

 ILLINOIS AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (ILLIAC)
o Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic Computer)  was chosen by Arthur C. Clarke as a
fictional character on his book "2001: A Space Odyssey".
 JOHNNIAC  was a reference to John von Neumann
 MATHEMATICAL ANALYZER, NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR, AND COMPUTER (MANIAC)

ILLIAC ILLIAC

JOHNNIAC MANIAC

 SELF MODIFYING PROGRAMS  computer programs that could modify themselves while they run. This
introduced a new way for a program to fail: faulty logic in the program could cause it to damage itself.
This is one source of the general protection fault famous in MS-DOS and the blue screen of
death famous in Windows.

UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (UNIVAC)  the first commercial computer, the first product of the company
that Eckert and Mauchly built.
 was also the first computer to employ magnetic tape.

UNIVAC

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta

Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

 Mauchly and Eckert, never achieved fortune from their work and their company fell into financial
problems and was sold at a loss.
 IBM and the SEVEN DWARFS  group of 8 companies selling computers by the 1960's.
 In IBM's case it was their own decision to hire an unknown but aggressive firm called Microsof to
provide the software for their personal computer (PC).

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS  an ultra high-performance computer made for high-volume, processor-intensive

computing.

IBM 7094, a typical mainframe computer

photo courtesy of IBM

2 WAYS TO INTERACT WITH A MAINFRAME

 TIME SHARING  because the computer gave each user a tiny sliver of time in a round-robin fashion.
Perhaps 100 users would be simultaneously logged on, each typing on a teletype.

TELETYPE

PAPER TAPE
Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta
Fundamentals of ICT – Grade 11 (ICT)
A.Y. 2018-2019

o TELETYPE  was a motorized typewriter that could transmit your keystrokes to the mainframe
and then print the computer's response on its roll of paper.
 BATCH MODE PROCESSING  where the computer gives its full attention to your program.
o In exchange for getting the computer's full attention at run-time, you had to agree to prepare
your program off-line on a key punch machine which generated punch cards.

An IBM Key Punch machine which operates like a typewriter

except it produces punched cards rather than a printed sheet of paper.

MICROPROCESSOR (what we call CPU today)  a computer that is fabricated on an integrated circuit.

 INTEL  they were the first to succeed in cramming an entire computer on a single chip (IC).
 developed the first microprocessor in 1971.
 they also invented the 2 memory technologies that are still going today
o Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
o Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)

MITS (Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems) ALTAIR 8800  World's first Personal Computer.

 WILLIAM HENRY "BILL" GATES III  Harvard Freshman who decided to drop out of college so he could
concentrate all his time writing programs for this computer.

Prepared By: Mr. Jerreck Reynald D. Navalta