Algebra: Unit Presentation

6 Algebra
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Unit outline
ALGEBRA
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6 Algebra Rhetorical algebra and symbolic algebra
1. Copy and complete the table using rhetorical or symbolic algebra.
MY MONTHLY SALARY X
My salary when I become a specialist, which will be three hundred euros more. …
The salary of a part-time colleague who earns three fifths of my salary. …
6 The salary of an apprentice, which is … x – 400
Listen to the information about algebra
If I have sheared half the flock of sheep, and then complete the activities. … 2x – 100
plus a third of the other half and I still Algebra uses symbols to represent mathematical processes, but it
have eight sheep left to shear, how many hasn’t always been that way. Algebra has a long history.
sheep have I sheared so far? 2. A worker has a basic salary, B plus 16 euros for every additional hour. Tax is deducted from the total at a rate of
The Babylonians, the Egyptians and the ancient Greeks practised
rhetorical algebra, meaning that they used ordinary language to 18%. The result is a net salary, S. If n is the number of extra hours that the worker did in one month, which
explain algebraic problems and solutions instead of the symbols that of the following can we use to calculate his/her net salary?
we use today.
Mathematicians, such as Pythagoras (3rd century BC) and S = B + 16n – 18 S = (B + 16n) · 0.82 18 · (B + 16n)
S=
al-Khwarizmi (9th century BC), often used geometric representations 100
to prove algebraic relationships. They also used them to solve
equations. This was called geometric algebra. Algebra and geometry
3. Look at the areas of the equalities that are highlighted. Translate them into algebraic equalities.
Sheared a m·a
c)
Total? = + +
+
→ m · (a + b + c) = m · a + … + …
b
Not sheared m
a+
b m·b
·(
c m m·c
m
m
It wasn’t until the Early Modern Period that the Frenchmen, François What operation, related to addition and multiplication, has been proven here?
Viète (16th century), and Descartes (17th century), transformed the
algebraic language until it closely resembled the one that we use 4. Look at figures a and b and identify the operations that they prove.
today.
symbolic algebra figure a figure b
A THIRD a b b
TOTAL = HALF + + EIGHT
OF HALF
a a2 ab b
a a
(a + b)2 =
x 1 x c
x= + · +8 b ab b2
2 3 2
1. Find the word(s) in the text that mean… 2. Work with a partner. Answer the question OPERATION ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
1 … mathematical processes represented as symbols. and follow the instructions.
The total of the 2 figures squared is equal to the first figure squared, plus twice
1 What is the difference between rhetorical algebra (a + b)2 = … + … + …
2 … a group of sheep. the first figure multiplied by the second, plus…
and the algebra that we use today?
3 … algebra expressed in everyday language. In a right-angled triangle, the surface of the squares that are adjacent to the
2 Invent a problem using rhetorical algebra. Then, b 2 + c2 = …
4 … algebra expressed using symbols. right angle is equivalent to…
work together to transform it into symbolic
5 … changed. algebra.
■ Starting the unit ■ Answers to activities (page 114)

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87
UNIT
1 Why do we use algebra?

1.5 Expressing relationships that help
us to solve problems (equations)
Worked example
Algebra is the part of maths that uses letters to express unknown,
FOCUS FOCUS
indeterminate or variable numbers. It is a language that makes constructing on English Manuel is a waiter. Half of the coffees he served were white coffees,
and describing mathematical processes easier. Let’s see some examples of one third were cappuccinos, and the other six were espressos. How on English
how algebra is used. The noun algebra refers to many coffees did Manuel serve? In a few cases, the suffix ess
the branch of mathematics.
is added to a word to make it
An algebraist is an expert white coffees + cappuccinos + espressos = total feminine. In this case a waiter
1.1 Expressing arithmetic properties in algebra. Algebraic is the
x x is a man but a waitress is a
adjective referring to the use + + 7 = x
đƫAddition is associative, but subtraction is not. 2 3 woman. We can see examples
of algebra.
x + x + 7 = x → x = 42 of this in words such as:
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (a – b) – c ≠ a – (b – c) Check = 42 + 42 + 7 = 42 actress, princess, or in the
2 3 2 3
đƫMultiplication is distributive with respect to addition. animal kingdom, lioness.
Solution: Manuel served 42 coffees.
a · (b + c) = a · b + a · c
Think and practise
1.2 Generalising numerical sequences (general term) 1. Which of these 3 calculations corresponds to 6. The sum of the first n natural numbers is:
the statement on the associative property of the 2
Example
multiplication? 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + … + n = n +n
2
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 …
(n – 1) · n If three or more numbers a·b·c=c·a·b Calculate the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 50.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ an = are grouped in different
n2 – n (a · b) · c = a · (b · c) 7. A clothes shop owner buys 100 t-shirts in order
0 2 6 12 20 … ways when multiplying, the
result will be the same. a · (c + 1) = a · c + a to sell them. To plan his accounts, he manages the
So, if we want to know, for example, the tenth term in the sequence: following variables:
a10 = 9 · 10 = 90 2. Copy and complete the empty boxes. C → Total cost of the t-shirts
Or: a10 = 102 – 10 = 90 v → Selling price (per unit)
1 2 3 4 5 … n
10 … 3n – 2 G → Expenses
1.3 Expressing relationships between
B → Profit
magnitudes (formulas) 3. Write the first five terms of a sequence with the
Write an equality that relates these four variables to
đƫThe value, V, of the fraction, a , of a quantity, c. general term an = 3n + 1 . each other.
b 2
V = (c : b) · a 8. Write the ages of these family members in your
4. Write the general term of these sequences.
notebook as algebraic expressions:
đƫ The distance, d, travelled in a period of time, t, by a moving object Bill a) 1 - 4 - 9 - 16 - 25 - … → an = ?
travelling at a speed of v. AGE
Travel costs ............. → 50 € b) 0 - 3 - 8 - 15 - 24 - … → bn = ?
d=v·t Sara
Cost per hour ......... → 35 € x
đƫThe interest, I, that some money in a bank account, C, earns at an annual She is x years old.
5. The gross monthly salary (Sb), the 21 %
rate of r %, in t months. Time (hours) .......... → h income tax and the net salary (Sn) of the employees Rosa (elder sister)
Materials ................ → m She is 2 years older than Sara.
at a company are calculated with the following
I = C ·r ·t Total → 35 · h + m + 50 formulas: Ana (mother)
12 · 100 She was 25 years old when Sara
VAT 21 % Sb = 900 + 3a + 10b was born.
1.4 Expressing and working with numbers of an To pay: a = Years worked Joaquín (father)
indeterminate value (algebraic expressions) TAX = 0.21 · Sb
0.21 · (35 · h + m + 50) b = Overtime He is triple the age of Rosa.
Sn = 0.79 · Sb
Examples
9. Write an equality about the family in the last
đƫA natural number ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ a a) How much will an employee who has been in the question that reflects this new data: Sara’s father is
đƫThe next number ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ a + 1 company for 8 years and has done 21 hours of 5 years older than her mother. Calculate Sara’s age.
overtime earn?
đƫDouble the next number ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 · (a + 1)
b) How much income tax will he pay?
đƫThe square of the next number ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ (a + 1)2
116 117
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88
UNIT
2 Algebraic expressions
Think and practise
1. Copy and complete. 7. Worked example
An expression formed with letters and numbers is an algebraic expression. 2 xy 4 Simplify.

MONOMIAL 8a –3x a 2b
3
Let’s start by looking at the simplest: monomials. a) 5x + 3 + x – 7 = 5x + x + 3 – 7 = 6x – 4
COEFFICIENT 1 1
4 b) 3a + 2a 2 – 5a + a 2 = 2a 2 + a 2 + 3a – 5a =
2.1 Monomials LITERAL PART ab
= 3a 2 – 2a
DEGREE
8. Simplify as much as possible.

2. Worked example
a) 3x + x + 2 + 6 b) 4a + 2a – 7 + 5
3 xy 2 Do the following additions: c) 3a + 3 – 2a + 1 d) 5 – 3x + 4x – 4
3a
5 a) x + x = 2x b) a 2 + a 2 = 2a 2 e) 5x + 2 – 3x + x f ) 2a – 3 – 2 + 3a
coefficient literal part coefficient literal part c) 3x + x = 4x d) 4x 2 + 3x 2 = 7x 2 g) 7 – 4a – 7 + 5a h) 4x – 3 – 4x + 2
Example e) 1 x + x = 4 x f ) 1 n3 + 2 n3 = 9 n3 9. Simplify.
■ Degree of a monomial 3 3 2 5 10
–5ax 2 ⎯→ monomial a) x 2 + 4 + x 2 + 1 b) 5x 2 – 3 – 4x 2 + 1
The number of factors that form the literal part is called the degree of 3. Add the following monomials:
the monomial. coefficient ⎯→ –5 c) x 2 – 6x + 2x + x 2 d) 3x + 4x 2 – x 2 + x
a) x + x + x b) n + n + n + n
second degree fourth degree literal part ⎯→ ax 2 e) x 2 + 4x + 1 + 2x + 3 f ) 5x 2 + 3x – 4x 2 – 2x + 1
4a 2 → 5x 2y 2 → c) x 2 + x 2 d) a 3 + a 3 + a 3 + a 3
monomial monomial degree ⎯→ 3 g) 3x 2 + 4 + 2x – 1 h) 10 – 3 x + 1 x 2 – x
e) 4a + 2a f ) 4m + 4m 5 5 2 2
a·a x·x·y·y a·x·x 10. Worked example
g) 3x 2 + 6x 2 h) 5a 2 + a2 + 2a 2
3
i ) m 3 + 2m 3 + 4m 3 j ) 3x 4 + 6x 4 + 2x 4 Remove the parentheses and simplify.
■ Numerical value of a monomial
a) (5x + 1) – (2x – 3) = 5x + 1 – 2x + 3 =
4. Simplify.
The value of the monomial is known when the letters take specific values. = 5x – 2x + 1 + 3 = 3x + 4
On the Web
Practise recognising the elements of
a) x + 1 x b) a + 3 a b) (4x 2 – 6) – (x 2 – 2x + 1) = 4x 2 – 6 – x 2 + 2x – 1 =
The numerical value of 2ab 2 a=1
2 4
2ab 2 ⎯⎯→ 2 · 1 · 22 = 8 monomials.
= 4x 2 – x 2 + 2x – 6 – 1 = 3x 2 + 2x – 7
when a = 1 and b = 2 is 8. b=2 c) 3 m + 2 m d) 1 n + 2 n
7 7 4 3
11. Remove the parentheses and simplify.
■ Similar monomials Example e) 1 x 2 + 1 x 2 f ) 1 a2 + 1 a2 + 1 a2
6 6 2 3 6 a) 3x + (2x – 1) b) 7x – (5x – 4)
Monomials are similar when they have the same literal parts. 5x 2 ←⎯→ 1 x 2 5.
2 Worked example c) 6x – (4x + 2) d) 3x – (x + 5)
are
3a ⎯⎯⎯→ –2a are
4x 2y ⎯⎯⎯→ 1 x 2y Subtract the following expressions: e) (x – 5) + (x – 3) f ) (4x + 2) – (3x + 2)
similar similar 5 identical literal part
a) 5x – x = 4x b) 2a – 6a = – 4a 12. Remove the parentheses and simplify.
2.2 Adding monomials c) 4a 2 – a 2 = 3a 2 d) 5x 3 – 2x 3 = 3x 3 a) (3x 2 – 5x + 2) + (x 2 – 2x + 1)
e) x 3 – 1 x 3 = 2 x 3 f) 4 n 3 – 2 n 3 = 2 n 3 b) (5x 2 – 2x – 3) – (4x 2 + 3x – 1)
3 3 5 5 5
t c) (x – 3) + (x 2 + 2x + 1)
6. Subtract these monomials: d) (6x 2 – x) – (3x 2 – 5x + 6)
a) 8x – 3x b) 8a – 7a 13. Calculate.
c) 11x 2 – 6x 2 d) 5a 2 – 9a 2 a) The numerical value of 5x 2 when x = 1.
Examples e) m 3 – 5m 3 f ) 4n 4 – n 4
On the Web b) The numerical value of – 4x 2 when x = –3.
đƫ5a + 2a = 7a đ 3x + 2x 2 ⎯⎯→ no change
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monomials. 6 6 4 2
đƫ8x 2 – 3x 2 = 5x 2 đ a 2 – a + a 2 = 2a 2 – a ⎯⎯→ no change
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89
UNIT
2.3 Multiplying monomials

As a monomial is a product of numbers and letters, the product of two
3 Polynomials
monomials is another monomial.
Note t
Examples
degree 3
đƫ(3a) · (2a) = 3 · 2 · a · a = 6a 2 t
degree 2
đƫ(5x) · (–3x 2) = 5 · (–3) · x · x 2 = –15x 3 t
(2x 2)
· (3x 3) = 6x 5
đƫ(3a) · c 5 abm = 3 · 5 · a · a · b = 15 a 2b = 5 a 2b degree 5
6 6 6 2 The degree of the product is equal to Examples
the sum of the degrees of the factors. x+y
2.4 Dividing monomials 2 binomials
a2 – 1
The coefficient of two monomials can be a number, another monomial or
polynomials
4 trinomials
a fraction. x 2 – 3x + 1
a 2 – ab + 2
Examples
2 · 3a2 b 5x 4 – 3x 3 + 2x – 1
đƫ(6a 2b) : (3a 2b) = = 2 ⎯⎯→ (number)
3a2 b ■ Degree of a polynomial
5 · 3x 3 · x The degree of a polynomial is the largest of the degrees of the monomials
đƫ(15x 4) : (3x 3) = = 5x ⎯⎯→ (monomial)
3x 3 that form it.
2 ·a· b Example
đƫ(2ab) : (6b 2) = = a ⎯⎯→ (fraction) fourth degree
2 · 3 · b · b 3b 2x 4 – 5x 2 + 3x – 8 ⎯→
polynomial
On the Web
Practise multiplying and dividing degree 4 degree 2 degree 1 degree 0
monomials.
■ Numerical value of a polynomial
When the letters in a polynomial take specific values, the polynomial
also has a specific value.
Think and practise Example
14. Do the following multiplications: 17. Simplify the following fractions as shown in the For the polynomial 3x 2 – 2x + 5:
a) (3x) · (5x) b) (–a) · (4a) example. đƫWhen x = 0 → 3 · 02 – 2 · 0 + 5 = 0 – 0 + 5 = 5
3 2
đ 20x2 = 5 · 4 · x 2 · x = 5x = 5x The numerical value of 3x 2 – 2x + 5 when x = 0 is 5.
d) c x m · (6x)
2
c) (4a) · (–5a 2) 4x 4·x 1
2 đƫWhen x = –2 → 3 · (–2)2 – 2 · (–2) + 5 = 12 + 4 + 5 = 21
3a = 3 · a = 1
e) e x o · c x m f ) (5a) · c– 1 a 2m The numerical value of 3x 2 – 2x + 5 when x = –2 is 21.
2 2 đ
3 2 5 15a 2 3 · 5 · a · a 5a
Note that the numerical value of a polynomial depends on the value of
a) 4x b) 3 c) 5x the letters.
15. Worked example 2 3a 10x
2 2
Multiply: d) 12a e) 15x2 f ) 8a 3
4a 3x 8a Think and practise
(2ab 2) · (3a 2b 2) = 2 · 3 · a · a 2 · b 2 · b 2 = 6a 3b 4
18. Divide. 1. Indicate the degree of each polynomial. 3. Calculate the numerical value of 3ab 2 – 5a + 3b
16. Multiply these monomials: a) x 2 – 3x + 7 b) x 4 – 2 c) 5x 3 – 3x 2 when a = 2 y b = –1.
a) (10x) : (2x) b) (5a 2) : (15a 2)
a) (3x) · (5xy) b) (–2ab) · (4b) d) 9x 6 + 2x e) x 5 – 2x 2 f ) 6x 4 – 3x 4
c) (14a 2) : (–7a) d) (6x 3) : (9x 2) 4. Calculate the values of x that cancel out each
c) (4x 3y) · (xy) d) c– 2 abm · c– 3 abm e) (10x 2) : (5x 3) f ) (–5a) : (–5a 3) 2. Calculate the numerical value of x 3 – 5x 2 – 11. polynomial through trial and error.
3 2
g) (–16a 4) : (8a 6) h) (27x 3) : (–9x) a) When x = 1. b) When x = –1. a) x 2 – 2x + 1 b) x 3 – 8 c) x 4 – x 3
120 121
■ Suggestions (page 120) ■ Suggestions (page 121)

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3.1 Adding polynomials General rule 3.4 Product of a polynomial and a number
To add two or more polynomials, we must remember what we already To add two (or more) polynomials, Remember that to multiply a number by a sum, we need to multiply the
one is placed under the other, with
know about adding monomials. number by each addend (distributive property).
the similar monomials in the same
For example, let’s add the polynomials A = 2x3 – 3x2 + 6 and B = x2 – 5x + 4. column. Example
đƫFrom what we already know, we can do the following: x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1
A + B = (2x 3 – 3x 2 + 6) + (x 2 – 5x + 4) = 2x 3 – 3x 2 + 6 + x 2 – 5x + 4 = × 2 → (x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1) · 2 = 2x 3 – 8x 2 + 10x – 2
= 2x 3 – 3x 2 + x 2 – 5x + 6 + 4 = 2x 3 – 2x 2 – 5x + 10 2x 3 – 8x 2 + 10x – 2
đƫIn practice, it is usually done like this:
3.5 Product of a polynomial and a monomial
A → 2x 3 – 3x 2 + 0x + 6
B → + x 2 – 5x + 4 Look at these examples of the distributive property.
A + B → 2x 3 – 2x 2 – 5x + 10 Examples
x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1
3.2 Opposite of a polynomial đƫ × –3x → (x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1) · (–3x) =
The opposite of a polynomial is another polynomial, which, when added –3x 4 + 12x 3 – 15x 2 + 3x = –3x 4 + 12x 3 – 15x 2 + 3x
to the first, cancels it out.
x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1
Example đƫ × x 2 → (x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1) · (x 2) = x 5 – 4x 4 + 5x 3 – x 2
x 5 – 4x 4 + 5x 3 – x 2
The opposite of 7x 3 – 5x + 8 is 7x 3 + 0x 2 – 5x + 8
–7x 3 + 5x – 8, since adding them → – 7x 3 – 0x 2 + 5x – 8
gives us a zero polynomial. 0x 3 – 0x 2 – 0x + 0 3.6 Product of two polynomials General rule
By combining the product of a polynomial multiplying it by a number To calculate the product of two
3.3 Subtraction of polynomials and by a monomial, as seen above, we can calculate the product of two polynomials, multiply each
General rule
Let’s subtract the polynomials A and B we saw above. polynomials. monomial of one factor by each
To subtract two polynomials,
and every one of the monomials
đƫWith what we already know, we can do the following: add the first to the opposite of the Example of another factor and add all the
second. In other words, change the
A–B= (2x 3
– 3x 2
+ 6) – (x 2
– 5x + 4) = – 2x 3
+6– 3x 2 x2 + 5x – 4 = sign of the second and add them x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1 Z monomials obtained, simplifying
× x2 – 3x + 2 ] (x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1) · (x 2 – 3x + 2) = those that are similar.
= 2x 3 – 3x 2 – x 2 + 5x + 6 – 4 = 2x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x + 2 together.
2x 3 – 8x 2 + 10x – 2 ]] = (x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1) · x 2 +
đƫIn practice, it is usually done like this: →[ 3 2
– 3x 4 + 12x 3 – 15x 2 + 3x ] + (x – 4x + 5x – 1) · (–3x) +
On the Web
A → 2x 3 – 3x 2 + 0x + 6 x 5 – 4x 4 + 5x 3 – x 2 ] + (x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1) · 2
Practise adding and subtracting \
–B → – x 2 + 5x – 4 polynomials. x 5 – 7x 4 + 19x 3 – 24x 2 + 13x – 2 On the Web
A – B → 2x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x + 2 Practise multiplying polynomials.
(x 3 – 4x 2 + 5x – 1) · (x 2 – 3x + 2) = x 5 – 7x 4 + 19x 3 – 24x 2 + 13x – 2
Think and practise Think and practise

5. Copy and complete: 6. Calculate the following operations with these
8. Calculate. 9. Multiply.
a) x2 + 5x – 7 b) 3x 3 –6x 2 + 8x + 2 polynomials:
a) 3 · (2x + 5) b) 5 · (x 2 – x) a) (x + 1) · (x – 2) b) (2x – 1) · (x – 1)
+ x2 – 8x + 5 + 2x 3 + 2x 2 – 6x – 9 A= 3x 3 – 5x 2 – 4x + 4 B = 2x 3 – x2 – 7x – 1
– – – + – c) 7 · (x 3 – 1) d) (–2) · (5x – 3) c) (2x – 3) · (3x – 2) d) (4 + x) · (2x + 1)
a) A + B b) A – B
e) x · (x + 1) f ) 2x · (3x – 5) 10. Find the following products:
c) – x 2 + 3x – 9 d) x 3 – 4x 2 + – 1
7. Calculate the following operations with these g) x 2 · (5x – 2) h) 3x 2 · (x + 2) a) (2x + 1) · (x 2 – x – 1)
+ – + + – + X+
polynomials: i ) 3x · (x 2 – 2) j ) 5x · (x 2 + x + 1)
3x 2 + 2x – 5 3x 3 – 6x 2 – 5x + 3 b) (3x – 2) · (2x 2 + 4x – 3)
M = 7x 3 – 6x 2 + 2 N = 5x 2 – 3x – 5 k) (–2x) · (x 2 + 3) l ) –x · (x 3 + x + 3) c) (x 2 + 2x – 3) · (3x 2 + 5x – 4)
a) M + N b) M – N c) N – M
122 123
■ Suggestions (page 122) ■ Suggestions (page 123)

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4 Notable products
4.4 Applications of notable products
Notable products can be used, for example, when factorising polynomials
On the Web and when simplifying fractions.
Notable products are certain products of binomials that are useful to Practise calculating notable products.
remember because they can help us to make quicker calculations with Examples
algebraic expressions. đƫFactorising polynomials x 2 – 4x + 4:
x 2 – 4x + 4 = x 2 – 2 · 2 · x + 22 = (x – 2)2
4.1 Square of a sum a+b
a b
square of double the first square of
a+ b the first multiplied by the the second
× a+ b second
đƫFactorise x 2 – 4:
ab + b2
a a2 a·b
a 2 + ab x 2 – 4 = x 2 – 22 = (x + 2) · (x – 2)
a+b
a 2 + 2ab + b2
difference
between squares = sum · difference
The statement above is true for any addends a and b, so it can be applied
automatically without having to resort to the product. b a·b b2
đƫLet’s simplify the fraction x2 – 4 :
x 2 – 4x + 4
Examples On the Web
x 2 – 4 = (x + 2) · (x – 2) = (x + 2) · (x – 2) = x + 2 Practise simplifying fractions.
đƫ(x + 5)2 = x 2 + 2 · x · 5 + 52 = x 2 + 10x + 25
x 2 – 4x + 4 (x – 2) 2 ( x – 2) · ( x – 2) x – 2
đƫ(2 + 3x)2 = 22 + 2 · 2 · 3x + (3x)2 = 4 + 12x + 9x 2
4.2 Square of a difference a–b b
a– b Think and practise
a–b
(a – b) 2
× a– b 1. Copy and complete. 4. Calculate.
a·b a
– ab + b2 a) (x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 · · + 2 = x2 + 2 + a) (2x – y)2 b) (5 – 3x)2
a 2 – ab b) (a + 3)2 = 2 + ·a·3+ 2 = a2 + a+ c) (1 + 2a)2 d) (3a + 2b)2
2 a·b b2
b2
b
a – 2ab + c) (x – 5)2 = x 2 – 2 · · + 52 = x 2 – x+ e) (2x + 1) · (2x – 1) f ) (3a – 2b) · (3a + 2b)

a
d) (a – 2)2 = 2 –2· · + 2 = a2 – a+ 5. Copy and complete.
Examples e) (x + 5) · (x – 5) = 2 – 52 = x 2 –
a
a) x 2 + 2xy + y 2 = ( + )2
đƫ(x – 3)2 = x 2 – 2 · x · 3 + 32 = x 2 – 6x + 9 f ) (a – 1) · (a + 1) = 2 – 2 = a2 –
b) a 2 – 2a + 1 = ( – )2
đƫ(3 – 5x)2 = 32 – 2 · 3 · 5x + (5x)2 = 9 – 30x + 25x 2 Check the results by calculating each product.
a2 – b2 c) 4x 2 + 4x + 1 = ( + )2
2. Calculate.
4.3 Sum of the difference b d) a 2 – 16 = (a + 4) · ( – )
a) (x + 4)2 b) (x – 1)2 c) (x – 6) · (x + 6)
a +b a+b d) (a + 2)2 e) (a – 1)2 f ) (a + 4) · (a + 4) 6. Simplify the following fractions:
×a –b x 2 + 2xy + y 2
3. a) b) a2 – 9
– ab – b2 Worked example
a–b a2 – b2 x2 – y2 a 2 – 6a + 9
a 2 + ab Calculate.
c) a2 – 1 d) x–4
a2 + 0 – b2 a) (3x + 1)2 = (3x)2 + 2 · (3x) · 1 + 12 = 9x 2 + 6x + 1 a 2 – 2a + 1 x 2 – 8x + 16
Examples b) (2a – 3b)2 = (2a)2 – 2 · (2a) · (3b) + (3b)2 = e) a2
+ 8a + 16 f ) 2a2 + 3
đƫ(x + 3) · (x – 3) = x 2 – 32 = x 2 – 9 = 4a 2 – 12ab + 9b 2 a 2 – 16 4a – 9
On the Web
2 2
đƫ(2 – 3x) · (2 + 3x) = 22 – (3x)2 = 4 – 9x 2 Graphical demonstration of notable c) (4 – 5x) · (4 + 5x) = 42 – (5x)2 = 16 – 25x 2 g) 9x + 6x + 1 h) a – 16
products. 3x + 1 a+4
You can check the results of each example by calculating the products.
124 On the Web Practise simplifying fractions. 125
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UNIT
4.5 Removing the common factor

Exercises and problems
Removing the common factor refers to a transformation that can be applied 6. Copy and complete.
to certain additions and subtractions, and is very useful in algebraic Using algebraic language
calculations. 1. Write an algebraic expression for the following 1 2 3 4 5 … n
Look at the following expression: statements, taking x as any number. 22 … 3n 2 – 5
— It is a sum whose addends are products. a) Triple x.

a·b+a·c–a·d 1 2 3 4 5 … n
— All the products have the common factor a. b) The result of adding 3 units together.
n (n + 1)
c) Half of a number 3 units greater than x. 10 …
We can transform the sum into a product by removing the common 2
factor and placing the rest in parentheses. d) 3 times the number that results from adding
5 units to x. 7. Following the logic of the table, complete the
a · b + a · c – a · d = a · (b + c – d ) empty boxes in your notebook.
e) A number 5 units greater than triple x.
Notice that the transformation is just the application of the distributive 1 2 3 5 10 15 20 n
2. On a farm there are H horses, C cows and
property. 0 3 8 24 399
D ducks. Match these expressions with the number
Examples
A special case of:
If the common factor to be removed 1 2 3 5 10 20 25 n
đƫ4 · a + 4 · b = 4 · (a + b) a) Legs. b) Heads. c) Ears.
is the same as one of the addends, the 1 4 7 13 73
đƫa 2 + ab = a · a + a · b = a · (a + b) unit takes the place of the common A 2H + 2C B H+C+D C 4(H + C) + 2D
factor of the sum.
đƫx 3 – 2x 2 + 5x = x 2 · x – 2x · x + 5 · x = (x 2 – 2x + 5) · x 8. Write the expression for the ‘n’ term in each of
a + ab = a · 1 + ab = a · (1 + b) 3. If x is the monthly salary of an employee, express
these sequences:
■ Applications algebraically:
a) 2 - 4 - 6 - 8 - 10 - … → an = ?
We remove the common factor to simplify fractions, as you can see in a) The value of one month’s bonus payment, knowing
that it is equivalent to 80% of the salary. b) 3 - 5 - 7 - 9 - 11 - … → bn = ?
the following examples:
b) The total wage in December, when employees are c) 5 - 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - … → cn = ?
Examples
given one month’s bonus payment. d) 4 - 9 - 14 - 19 - 24 - … → dn = ?
5 · (a + b) 5
đƫ 5a2 + 5b = = c) The annual income, knowing that there will be
a + ab a · (a + b) a two extra payments: in summer and at Christmas.
9. The ‘n’ term of a sequence is given by the
expression:
3 x2 · x
đƫ 2 x 3 = = x 4. Write each of these statements as an algebraic an = 5n – 4
x +x x 2 · (1 + x) 1 + x equality:
On the Web a) Write down the first five terms.
m2 m · (m – n) a) If you increase a number, x, by 15 units and divide
đƫ 2 – mn = = m Practise extracting the common factor. b) What is the value of a100?
m – n 2 (m + n) · (m – n) m + n the result by 2, you get triple that number.
b) If you triple the age of Jorge, x, and add 5 years to 10. The ‘n’ term of a sequence is given by the
the result, you get the age of his father, who was expression:
33 years old when Jorge was born.
an = 3n – 1
Think and practise Jorge’s age → x The father’s age → x + 33 2
Calculate the terms a5, a9 and a15.
7. Copy and complete. 8. Extract the common factor. 5. Which of the following expressions represents...
a) 7x + 7y = 7 · ( + ) a) 8x + 8y b) 3a + 3b a) ... a three-digit number a b c ? 11. Copy and complete, knowing that the
values a, b and c are related to each other by the
b) 6a – 9b = 3 · ( – ) c) 5x + 10 d) 8 + 4a b) ... the next value? formula:
c) 2x + xy = x · ( + ) e) x 2 + xy f ) 2a 2 + 6a c) ... its double?
a = 3b + 2c
d) x + x 2 – x 3 = x · ( + – ) g) y 3 + 7y h) 6a + 2a 3 d) ... the double of the previous value? 5
e) 5x 2 + 10xy + 15x = 5x · ( + + ) 9. Simplify. b 0 0 2 3 4
A 100a + 10b + (c + 1) B 200a + 20b + 2c
f ) 2a 2 – 8ab + 4a 2b 2 = 2a · ( – + ) c 0 5 7 3 9
a) 3x b) 4a c) x2 C 200a + 20b + 2c – 2 D 100a + 10b + c
g) 6a 2b + 3ab 2 – 9ab = 3ab · ( + – ) 2x + xy a
4a + 8b x2 + x3
126 On the Web Practise the development of notable products. 127
■ Suggestions ■ Answers to ‘Exercises and problems’

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93
UNIT

12. Each of these tables follows the same logic. The Polynomials 24. Multiply. Notable products and extracting
relation between the numbers in each box is the a) (x – 1) · (2x – 3) b) (3x – 2) · (x – 5)
same. Complete them in your notebook. 17. Say the degree of each of the following
the common factor
c) (2x + 3) · (3x – 4) d) (x + 1) · (x 2 + x + 1)
polynomials: 31. Extract the common factor.
A A·B 2A – B A2 – B2 e) (3x + 2) · (x 3 – 2x 2 + 5x + 1)
B a) x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x – 6 b) 4 – 3x 2 a) 3x + 3y + 3z b) 2x – 5xy + 3xz
f ) (x 2 – 2x – 3) · (2x 3 – 5x 2 – 4x + 3)
7 21
c) 2x 5 – 4x 2 +1 d) 7x 4 – x3 + x2 +1 c) a 2 + 3a d) 3a – 6b
3 13 8 16 25. Worked example
18. Simplify. e) 2x + 4y + 6z f ) 4x – 8x 2 + 12x 3
10 a) x 2 – 6x + 1 + x 2 + 3x – 5 Multiply: (x 3 – 5x + 1) · (x 2 + 3) g) 9a + 6a 2 + 3a 3 h) 2a 2 – 5a 3 + a 4
1 12 81 x 3 + 0x 2 – 5x + 1
b) 3x – x 2 + 5x + 2x 2 – x – 1 32. Calculate using the formulas of the notable
2 10
× x 2 + 0x + 3
c) 2x 2 + 4 + x 3 – 6x + 2x 2 – 4 3x 3 + 0x 2 – 15x + 3
products, without multiplying.
5 –6 9
d) 5x 3 – 1 – x + x 3 – 6x 2 – x 2 + 4 x 5 + 0x 4 – 5x 3 + x 2 a) (x + 3)2 b) (3 + a)2
x 5 + 0x 4 – 2x 3 + x 2 – 15x + 3 c) (2 – x)2 d) (a – 6)2
Monomials 19. Remove the parentheses and simplify.
When the polynomials being multiplied are incomplete, e) (2x + 1)2 f ) (5 – 3a)2
a) (3x 2 – 5x + 6) + (2x – 8)
13. Copy and complete. we include the corresponding zero coefficient monomials.
g) (x – 5) · (x + 5) h) (3x – 5) · (3x + 5)
b) (6 – 3x + 5x 2) – (x 2 – x + 3)
2 xy
MONOMIAL 8a 3 c) (9x 2 – 5x + 2) – (7x 2 – 3x – 7)
26. Calculate. 33. Worked example
COEFFICIENT 1 d) (3x 2 – 1) · (5x + 2) + (x 2 – 3x) a) (x 2 + 1) · (x – 2) b) (2x 2 – 1) · (x 2 + 3) Factorise these expressions:
LITERAL PART a 3b
20. Copy and complete. c) (2x – 3) · (3x 3 – 2x + 2) d) (x 2 + 2) · (x 3 – 3x + 1) a) x2 – 8x + 16 = (x – 4)2 = (x – 4) · (x – 4)
DEGREE
3x 2 – 5x – 5 x 3 – 3x 2 + x – 8 27. Calculate as in the example. b) x3 – 4x = x · (x2 – 4) = x · (x + 2) · (x – 2)
14. Calculate. + x2 + x – + 4x 3 + x 2 – 5x – t (x 2 + 3) · (x 2 – 1) = x 2 · (x – 1) + 3 · (x 2 – 1) = c) 5x2 + 10x + 5 = 5 · (x2 + 2x + 1) = 5 · (x + 1)2 =
a) 2x + 8x b) 7a – 5a 5x 2 – x – 6 6x 3 + 2x 2 – x – 10 = x 3 – x 2 + 3x 2 – 3 = x 3 + 2x 2 – 3 = 5 · (x + 1) · (x + 1)
c) 2x – 5x d) 3a – 10a a) (x + 1) · (x 2 + 4) b) (x 3 + 1) · (x 2 + 5)
21. Look at the following polynomials and calculate:
e) 8x – 6 – 3x – 1 f ) 6a – 2 – 5a – 1 c) (x 2 – 2) · (x + 7) d) (x 3 – 3x + 5) · (2x – 1) 34. Factorise.
A = 3x 3 – 6x 2 + 4x – 2 B = x 3 – 3x + 1
g) 2x + 3 – 9x + 1 h) a – 6 – 2a + 7 28. Simplify. a) x 2 – 6x + 9 b) x 3 – 9x
C = 2x 2 + 4x – 5
a) (x + 1) · (2x + 3) – 2 · (x 2 + 1) c) 3x 2 + 6x + 3 d) 2x 3 – 12x 2 + 18x
15. Remove the parentheses and simplify. a) A + B b) A + B + C c) A – B
b) (2x – 5) · (x + 2) + 3x · (x + 2) e) x 4 – x 2 f ) 4x 2 + 4x + 1
a) x – (x – 2) b) 3x + (2x + 3) d) B – C e) A + B – C f) A – B – C
c) (x 2 – 3) · (x + 1) – (x 2 + 5) · (x – 2)
c) (5x – 1) – (2x + 1) d) (7x – 4) + (1 – 6x) 22. Calculate. 35. Find the common factor in the numerator and
d) (4x + 3) · (2x – 5) – (6x 2 – 10x – 12)
e) (1 – 3x) – (1 – 5x) f ) 2x – (x – 3) – (2x – 1) the denominator, then simplify.
a) 2 · (x 3 – 3x 2 + 2x + 2)
29. Worked example x 2 2
16. Calculate and simplify. b) (– 4) · (2x 2 – 5x – 1) a) b) 2x3 + 10x2 c) 2x –3 2x
Divide: (9x 3 – 15x 2 + 6x) : 3x x 2 + 2x 3x + 15x 2x
a) 3x · 4x b) 12x : 3x c) x · (3x 3 – 4x 2 – 6x – 1) 3 2
d) x 2 · (5x 2 + 3x + 4) (9x 3 – 15x 2 + 6x) : 3x = 9x – 15x + 6x = 36. Factor the numerator and denominator, then
c) 2 x · 6x d) 3 x 2 : 1 x 3x 3x 3x simplify.
3 4 4 e) (–2x) · (x 3 – 2x 2 + 3x + 2) = 3x 2 – 5x + 2
a) x2 – 9 b) 5x + 15
e) x 2 · x 3 f ) x5 : x2
23. Simplify. x 2 – 6x + 9 x 2 + 6x + 9
g) 3x · 5x 3 h) 15x 6 : 5x 4 30. Do the following divisions. 2
i ) (–2x 2) · (–3x 4) j ) (–20x 8) : 5x 7
a) 2(3x – 1) + 3(x + 2) c) 3x2 + 3 d) x +22x + 1
a) (8x – 6) : 2 b) (20x – 5) : 5 3x – 3 5x + 5x
b) 3(x 2 – 2x – 1) – 2(x + 5)
k) 3 x 3 · (–3x 3) l ) 2 x 2 : (–2x 3) c) (3x 2 – x) : x d) (4x 3 – 8x 2) : 2x 5x 2 – 6x 3 2
4 5 c) 4(2x 2 – 5x + 3) – 3(x 2 + x + 1) e) f ) 3x +36x +23x
e) (4x 3 – 2x 2 + 6x) : 2x f ) (12x 3 + 9x 2) : 3x 2 2x 3 – 12x 2 + 18x 6x + 6x
m) 1 x · 2 x 2 n) 2 x : 1 x 3 d) 6(3x 2 – 4x + 4) – 5(3x 2 – 2x + 3)
128 2 3 3 6 129
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94
UNIT

Relate and apply your knowledge 39. The amount, I, without VAT, on an Learn how to solve problems
electricity bill is calculated according to the following Look at the tower on the right. It has 4 levels and 16 cubes. Suppose that a similar
37. There are five ponds in a field. If C is the amount formula: building is constructed with 6 levels, 7 levels, or any other number of levels. Can
of water that a pond will have in m minutes, match you tell how many cubes are needed in each case? Find the relation between the
each pond with the correct expression. I = F + (LCU – LPR) · P number of levels and the number of cubes in these towers.
pond M: Contains 4 500 litres of water and a tap is F → Fixed costs and rental of the meter (€) Check that you understand the information.
turned on, filling it at 4 litres per minute. Which magnitudes are counted in the statement? What do you need to relate?
LCU → Current reading (kWh)
pond N: Contains 4 500 litres of water and a water
pump is connected, filling it at 4 litres per minute. LPR → Previous reading (kWh)
Think about how you are going to solve the problem. What do you need to know?
pond P: Contains 4 cubic meters of water and is P → Price of one kWh (€/kWh)
connected to a water pipe that fills it at 4.5 cubic To begin, start with the simplest — That’s easy, I’m counting the number of cubes.
meters per hour. a) Write the updated formula, if the fixed costs are forms: one level, two levels, etc. 25
16
8.50 € and the hourly per kilowatt cost is 0.80 €. 9
pond Q: Contains 4 cubic meters of water and a 4
1
water pipe is turned on, filling the pond at 4.5 cubic b) Which of the following would be the current
meters per hour. formula of the total bill, including VAT at 21%? 1 1+3 1+3+5 1+3+5+7 1+3+5+7+9
8.50 + (LCU – LPR) · 0.80 + 21 — This involves adding the odd values first, we add as many odd numbers together
C = 4 000 + 4 500 · m C = 4 500 – 4 · m I= as there are levels, and the result is equal to the square of that number:
60 100
5 floors → 52 = 25 cubes
I = [8.50 + (LCU – LPR) · 0.80] · 1.21
C = 4 000 – 4 500 · m C = 4 500 + 4 · m
60 Great. Now confirm this with — Exactly. A tower with 8 levels
I = 8.50 + (LCU – LPR) · 0.80 + 1.21
a new tower. For example, one has 82 = 64 cubes.
38. In Marta’s class, the maths grade is calculated with 8 levels. We can see that the property is
40. Last month an employee of the electricity
according to three different factors: the average test valid for any number of levels.
mark (3/4), their workbook (20%) and their special company from the previous exercise, read the meter
projects (the remainder). at the Gutiérrez family’s home as 2 457 kWh. This
month it read 2 516 kWh. How much will the bill be
a) Which of these formulas is used to calculate the this month? Finally, you can present the — Here is the solution:
grade? data in a table.
LEVELS 1 2 3 4 5 … 8 … n
Tests (a); Workbook (b); Special Proj. (c). CUBES 1 4 9 16 25 … 64 … n2
N = 3a + b + c N = 0.75a + 0.2b + 0.05c

4 5 20
N = 15a + 4b + c N = 75a + 20b + 5c Problems ‘+’ 44. Count the number of diagonals in these
20 100 polygons:
b) Calculate Marta’s and Javier’s marks to two decimal 42. You already know how to add the first n odd
places. numbers: In = n 2.
TEST MARKS WORKBOOK SPECIAL PROJECTS Keeping this in mind, how can we express the sum,
MARTA 7.25 8 6 41. A plumber, who offers a home service, charges Pn, of the first n even numbers? Knowing that the number of diagonals from a vertex
a fixed price of 25 € for attending a call, plus the is equal to the number of sides minus three, and also
JAVIER 6.80 7 5
cost of the material used, plus 15 € per hour for 43. Remembering the formula to calculate the sum that each diagonal touches two vertices:
the work. 21% VAT is also added to all of this. n-first even numbers, Pn, which you got in the Find the formula that will allow you to calculate the
c) If the school secretary’s computer system only
supports marks with whole numbers, what will Write the formula for the invoice amount (I), based on previous question, now find the formula to calculate number of diagonals (D), knowing the number of
their final grades be in mathematics? the hours worked (h) and the cost of the materials (M). the sum, Nn, of the n first natural numbers. sides (n).
130 131
■ Problem solving ■ Learn how to solve problems

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95
Maths workshop
Experiment, explain and play Train yourself by solving problems
1. We have a board with six squares and four tiles with 3. Moving one letter at a time to the next empty square, Draw, calculate, think logically
the letters A, C, O, S. we can change the word COSA to become the word
đƫA ball of cheese is placed on one side of a pair of scales. 3 of a ball of the same type of cheese, plus a
SACO in 12 moves. Therefore: 4
1 3 kg weight is placed on the other side.
1 2 3 4
4
C O S A 12 S A C O
1 2 3 4 moves 1 2 3 4 If the scales are balanced, how much does the cheese weigh?
5 6 đƫA machine makes 5 screws per minute. This is the time it is switched on:
5 6 5 6
C S MONDAY TO From 8 am to 1 pm and

O A (S → 6), (S → 5), (A → 3), (A → 6), (O → 3), THURSDAY from 3 pm to 5 pm
(O → 4), (C → 2), (C → 3), (S → 2), (S → 1),
FRIDAY From 8 am to 2 pm
2. We place the tiles to spell the Spanish word COSA. (A → 5), (A → 2)
To meet an order for 25 000 screws, the machine is put to work on Wednesday 24th May at 11 am.
đƫFind the minimum number of moves to transform: When will the order be completed?
COSA → CASO COSA → OCAS
Take action
Self-assessment On the Web The answers to these activities.
Learn 1. Complete the blank boxes in your book, following 6. Calculate and simplify.
the logic of the table.
a) – 1 x 2(–5x) b) 6x 4 : 2x 3
Experiment, put the information 1 3 5 8 10 15 n
5
in order and generalise 2 12 22 37 57 c) 6 · c a – b + 1 m d) ca + ab m : 2a
In an exhibition, this hexagon-shaped mosaic has 3 triangular units per side, and is 2 3 6 9 9
constructed with 54 pieces. 2. If x is a number, express the following in algebraic 7. Look at these polynomials and calculate.
đƫHow many pieces are needed to build a mosaic of the same shape, but with 20-unit language.
sides? A = 3x 3 + 5x 2 – 6x + 8 B = x 3 – 5x 2 + 1
a) Its double.
đƫIn general, how many pieces are needed to construct a hexagon with n units per side? a) A + B b) A – B
First, solve with triangles.
b) The value after its double.
c) The double of the next value. 8. Calculate the product (2x – 1) · (x 3 + 3x – 6).
d) Three times its half. 9. Calculate.
3. What is the coefficient and what is the degree of the a) (x – 3)2 b) (1 + 2x)2 c) (x – 3) · (x + 3)
1 4 ? ? … monomial – 2 xy 2?
3 10. Remove the common factor.
a) 3a 2 + 6a b) 4x 3 + 6x 2 – 2x
4. Calculate the numerical value of the polynomial
Think, experiment, decide 2x 3 – 7x – 2. 11. Simplify.
Objective: Remove all the circles from the board, except one. a) For x = 0 b) For x = 1 c) For x = –1
a) 3a b) x2 – 9
Rules: In each move, one circle jumps over another and falls into the next 3a 2 + 6a x 2 – 6x + 9
box, which must be empty. The circle that is jumped over is eliminated and is 5. Simplify these expressions:
removed from the board. a) 2x + 4 + x – 6 12. Which of the following formulas calculates the
đƫSearch for a code that allows you to easily express these moves. sum, S, of the first n multiples of 5?
b) 5x 2 + 2 + 6x – x – 3x 2 + 1
2 2 5 (n 2 + n)
c) 6x 3 + 7x – 2x 2 + x2 – 5x 3 + 17 a) 4n + n b) 5n + n c)
5 2 2
132 133
■ Experiment, explain and play ■ Think, experiment, decide

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■ Answers to ‘Self-assessment’
1 1 5 15 n
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■ Answers to ‘Exercises and problems’ (page 129)

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97

Algebra: Unit Presentation

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Algebra: Unit Presentation

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6 Algebra

● Unit presentation SFMBUJOHOVNCFSTBOEVOLOPXOEBUB BMHFCSBJDFYQSFTTJPOTBOE

■ Starting the unit ■ Answers to activities (page 114)

1 Why do we use algebra?

■ Suggestions ■ Answers to ‘Think and practise’

■ Focus on English on English (page 117) )FJTUSJQMFUIFBHFPG3PTB

An expression formed with letters and numbers is an algebraic expression. 2 xy 4 Simplify.

8. Simplify as much as possible.

■ Answers to ‘Think and practise’ 13 B

LITERAL PART a x ab xy  ab

2.3 Multiplying monomials

■ Suggestions (page 120) ■ Suggestions (page 121)

Think and practise Think and practise

■ Suggestions (page 122) ■ Suggestions (page 123)

4.2 Square of a difference a–b b

a– b Think and practise

a – 2ab + c) (x – 5)2 = x 2 – 2 · · + 52 = x 2 – x+ e) (2x + 1) · (2x – 1) f ) (3a – 2b) · (3a + 2b)

■ Answers to ‘Think and practise’ Notes

4.5 Removing the common factor

— It is a sum whose addends are products. a) Triple x.

■ Suggestions ■ Answers to ‘Exercises and problems’

Exercises and problems

■ Answers to ‘Exercises and problems’ 19 B

Exercises and problems

N = 3a + b + c N = 0.75a + 0.2b + 0.05c

■ Problem solving ■ Learn how to solve problems

■ Answers to ‘Exercises and problems’ t 4UVEZJOHTJNQMFDBTFT JTTVJOHIZQPUIFTFTBOEUFTUJOHUIFN

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42 SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS 1    5 …  … n

C S MONDAY TO From 8 am to 1 pm and

d) Three times its half. 9. Calculate.

■ Experiment, explain and play ■ Think, experiment, decide

■ Train yourself by solving problems

8 x xoxoxox xox xox 

■ Answers to ‘Exercises and problems’ (page 129)

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■ Focus on English on English (page 117) )FJTUSJQMFUIFBHFPG3PTB

LITERAL PART a x ab xy ab

■ Answers to ‘Exercises and problems’ t 4UVEZJOHTJNQMFDBTFT JTTVJOHIZQPUIFTFTBOEUFTUJOHUIFN

41 I MrI

42 SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS 1 5 … … n

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