MICHAEL M.

SAMWEL

Registration Number: 8660/T.2015

Bsc. Environmental Science and Management

Fourth Year from Ardhi University.

7th May, 2019.

Progress
Feasibility of geomaterial in fluoride attenuation from fluoride polluted water

laboratory at Arumeru -Arusha

 PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Table 1: Domestic water sources

Domestic water Spatial Characteristics Distance Water Usage
source from
Latitude Longitude NDRS
[Northing (Y)] [Easting (X)] laboratory
(km)
Usa River -3.373604 36.857767 8.2 Cooking, Washing, irrigation,
drinking
Maji Ya chai River -3.376079 37.035409 24.3 Washing, irrigation
Streams from Arusha -3.370082 36.689100 5.2 Drinking, irrigation, cooking
National Park

Table 2: Preliminary data of materials

Candidate Material pH EC (µs/cm)

Bone Char 7.54 87.9

Coal 2.91 65.6

Zeolite 6.63 31.6

 .000000

100.000000
170.000000 270.000000 370.000000 470.000000 570.000000 670.000000 770.000000 870.000000

100
DOMESTIC WATER SOURCES
Lake Momela
.000000

-100.000000
oa d
-100

Lake Longil

Himo R
i ve
r
r ² !. ¬
«
M1

Th e
d
R
Roa

e
- Himo

iv
a
¬
«U1 A rus h !. ¬
«
M2
Burko

R
!.
m
i
R
Lake Duluti sa e !. ¬
«

r
M3
v
.000000

-300.000000
U
Ri
i ve
ARUMERU
i
Ch a
-300

r !. ¬
«U2

ji Y a
Ma
!. ¬
«U3
.000000

-500.000000
-500

0.085 0.0425 0 0.085 Km

Legend

Sampling Points Roads

.000000

-700.000000
!.
-700

Lake
Rivers
.000000

-900.000000
-900

170.000000 270.000000 370.000000 470.000000 570.000000 670.000000 770.000000 870.000000

Figure 1: Domestic water sources and sampling points for preliminary data at Arumeru- Arusha
Table 3 display the design parameters used during the experiments

Table 3: Dimensions of materials used for designing an experimental setup

Materials Dimensions
diameter Height
Buckets 30.5cm 33cm
Pipes 0.5cm external, 0.26cm internal 82cm length
Column 14cm 50cm external, 45cm internal
Flow regulator 1cm external, 1.5mm internal 0.8cm
Perforated plate 14.5 cm 2.8 cm

First hours of operating an experimental setup

The first hour of running an experimental setups; Bone char takes the retention time of 43min
to release effluent at the rate of 100ml/min and 20L of water samples was emptied after 3hrs
from the feeding bucket (20L); Zeolite takes 23min to produce the attenuated water from the
column at the rate of 171.4ml/min and the feeding 20L bucket was emptied after 2hrs; The
column containing coal takes 1hr and 2min to generate effluents from its column at the rate of
50ml/min and take the feeding bucket was emptied after 4hrs; before feeding the setups with
another 20L water sample from similar source. The fluoride level was decreased from its initial
level faster, slow and slower on bone char, coal and zeolite respectively; but when the time
goes on, the level of fluoride removed lowered. The coal takes longer time (1hrs) to release
water from the column compared to the rest of materials.
Figure 2: An experimental setup
The followings are the preliminary results from water analysis after running an experimental
setup of bone char using water sample compositely collected from same source.
Bone Char on the first hour
Time (hrs) F-(mg/l) pH EC (µs/cm) TDS Salinity Ca (mg/l)
1hr 0.053 10.24 897 448 0.45 3.85

The followings are some results after running those experimental setups ; and the effluents
from the column collected after hourly and analysed for potential parameters associared with
marerial and fluoride as well.
Water sample (8.8mg/l- F, pH=8.24, Ca2+ =3.69 mg/l, EC=431 µs/cm, TDS= 106mg/l ,
Salinity=0.11mg/l ) was used. The followings parameters was recorded after running an
experimental setups. The effluent from the column was recorded in the hourly intervals. The
followings are the records, when the effluents from the columns collected and each analysed
after three hours. The candidate materials was used directly without changing their chemical
composition but changing their physical characteristics. Both materials was grinded and sieved
according to bone char (control) characteristics; having both (1-1.4) mm, 5kg in the column
generating 50cm column depth.
Zeolite
Contact Time F-(mg/l) pH EC (µs/cm) TDS Salinity Ca (mg/l)
(hrs)
3hr (1st day) 7.6 7.88 485 243 0.23 2.56
3hr (2nd day) 7.0 7.75 401 200 0.20 1.28

Coal
Contact Time F-(mg/l) pH EC (µs/cm) TDS Salinity Ca (mg/l)
(hrs)
3hr (1st day) 6.8 6.25 412 206 0.21 2.0
nd
3hr (2 day) 6.3 6.87 392 196 0.2 1.6
Control (Bone char)
Contact F- pH EC (µs/cm) TDS Salinity(mg/L) Ca
Time (hrs) (mg/l) (mg/L)
3hr (1st day) 0.23 9.5 804 402 0.4 3.85
3hr (2nd day) 0.10 7.79 502 250 0.2 8.82
 ANALYTICAL RESULTS
The followings are laboratory results obtaining after running an experimental setup by using
water samples from Arusha National Park (ANAPA) and Usa river. The continuous and batch
experiments were performed.
A) Column Experiment: Continuous fixed bed

Water Parameters Amount Units

Source
Water pH 8.24 -
sample EC 431 (µs/cm)
from F- 8.8 mg/L
ANAPA Ca 4.23 mg/L
TDS 215 mg/L
Salinity 0.43 mg/L
Table 1:Analytical results from bone char column

No. run- F- pH Ca EC TDS Salinity R Tr Q(L/min) Tr(hr)

day (%) (hr)
1 0.074 9.8 4.41 1073 536.5 1.86 99.15 3 7.283 3

0.8 9.87 5.23 924 462 2.16 90.90 3 7.283

0.23 9.5 4.1683 823 411.5 2.43 97.38 3 7.283
2 0.1 7.79 3.847 520 260 3.84 98.86 3 7.283 3
3 0.16 9.21 3.37 525 262.5 3.80 98.18 3 7.283 3
0.076 7.93 2.725 422 211 4.73 99.13 3 7.283
0.23 8.96 2.485 525 262.5 3.80 97.38 3 7.283
4 0.34 9.03 2.4048 500 250 4 96.13 3 7.283 3
5 0.26 8.99 4.7334 636 318 3.14 97.04 3 7.283 3
0.33 9.1 3.4468 618 309 3.23 96.25 3 7.283
0.45 9.1 4.4128 544 272 3.67 94.88 3 7.283
size
same
6 0.16 8.88 4.7294 503 251.5 3.97 98.18 3 7.283 3
0.22 8.98 3.8477 450 225 4.44 97.5 3 7.283
0.22 8.88 3.34 425 212.5 4.70 97.5 3 7.283
0.25 8.87 2.37 419 209.5 4.77 97.1 3 7.283
Table 2:Analytical results for Zeolite column

No. run- F- pH Ca EC TDS Salinity Colour R (%) Tr(hr)

day

1 2.4 6.95 2.34 517 258.5 0.2585 72.72 3

2.46 6.05 2.12 411 205.5 0.2055 72.04

2.6 7.88 1.2826 485 242.5 0.2425 70.45

2 3 7.75 2.485 401 200.5 0.2005 65.90 3

3 5.2 8.08 3.21 417 208 0.21 0 40.9 3

4.1 9.15 2.51 512 256 0.26 0 53.40

5.7 7.79 1.882 426 213 0.21 0 35.22

4 4.1 8.03 2.4048 400 200 0.2 53.40 3

5 5.4 7.8 2.2345 400 200 0.2 38.63 3

6.7 7.83 4.3286 400 200 0.2 23.86

7.2 7.91 1.523 400 200 0.2 18.18

Particle size 0.5-1.4mm

Averaged parameters
No. run F- pH Ca EC TDS Salinity R (%) Tr(hr)

1 2.1 7.65 1.2826 518 259 0.259 76.13 3

1.46 7.62 1.3627 309 154.5 0.1545 83.40
2.31 7.55 1.21 312 156 0.156 73.75
2.72 7.58 1.02 318 159 0.159 69.10
Table 3: The analytical results from coal column

No. F- pH Ca EC TDS Salinity Colour R (%) Tr(hr)

run
1 0.19 3.31 2.0 648 324 0.324 97.84 3
1.12 4.68 1.7 549 274.5 0.274 87.27
2.41 6.25 2.0 412 206 0.206 72.61
2 1.53 6.87 1.60 392 196 0.196 82.61 3
3 2 9.31 0.56 411 205 0.2 0 77.27 3
2.4 7.16 0.72 394 197 0.197 0 72.72
5.3 7.36 0.72 434 217 0.217 0 39.77
4 6.4 7.89 1.04 418 209 0.209 0 27.27 3
5 6.4 7.11 0.88 493 246.5 0.246 27.27 3
7.16 7.2 0.80 425 212.5 0.212 18.63
5.3 7.12 1.20 408 204 0.204 39.77

Particle size 0.5-1.4mm

No. run F- pH Ca EC TDS Salinity Tr(hr) R (%)

6 1.12 5.11 4.9 446 223 0.223 3 87.23
1.32 5.55 2.1643 317 158.5 0.1585 85
1.45 5.69 2.21 327 163.5 0.1635 83.52
2.26 5.76 1.65 374 187 0.187 74.32
 B) Batch experiment
Water source: Usa River
Volume of water used= 0.5L in 1000ml beaker
pH 7.8
EC 322
F- 5.8
Ca 4
salinity 0.2
TDS 161

Table 4:Zeolite analytical results

t (hrs)
mass (g) 1 2 3 4 5
F- pH F- pH F- pH F- pH F- pH
15 4.2 7.23 3.9 6.25 3.7 6.86 3.5 6.21 3.4 7.12
50 4 6.35 3.6 6.83 3.5 6.14 3.3 6.1 3.3 6.16
75 3 6.22 3.1 6.17 2.8 6.11 3.3 6.07 2.9 6.11
175 3.7 6.13 3.4 6.14 3.1 6.13 3.9 7 3.8 7.03

Table 5: Coal, Analytical results

t (hrs)
mass 1 2 3 4 5
(g) F- pH F- pH F- pH F- pH F- pH
15 3.8 5.91 3.3 4.5 2.9 4.7 2.3 4.9 2.2 4.12
50 3.2 5.83 2.7 4.31 2.3 4.81 2 4.81 1.8 4.81
75 2.1 4.73 1.6 4 1.2 3.8 1.1 3.77 0.82 3.63
175 3 5.73 2.2 3.32 2 3.76 1.4 3.75 1.3 3.57