CODE COURSE : BFC 24103

COURSE NAME : CIVIL ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC III

STUDENTS NAME :
1) AMIRRUL IZZAD BIN ADANG (DF1701

2)MOHAMAD FAIZAL HAKIMI BIN MOHD RIZAM (DF 170154)

3) MOHAMMAD FARHAN BIN ALI (DF 170123)

4) MOHAMAD FAHMI BIN ZAID (DF 170182)

5) MUHAMMAD SYAIFUL ALIFF BIN AMAN (DF 1701

SECTION : 2

LECTURER’S NAME : DR MOHD HANIFI BIN OTHMAN

DUE DATE : 30 MAY 2019

COURSEWORK
MARK
 CONTENT

BIL CONTENT PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2.0 PROBLEM 3
STATEMENT

3.0 METHOD 4-5

4.0 FILA TABLE 6

5.0 CONCLUSION 7

REFERENCES 8
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 The Relationship Between Rate of Change in Curing of Concrete

Rate of change is often used when speaking about momentum, and it can generally be
expressed as a ratio between a changes in one variable relative to a corresponding
change in another; graphically, the rate of change is represented by the slope of a line.
Time taken of curing, temperature of concrete, it will be calculated in this project by
applying mathematical equation in rate of change to achieve the objective. One of its
application is used in curing process which is related with the concrete used in
construction site.

1.1.2 CURING
Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete
during cement hydration. The curing period may depend on the properties required of
the concrete, the purpose for which it is to be used, and the ambient conditions. Curing
is designed primarily to keep the concrete moist, by preventing the loss of moisture
from the concrete during the period in which it is gaining strength. It may be either
after it has been placed in position or during the manufacture of concrete products
which is providing time for the hydration of the cement to occur. Since the hydration
of cement does take time, days and even weeks rather than hours, curing must be
undertaken for a reasonable period of time if the concrete is to achieve its potential
strength and durability. The main factors influencing the properties of cement pastes
or concretes are temperature at which they are prepared and used. Temperature is one
of the keys factors that play important role during chemical, physical and hydration
process. Hydration is affected by initial concrete temperature and ambient air
temperature. The result of curing will be affected by the temperature of concrete.

1
1.1.3 TEMPERATURE

Extreme temperature made it difficult to properly place, finish and cure concrete.
On hot days, too much water is lost by evaporation from newly placed concrete. On
the other hand, if the temperature drops too close to freezing, hydration slows to
nearly a standstill. Under these conditions, concrete ceases to gain strength and other
desirable properties. If the temperature of curing not in a good states, problems may
be occur such as increase slump loss which is making concrete more difficult to place
and finish and accelerated set time that will decreasing the amount of finish time.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

1. To applied Engineering Mathematics III on concrete curing.

2. To calculate change in temperature in concrete curing.
3. To determine the time taken for concrete not damaged.

2
 2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

2.1 CURING

Curing is a term in polymer chemistry and process engineering that refers to the
toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains,
brought about by electron beams, heat, or chemical additives. Curing process is a process
needed after concrete pouring. It’s one of the concreting step. This is to maintain the
Optimum moisture content (OMC) i.e. to prevent the loss of water which is required for
the hydration of cement, to avoid shrinkage cracks and premature stressing or disturbance
in concrete. The effects of curing weaknesses can cause damage and effects on structure.
So the newton’s law of cooling need to be apply to identify rate of change in temperature.

3
 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHOD

Newton’s law of cooling used in concrete curing.

3.1.1 Situation

As a site supervisor, curing progress is an important progress that need to be noted.

A concrete slab temperature at that time is 58℃ and flooded with water
temperature 15℃. After 10 minutes the temperature of concrete is 40℃. Concrete
temperature should not exceed 30℃ for long periods of time (one hour and above).
To this situation how much time required for concrete to achieve temperature
needed to make sure concrete is not damaged.

3.1.2 Formula and Calculation

The rate of change of the temperature dT/dt, is (by Newton's Law of Cooling)
proportional to the difference between the temperature of the concrete T(t) and the
ambient temperature. Then the temperature of concrete is decreasing so:
dT
 k (T  Tw )
dt
Where,
i. Tw is water temperature, 15℃
ii. T is initial temperature of concrete 58℃
iii. (T-Tw) is temperature difference between concrete and water flooded
iv. t is time
v. K is positive constant

dT
 k (T  15)
dt

4
 Separating variables

1
 T  15 dT    kdt

ln( T  15)   kt  C
T  Ae  kt  15

T (0)  58
58  A  15
A  43

T  43e  kt  15
when  T (10)  40
40  43e 10k  15
k  0.054

when  T  30
30  43e  0.054t  15
t  19.5 min

So, the time needed is 20 minutes and it confirmed that the concrete is not
damage yet. From the results, here is the connection between the differential
equation of Newton's Law of Cooling and its solution:

Newton’s law of cooling Solution

dT T (t )  Tw  (T  Tw )e  kt
 k (T  Tw )
dt

T(0) = T

5
 4.0 FILA TABLE

Facts Ideas Learning issues Action

Curing is the
Without proper curing, maintenance of a
concrete may only achieve satisfactory moisture
What is curing? Research from website
50% of its potential design content and
strength temperature in
concrete

Concrete should begin as

soon as compaction and
For cement with low to
finishing is completed and Interview with site
very low water When to curing
before concrete surface supervisor
/cement ratio
losses its water and
undergo shrinkage

The concrete is
flooded, pond, mist
spray or using
Using curing method that
covering such as sand Research from
suitable to applying on
or canvas or any that How to curing website/
site. The method must be
keep continuously wet. book
approved by clerk of work
It can used waterproof
paper or chemical
membranes as well

Table 4.1 Fila Table

6
 5.0 CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion

Newton's Law of Cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of an object
is proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the temperature of
its surroundings. Newton's Law makes a statement about an instantaneous rate of
change of the temperature. When this verbal statement translated into a differential
equation, it arrives at a differential equation. The solution to this equation will then be
a function that tracks the complete record of the temperature over time.

An analysis of the cooling of an organism or part thereof in relation to Newton’s law

can be informative and useful. Formal mathematics is helpful in showing the
interrelationships of variables, but in experimentation it is probably best to proceed
empirically because conditions are rarely if ever as simple as they are assumed for the
mathematical derivations.

5.2 Conclusion

From the project given, the objectives is achieved which to relate between application
of Engineering Mathematics III with civil engineering field. The relationship between
newton’s law of cooling and curing process in concreting is applied. The result shown
in method where the final solution is:

Newton’s law of cooling Solution

dT T (t )  Tw  (T  Tw )e  kt
 k (T  Tw )
dt

T(0) = T

7
 REFERENCES

1. HURLEY, J. (1974). AN APPLICATION OF NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING. The

Mathematics Teacher, 67(2), 141-142.

2. Bluman, G. (1990). Invariant Solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations. SIAM

Journal on Applied Mathematics, 50(6), 1706-1715.

8
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENVIRONAMNTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSIEN ONN MALAYSIA

BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019

Weekly Reflection on Personal and Group Learning Experience

Week: 9

Date: 24/4/2019

1. Reflect on group weekly learning experience:

Book / article read:

Other learning activities:

a) Discuss about the topic

b) Find the problems

2. Reflect on group weekly activities / performance:

We have established a group representing 5 group members. We have done

discuss about this topic. We have discover a problem from the topic has given.
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENVIRONAMNTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSIEN ONN MALAYSIA

BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019

Weekly Reflection on Personal and Group Learning Experience

Week: 11

Date: 9/5/2019

1. Reflect on group weekly learning experience:

Book / article read: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus

Other learning activities:

1. Do some research about this topic
2. Find some solution that we can use for this topic
3. Solve the problem
4. Divide the task

2. Reflect on group weekly activities / performance:

We using internet resources to solve problem. Based on internet we have find

some solution refer to this issue. We also divide the task to each person.
 FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BFC24103 Civil Engineering Mathematics III Project Semester I Session 2018/2019

Overall reflection on learning experience for this project (To

be filled by student at the end of project)

1. Content

2. Learning Activities
3. Instructor (s)

4. Group Members

1. Muhammad

5. Generic/Soft Skills

6. Overall/Others