assess [əˈsɛs] assume [əˈsjuːm] baffle [ˈbæfl]

biased [ˈbaɪəst] concentrate [ˈkɒnsəntreɪt] consider [kənˈsɪdə]

contemplate [ˈkɒntɛmpleɪt] cynical [ˈsɪnɪkəl] deduce [dɪˈdjuːs]

baffle [ˈbæfl]
(v) if a problem, someone's
behaviour, etc baffles you,
you cannot understand it or
solve it
consider [kənˈsɪdə]
(v)1. to think about
something carefully before
making a decision or
developing an opinion 2. to
have a particular opinion
about someone or
something
deduce [dɪˈdjuːs]
(v) to know something as a
result of considering the
information or evidence
that you have
assume [əˈsjuːm]
(v) to believe that
something is true, even
though no one has told you
or even though you have no
proof
concentrate [ˈkɒnsəntreɪt]
(v) to give all your
attention to the thing you
are doing
cynical [ˈsɪnɪkəl]
(adj) someone who is
cynical believes that people
care only about themselves
and are not sincere or
honest, or expects things
not to be successful or
useful
assess [əˈsɛs]
(v) 1. To carefully consider
a situation, person or
problem in order to make a
judgment 2. to calculate
what something costs or is
worth
biased [ˈbaɪəst]
(adj) preferring one person,
thing or idea to another in a
way that is unfair
contemplate [ˈkɒntɛmpleɪt]
(v)1. to consider doing
something in the future 2.
to think very carefully
about something for a long
time
deliberate [dɪˈlɪbərɪt] dilemma [dɪˈlɛmə] discriminate [dɪsˈkrɪmɪnɪt]

dubious [ˈdjuːbiəs] estimate [ˈɛstɪmɪt] faith [feɪθ]

gather [ˈgæðə] genius [ˈʤiːniəs] grasp [grɑːsp]

discriminate [dɪsˈkrɪmɪnɪt]
(v) 1. to treat someone
unfairly because of their
religion, race or other
personal features 2. to
recognise the difference
between things
faith [feɪθ]
(n) strong belief in or trust
of someone or something
grasp [grɑːsp]
(v) to understand
something
dilemma [dɪˈlɛmə]
(n) a situation in which you
have to make a difficult
decision
estimate [ˈɛstɪmɪt]
1. (n) an amount that you
guess or calculate using the
information available 2. (n)
a statement telling a
customer how much money
you will charge if they
employ you to do a
particular piece of work 3.
(v) to say what you think
an amount or value will be,
either by guessing or by
using available information
to calculate it
genius [ˈʤiːniəs]
(n) 1. someone who is
much more intelligent or
skilful than other people 2.
a very high level of skill or
ability
deliberate [dɪˈlɪbərɪt]
(v) to think about or discuss
something very carefully,
especially before you make
an important decision
dubious [ˈdjuːbiəs]
(adj) 1. not completely
good, safe or honest 2. not
sure about the truth quality
of something, or whether
you should do something
gather [ˈgæðə]
(v) to believe that
something is true, although
no one has directly told you
about it
guesswork [ˈgɛswɜːk] hunch [hʌnʧ] ideology [ˌaɪdɪˈɒləʤi]

ingenious [ɪnˈʤiːniəs] inspiration [ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən] intuition [ˌɪntju(ː)ˈɪʃən]

justify [ˈʤʌstɪfaɪ] naive [nɑːˈiːv] notion [ˈnəʊʃən]

ideology [ˌaɪdɪˈɒləʤi] hunch [hʌnʧ] guesswork [ˈgɛswɜːk]

(n) a system of ideas and (n) a feeling that something (n) the process of trying to
principles on which a is true or will happen, find the answer to
political or economic although you do not know something by guessing, or
theory is based any definite facts about it the answer found by using
this method

intuition [ˌɪntju(ː)ˈɪʃən] inspiration [ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən] ingenious [ɪnˈʤiːniəs]

(n) an ability to know or (n) a sudden feeling of (adj) an ingenious plan,

understand something enthusiasm or a new idea piece of equipment, etc
through your feelings, that helps you to do or uses new and clever ideas
rather than by considering create something
facts or evidence

notion [ˈnəʊʃən] naive [nɑːˈiːv] justify [ˈʤʌstɪfaɪ]

(n) an idea or (adj) a naive person lacks (v) to show that there is a
understanding or something experience of life and tends good reason for something,
to trust other people and especially something that
believe things too easily other people think is wrong
optimistic [ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk] paradox [ˈpærədɒks] pessimistic [ˌpɛsɪˈmɪstɪk]

plausible [ˈplɔːzəbl] ponder [ˈpɒndə] prejudiced [ˈprɛʤʊdɪst]

presume [prɪˈzjuːm] query [ˈkwɪəri] reckon [ˈrɛkən]

pessimistic [ˌpɛsɪˈmɪstɪk]
(adj) 1. someone who is
pessimistic is not hopeful
about the future and tends
to expect bad things will
happen 2. thinking that the
worst thing will happen in
every situation
prejudiced [ˈprɛʤʊdɪst]
(adj) someone who is
prejudiced has an
unreasonable opinion or
feeling about someone or
something, especially
hatred or fear of a
particular group of people
reckon [ˈrɛkən]
(v) to believe that
something is true
paradox [ˈpærədɒks]
(n) a person, thing or
situation that is strange
because they have features
or qualities that do not
normally exist together
ponder [ˈpɒndə]
(v) to think carefully about
something for a long time
before reaching a decision
query [ˈkwɪəri]
1. (n) a question that you
ask because you want
information or because you
are not certain about
something 2. (v) to ask a
question about something
because you have doubts
about it 3. (v) to ask
something
optimistic [ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk]
(adj) 1. someone who is
optimistic is hopeful about
the future and tends to
expect that good things will
happen 2. based on beliefs
that are too confident
plausible [ˈplɔːzəbl]
(adj) likely to be true,
honest or suitable
presume [prɪˈzjuːm]
(v) to think something is
true because it is likely,
although you cannot be
certain
reflect [rɪˈflɛkt] sceptical/skeptical speculate [ˈspɛkjʊleɪt]
[ˈskɛptɪkəl]/[ˈskɛptɪkəl]

suppose [səˈpəʊz] academic [ˌækəˈdɛmɪk] conscientious [ˌkɒnʃɪ

ˈɛnʃəs]

cram [kræm] curriculum [kəˈrɪkjʊləm] distance learning [ˈdɪstəns]

[ˈlɜːnɪŋ]
speculate [ˈspɛkjʊleɪt]
(v) to consider or discuss
why something has
happened
conscientious [ˌkɒnʃɪ
ˈɛnʃəs]
(adj)working hard and
being careful to do things
well
distance learning [ˈdɪstəns]
[ˈlɜːnɪŋ]
(n phr) a system in which
students work at home with
the help of television and
radio broadcasts and send
work to their teachers by
post or e-mail
sceptical/skeptical
[ˈskɛptɪkəl]/[ˈskɛptɪkəl]
(adj) having doubts about
something that other people
think is true or right
academic [ˌækəˈdɛmɪk]
1. (adj) relating to
education, especially
education in colleges and
universities 2. (adj) good at
learning things by studying
3. (adj) not relating to a real
situation, and therefore not
relevant 4. (n) someone
who teaches or does
research at a college or
university
curriculum [kəˈrɪkjʊləm]
(n) the subjects that
students study at a
particular school or college
reflect [rɪˈflɛkt]
(v) to think about
something carefully and
seriously
suppose [səˈpəʊz]
(v) to believe that
something is probably true,
based on your experience,
your knowledge and any
other information that you
have
cram [kræm]
(v) to study hard in order to
learn a lot in a short time,
especially for an
examination
graduate [ˈgrædjʊət] ignorant [ˈɪgnərənt] inattentive [ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv]

intellectual [ˌɪntɪˈlɛktjʊəl] intelligent [ɪnˈtɛlɪʤənt] intensive [ɪnˈtɛnsɪv]

knowledgeable [ˈnɒlɪʤəbl] lecture [ˈlɛkʧə] mock exam [mɒk] [ɪg

ˈzæm]
inattentive [ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv]
(adj) not giving much
attention to someone or
something
intensive [ɪnˈtɛnsɪv]
(adj) involving a lot of
teaching or training in a
short time
mock exam [mɒk] [ɪg
ˈzæm]
(n phr) an examination you
take for practice before an
important examination
ignorant [ˈɪgnərənt]
(adj) not knowing
something that you should
know or need to know
intelligent [ɪnˈtɛlɪʤənt]
(adj) good at thinking
clearly and quickly, at
understanding difficult
ideas and subjects, and at
gaining and using
knowledge
lecture [ˈlɛkʧə]
1. (n) a talk to a group of
people about a particular
subject, especially at a
college or university 2. (v)
to give a lecture or a series
of lectures
graduate [ˈgrædjʊət]
1. (n) someone who has a
degree from a university 2.
(v) to complete your
studies at a university or
college, usually by getting
a degree
intellectual [ˌɪntɪˈlɛktjʊəl]
1. (adj) relating to the
ability to think in an
intelligent way and to
understand things,
especially difficult or
complecated ideas and
subjects 2. (adj) well
educated and interested in
art, science, literature, etc
at an advanced level 3. (n)
someone who is well
educated and interested in
art, science, literature etc at
an advanced level
knowledgeable [ˈnɒlɪʤəbl]
(adj) knowing a lot about
many different subjects or
about one particular subject
plagiarise [ˈpleɪʤəraɪz] self-study [sɛlf]-[ˈstʌdi] seminar [ˈsɛmɪnɑː]

special needs [ˈspɛʃəl] tuition [tju(ː)ˈɪʃən] tutorial [tju(ː)ˈtɜːrɪəl]

[niːdz]

brush up (on) [brʌʃ] [ʌp] come (a)round (to) [kʌm] come up with [kʌm] [ʌp]
([ɒn]) ([eɪ])[raʊnd] ([tuː]) [wɪð]
seminar [ˈsɛmɪnɑː]
(n) a class at a college or
unversity in which a small
group of students discusses
a subject with a teacher
tutorial [tju(ː)ˈtɜːrɪəl]
(n) a lesson in which a
small group of students
discuss a subject with a
tutor, especially at a
university or college
come up with [kʌm] [ʌp]
[wɪð]
think of something such as
an idea or a plan
self-study [sɛlf]-[ˈstʌdi]
(n) work that you do
without the help of a
teacher
tuition [tju(ː)ˈɪʃən]
(n) the work that a teacher
does when they teach a
particular subject,
especially to one person or
a small group
come (a)round (to) [kʌm]
([eɪ])[raʊnd] ([tuː])
change your opinion or
decision because someone
has persuaded you to agree
with them
plagiarise [ˈpleɪʤəraɪz]
(v) to take someone else's
work, ideas or words, and
use them as if they were
your own
special needs [ˈspɛʃəl]
[niːdz]
(n phr) the particular needs
of people who are
physically or mentally
disabled
brush up (on) [brʌʃ] [ʌp]
([ɒn])
practice and improve your
skills or knowledge of
something
face up to [feɪs] [ʌp] [tʊ] figure out [ˈfɪgər] [aʊt] hit upon [hɪt] [əˈpɒn]

make out [meɪk] [aʊt] mull over [mʌl] [ˈəʊvə] piece together [piːs] [tə
ˈgɛðə]

puzzle out [ˈpʌzl] [aʊt] read up (on/about) [riːd] swot up (on) [swɒt] [ʌp]
[ʌp] ([ɒn]/[əˈbaʊt]) ([ɒn])
hit upon [hɪt] [əˈpɒn] figure out [ˈfɪgər] [aʊt] face up to [feɪs] [ʌp] [tʊ]

suddenly have an idea; be able to understand accept something and try to

discover something by something or solve a deal with it
chance problem; understand what
someone is like and why
they behave in the way they
do

piece together [piːs] [tə mull over [mʌl] [ˈəʊvə] make out [meɪk] [aʊt]
ˈgɛðə]
think carefully about see, hear or understand
learn the truth about something over a period of someone or something with
something by considering time difficulty; suggest, imply
all the separate bits of
information you have

swot up (on) [swɒt] [ʌp] read up (on/about) [riːd] puzzle out [ˈpʌzl] [aʊt]
([ɒn]) [ʌp] ([ɒn]/[əˈbaʊt])
solve a confusing or
study something very hard, get information on a complicated problem by
especially for an particular subject by thinking carefully about it
examination reading a lot about it
take in [teɪk] [ɪn] think over [θɪŋk] [ˈəʊvə] think through [θɪŋk] [θruː]

think up [θɪŋk] [ʌp] a leopard can't change its all mod cons [ɔːl] [mɒd]
spots [ə] [ˈlɛpəd] [kɑːnt] [kɒnz]
[ʧeɪnʤ] [ɪts] [spɒts]

break the mould [breɪk] change your tune [ʧeɪnʤ] have a change of heart
[ðə] [məʊld] [jə] [tjuːn] [həv] [ə] [ʧeɪnʤ] [əv]
[hɑːt]
think through [θɪŋk] [θruː]
consider the facts about
something in an organised
and thorough way
all mod cons [ɔːl] [mɒd]
[kɒnz]
all modern converiences,
the machines and pieces of
equipment in your house
that make life easy and
comfortable
have a change of heart
[həv] [ə] [ʧeɪnʤ] [əv]
[hɑːt]
change your opinion about
something or decide not to
do something you were
planning to do
think over [θɪŋk] [ˈəʊvə]
consider a problem or
decision carefully
a leopard can't change its
spots [ə] [ˈlɛpəd] [kɑːnt]
[ʧeɪnʤ] [ɪts] [spɒts]
used for saying that
someone will never change
their behaviour or character
change your tune [ʧeɪnʤ]
[jə] [tjuːn]
change your opinion or
attitude
take in [teɪk] [ɪn]
include something
think up [θɪŋk] [ʌp]
invent or imagine
something, especially an
excuse
break the mould [breɪk]
[ðə] [məʊld]
change a situation by doing
something that is very
different from what most
people usually do or have
done in the past
know something inside out reinvent the wheel [ˌriːɪn stick to you guns [stɪk] [tə]
[nəʊ] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ] [ɪnˈsaɪd] ˈvɛnt] [ðə] [wiːl] [jʊ] [gʌnz]
[aʊt]

the tools of the trade [ðə] turn over a new leaf [tɜːn] airline [ˈeəlaɪn]
[tuːlz] [əv] [ðə] [treɪd] [ˈəʊvər] [ə] [njuː] [liːf]

cargo [ˈkɑːgəʊ] carriage [ˈkærɪʤ] charter [ˈʧɑːtə]

stick to you guns [stɪk] [tə]
[jʊ] [gʌnz]
refuse to change what you
are saying or doing despite
the opposition or criticism
of other people
airline [ˈeəlaɪn]
(n) a company that owns
aircraft and takes people or
goods by plane from one
place to another
charter [ˈʧɑːtə]
(v) to hire a boat, plane or
bus, especially for use by a
group of people
reinvent the wheel [ˌriːɪn
ˈvɛnt] [ðə] [wiːl]
waste time and effort trying
to do something that
someone else has already
done well
turn over a new leaf [tɜːn]
[ˈəʊvər] [ə] [njuː] [liːf]
change your life by starting
to be a better person or
stopping a bad habit
carriage [ˈkærɪʤ]
(n) one of the vehicles that
are joined together to make
a train
know something inside out
[nəʊ] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ] [ɪnˈsaɪd]
[aʊt]
be very familiar with
the tools of the trade [ðə]
[tuːlz] [əv] [ðə] [treɪd]
the skills and equipment
that you need in order to do
your job
cargo [ˈkɑːgəʊ]
(n) things that are being
sent by ship, plane, train or
truck
commute [kəˈmjuːt] destination [ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən] hiker [ˈhaɪkə]

hitchhiker [ˈhɪʧˌhaɪkə] jet lag [ʤɛt] [læg] legroom legroom

load [ləʊd] passerby [ˈpɑːsəˈbaɪ] pedestrian [pɪˈdɛstrɪən]

hiker [ˈhaɪkə]
(n) someone who walks for
long distances in the
countryside for pleasure
legroom legroom
(n) the amount of space in
front of your seat in which
you can stretch your legs
pedestrian [pɪˈdɛstrɪən]
(n) someone who is
walking, especially in a
town or city, instead of
driving or riding
destination [ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən]
(n) the place where
someone or something is
going
jet lag [ʤɛt] [læg]
(n) the feeling of being
very tired and sometimes
confused because you have
travelled quickly on a plane
across parts of the world
where the time is different
passerby [ˈpɑːsəˈbaɪ]
(n) someone who is
walking past a place,
especially when an accident
or violent event happens
commute [kəˈmjuːt]
(v) to travel regularly to
and from work
hitchhiker [ˈhɪʧˌhaɪkə]
(n) someone who travels by
asking other people to take
them in their car, by
standing at the side of a
road and holding out their
thumb or a sign
load [ləʊd]
1. (v) to put a load onto or
into something such as a
vehicle or container 2. (n)
the goods that a vehicle
carries
pier [pɪə] pilot [ˈpaɪlət] quay [kiː]

return fare [rɪˈtɜːn] [feə] round trip [raʊnd] [trɪp] steer [stɪə]

steward [stjʊəd] crop up [krɒp] [ʌp] dive in [daɪv] [ɪn]

quay [kiː]
(n) a hard surface next to a
sea or river, where boats
can stop
steer [stɪə]
(v) to control the direction
in which a vehicle moves
dive in [daɪv] [ɪn]
start doing something in a
very enthusiastic way
pilot [ˈpaɪlət]
1. (v) to fly an aircraft 2.
(n) someone who flies an
aircraft
round trip [raʊnd] [trɪp]
(n phr) an occasion when
you go somewhere and
come back to your starting
point again
crop up [krɒp] [ʌp]
appear or happen suddenly
or unexpectedly
pier [pɪə]
(n) a structure built out
from the land over water
and used for getting on and
off boats
return fare [rɪˈtɜːn] [feə]
(n phr) the money you pay
for a journey to and from a
place
steward [stjʊəd]
(n) a man whose job is to
look after the passengers on
a plane, train or ship,
especially serving them
with food and drink
end up [ɛnd] [ʌp] kick off (with) [kɪk] [ɒf] knock off [nɒk] [ɒf]
([wɪð])

knuckle down [ˈnʌkl] lay off [leɪ] [ɒf] lie ahead [laɪ] [əˈhɛd]
[daʊn]

make up [meɪk] [ʌp] press ahead/on (with) [prɛs] set out [sɛt] [aʊt]
[əˈhɛd]/[ɒn] ([wɪð])
knock off [nɒk] [ɒf]
stop working
lie ahead [laɪ] [əˈhɛd]
if somthing lies ahead, it is
going to happen to you in
the future
set out [sɛt] [aʊt]
start doing or working on
something in order to
achieve an aim
kick off (with) [kɪk] [ɒf]
([wɪð])
begin (with)
lay off [leɪ] [ɒf]
end someone's
employment, especially
temporarily, because there
is not enough work for
them; stop doing or using
something, especially for a
short period of time
press ahead/on (with) [prɛs]
[əˈhɛd]/[ɒn] ([wɪð])
continue doing something
in a determined way,
despite difficulties,
opposition or interruptioins
end up [ɛnd] [ʌp]
be in a particular place or
state after doing something
or because of doing it
knuckle down [ˈnʌkl]
[daʊn]
start working hard,
especially when you should
have done the earlier
make up [meɪk] [ʌp]
work at different times
from usual because you
have not worked enough at
the normal times
snow under [snəʊ] [ˈʌndə] take on [teɪk] [ɒn] tide over [taɪd] [ˈəʊvə]

while away [waɪl] [əˈweɪ] wind down [wɪnd] [daʊn] go to your head [gəʊ] [tə]
[jə] [hɛd]

have your wits about you in the dark (about) [ɪn] [ðə] know what's what [nəʊ]
[həv] [jə] [wɪts] [əˈbaʊt] [dɑːk] ([əˈbaʊt]) [wɒts] [wɒt]
[juː]
tide over [taɪd] [ˈəʊvə]
help someone to get to the
end of a difficult period of
time, especially by giving
them money until they can
get some more
go to your head [gəʊ] [tə]
[jə] [hɛd]
if success goes to your
head, it makes you think
that you are better or more
important than you really
are
know what's what [nəʊ]
[wɒts] [wɒt]
know the important facts
about a situation
take on [teɪk] [ɒn]
start to employ someone;
accept some work or
responsibility
wind down [wɪnd] [daʊn]
end or finish something
gradually, gradually reduce
work before stopping
completely; relax after a
period of excitement or
worry
in the dark (about) [ɪn] [ðə]
[dɑːk] ([əˈbaʊt])
not knowing very much
about something, because
other people are keeping it
secret from you
snow under [snəʊ] [ˈʌndə]
if you are snowed under,
you have too much of
something to deal with
while away [waɪl] [əˈweɪ]
spend time in a relaxed way
when you have nothing else
to do
have your wits about you
[həv] [jə] [wɪts] [əˈbaʊt]
[juː]
be able to think quickly and
make sensible decisions
not have a lef to stand on not see the wood for the put two and two together
[nɒt] [həv] [ə] lef [tə] trees [nɒt] [siː] [ðə] [wʊd] [pʊt] [tuː] [ənd] [tuː] [tə
[stænd] [ɒn] [fə] [ðə] [triːz] ˈgɛðə]

quick/slow on the uptake ring a bell [rɪŋ] [ə] [bɛl] round the bend [raʊnd] [ðə]
[kwɪk]/[sləʊ] [ɒn] [ði] [bɛnd]
[ˈʌpteɪk]

split hairs [splɪt] [heəz] take stock (of) [teɪk] [stɒk] adapt [əˈdæpt]
([ɒv])
put two and two together
[pʊt] [tuː] [ənd] [tuː] [tə
ˈgɛðə]
guess what is happening or
what something means
based on what you have
seen or heard
round the bend [raʊnd] [ðə]
[bɛnd]
crazy
adapt [əˈdæpt]
(v) to change your ideas or
behaviour so that you can
deal with a new situation
not see the wood for the
trees [nɒt] [siː] [ðə] [wʊd]
[fə] [ðə] [triːz]
used for saying that
someone cannot understand
what is important in a
situation because they are
thinking too much about
small details
ring a bell [rɪŋ] [ə] [bɛl]
something that rings a bell
sounds familiar to you,
although you cannot
remember the exact details
take stock (of) [teɪk] [stɒk]
([ɒv])
spend some time thinking
about the situation you are
in before you decide what
to do next
not have a lef to stand on
[nɒt] [həv] [ə] lef [tə]
[stænd] [ɒn]
not have any way of
proving that you are right
about something
quick/slow on the uptake
[kwɪk]/[sləʊ] [ɒn] [ði]
[ˈʌpteɪk]
taking a very short/long
time to understand or
realise something
split hairs [splɪt] [heəz]
argue or worry about very
small details or defferences
that are not important
adjust [əˈʤʌst] alternate [ɔːlˈtɜːnɪt] alternative [ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv]

amend [əˈmɛnd] conservative [kənˈsɜːvətɪv] convert [ˈkɒnvɜːt]

decay [dɪˈkeɪ] deteriorate [dɪˈtɪərɪəreɪt] distort [dɪsˈtɔːt]

alternative [ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv]
(adj) different from
something else and able to
be used instead of it
convert [ˈkɒnvɜːt]
1. (v) to change from one
system, use or method to
another, or to make
something do this 2. (v) to
change your beliefs,
especially your religious
beliefs, or to persuade
someone to do this 3. (n)
someone who has changed
their beliefs in an important
way
distort [dɪsˈtɔːt]
(v) to change something
such as information so that
it is no longer true or
accurate
alternate [ɔːlˈtɜːnɪt]
1. (v) if one thing alternates
with another, it happens
after it and keeps being
repeated 2. (adj) happening
on one day, week, etc, but
not on the day, week, etc
that immediately follows
conservative [kənˈsɜːvətɪv]
(adj) not willing to accept
much change, especially in
the traditional values of
society
deteriorate [dɪˈtɪərɪəreɪt]
(v) to become worse
adjust [əˈʤʌst]
(v) to change something
slightly in order to make it
better, more accurate or
more effective
amend [əˈmɛnd]
(v) to make changes to a
document, law, agreement,
etc, especially in order to
improve it
decay [dɪˈkeɪ]
1. (v) to be gradually
destroyed as a result of a
natural process of change,
or to destroy something in
this way 2. (n) the gradual
destruction of something as
a result of a natural process
of change
dynamic [daɪˈnæmɪk] endure [ɪnˈdjʊə] evolve [ɪˈvɒlv]

influence [ˈɪnflʊəns] innovation [ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən] innovative [ɪnˈnɒvətɪv]

last [lɑːst] maintain [meɪnˈteɪn] mature [məˈtjʊə]

evolve [ɪˈvɒlv]
(v) 1. when a type of plan
or animal evolves, its
physical form changes over
a long period of time 2. to
gradually change and
develop over a period of
time
innovative [ɪnˈnɒvətɪv]
(adj) new, original and
advanced
mature [məˈtjʊə]
1. (v) to start behaving like
an adult and become more
senseible as you get older
2. (adj) behaving in the
sensible way that you
would expect an adult to
behave
endure [ɪnˈdjʊə]
(v) 1. to suffer something
unpleasant or difficult in a
patient way over a long
period 2. to last for a long
time
innovation [ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən]
(n) a new idea, method,
piece of equipment, etc
maintain [meɪnˈteɪn]
(v) to make something stay
the same
dynamic [daɪˈnæmɪk]
(adj) continuously
changing, growing or
developing
influence [ˈɪnflʊəns]
1. (v) to affect the way
someone thinks or behaves
or affect the way something
happens 2. (n) the effect
that a person or thing has
on someone's decisions,
opinions or behaviour or on
the way something happens
last [lɑːst]
(v) to continue existing or
happening for or until a
particular time
modify [ˈmɒdɪfaɪ] novel [ˈnɒvəl] persist [pəˈsɪst]

potential [pəʊˈtɛnʃəl] progress [ˈprəʊgrəs] radical [ˈrædɪkəl]

refine [rɪˈfaɪn] reform [ˌriːˈfɔːm] remain [rɪˈmeɪn]

persist [pəˈsɪst]
(v) to continue to do or say
something in a determined
way
radical [ˈrædɪkəl]
(adj) a radical change or
way of doing something is
new and very different
from the usual way
remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
(v) to continue to be in a
particular situation or
condition
novel [ˈnɒvəl]
(adj) new or unusual
progress [ˈprəʊgrəs]
1. (v) to continue to
develop or move forward 2.
(n) the process of
developing or improving
reform [ˌriːˈfɔːm]
1. (v) to improve a situation
by correcting things that
are wrong or unfair, or
make a system work more
effectively 2. (n) a change
intended to correct a
situation that is wrong or
unfair or make a system
work more effectively
modify [ˈmɒdɪfaɪ]
(v) to change something
slightly, especially in order
to improve it or to make it
less extreme
potential [pəʊˈtɛnʃəl]
1. (n) the possibility to
develop or achieve
something in the future 2.
(adj) possible or likely in
the future
refine [rɪˈfaɪn]
(v) to make some changes
to something in order to
improve it
revise [rɪˈvaɪz] revolution [ˌrɛvəˈluːʃən] shift [ʃɪft]

spoil [spɔːɪl] status quo [ˈsteɪtəs] [kwəʊ] steady [ˈstɛdi]

substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt] sustain [səsˈteɪn] switch [swɪʧ]

shift [ʃɪft]
1. (v) if an idea, attitude or
plan shifts or someone
shifts it, it changes 2. (n) a
change in something, for
example in someone's ideas
or opinions
steady [ˈstɛdi]
1. (v) to hold something
firmly without shaking or
moving it 2. (adj) firmly
held in a particlar position
without moving or shaking
3. (adj) staying at the same
level, speed, value, etc
switch [swɪʧ]
1. (v) to replace one object
with another 2. (n) a change
from one thing to another
3. (n) something such as a
button or key that controls
the electrical supply to a
light, piece of equipment,
machine, etc
revolution [ˌrɛvəˈluːʃən]
(n) 1. a sudden or major
change, especially in ideas
or methods 2. a situation in
which people completely
change their government or
political system, usually by
force
status quo [ˈsteɪtəs] [kwəʊ]
(n phr) the present situation
or the way things usually
are
sustain [səsˈteɪn]
(v) to provide the
conditions in which
something can happen or
exist
revise [rɪˈvaɪz]
(v) 1. to change your
opinion or judgment of
someone or something 2. to
change, improve or make
additions to something such
as a book, law or piece of
writing
spoil [spɔːɪl]
(v) to affect something in a
way that makes it worse,
less attractive or less
enjoyable
substitute [ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt]
1. (v) to remove one thing
and put something else in
its place 2. (n) something
that is used instead of
something else
transform [trænsˈfɔːm] trend [trɛnd] uniform [ˈjuːnɪfɔːm]

breakthrough [ˈbreɪkˌθruː] broadband [ˈbrɔːdˌbænd] click [klɪk]

complex [ˈkɒmplɛks] consumer electronics [kən craft [krɑːft]

ˈsjuːmər] [ɪlɛkˈtrɒnɪks]
uniform [ˈjuːnɪfɔːm]
(adj) the same everywhere
click [klɪk]
(v) to amke a computer do
something by pressing a
button on the mouse
craft [krɑːft]
1. (v) to make or produce
something skilfully 2. (n) a
traditional skill of making
things by hand, for example
furniture or jewellery
trend [trɛnd]
(n) a gradual change or
development that produces
a particular result
broadband [ˈbrɔːdˌbænd]
1. (adj) able to send
different types of
communication signals at
the same time 2. (n) a high-
speed Internet connection
consumer electronics [kən
ˈsjuːmər] [ɪlɛkˈtrɒnɪks]
(n phr) electrical
equipment, such as digital
cameras, etc, which is
available for the public to
buy
transform [trænsˈfɔːm]
(v) to make someone or
something completely
different, usually in a way
that makes them more
attractive, easier to use, etc
breakthrough [ˈbreɪkˌθruː]
(n) a discovery or
achievement that comes
after a lot of hard work
complex [ˈkɒmplɛks]
(adj) with a lot of details or
small parts, which makes
something difficult to
understand or deal with
download [ˌdaʊnˈləʊd] file [faɪl] (games) console ([geɪmz])
[kənˈsəʊl]

manual [ˈmænjʊəl] network [ˈnɛtwɜːk] nuclear [ˈnjuːklɪə]

offline [ˌɒfˈlaɪn] online [ˈɒnˌlaɪn] primitive [ˈprɪmɪtɪv]

(games) console ([geɪmz])
[kənˈsəʊl]
(n phr) a small piece of
electronic equipment that
you connect to a screen,
used for playing video
games
nuclear [ˈnjuːklɪə]
(adj) relating to energy
produced by changing the
structure of the central part
of an atom
primitive [ˈprɪmɪtɪv]
(adj) at a very simple stage
of development, before
modern technology
file [faɪl]
(n) a set of information on
a computer
network [ˈnɛtwɜːk]
1. (v) to connect computers
together so that each
computer can send and
receive information to and
from the other computers 2.
(n) a set of computers that
are connected to each other
so that each computer can
send and receive
information to and from the
other computers
online [ˈɒnˌlaɪn]
1. (adj) connected to or
available through a
computer or a computer
network, especially the
Internet 2. (adv) on the
Internet
download [ˌdaʊnˈləʊd]
1. (v) to move information
to your computer from a
computer system or the
Internet 2. (n) a
downloaded computer file
manual [ˈmænjʊəl]
1. (adj) operated by people
rather than automatically or
sing computers 2. (n) a
book containing
instructions for doing
something
offline [ˌɒfˈlaɪn]
1. (adj) working on a
computer but not connected
to the Internet 2. (adv)
working on a computer but
not connected to the
Internet
programmer [ˈprəʊgræmə] resource [rɪˈsɔːs] technique [tɛkˈniːk]

upload [ʌpˈləʊd] data [ˈdeɪtə] back up [bæk] [ʌp]

change around [ʧeɪnʤ] [ə change into [ʧeɪnʤ] [ˈɪntuː] change out of [ʧeɪnʤ] [aʊt]
ˈraʊnd] [ɒv]
technique [tɛkˈniːk]
(n) a method of doing
something using a special
skill that you have
developed
back up [bæk] [ʌp]
make a copy of information
on your computer; give
support to someone by
telling other people that
you agree with them
change out of [ʧeɪnʤ] [aʊt]
[ɒv]
take off the clothes or a
piece of clothing you are
wearing and put on
different ones
resource [rɪˈsɔːs]
(n) something you can se to
help you to achieve
something, especially in
your work or study
data [ˈdeɪtə]
(n) information in a form
that a computer can use
change into [ʧeɪnʤ] [ˈɪntuː]
stop being in one state,
condition or form and start
being in another, or make
something do this; take off
the clothes or a piece of
clothing you are wearing
and put on different ones
programmer [ˈprəʊgræmə]
(n) someone whose job is
to create computer
programs
upload [ʌpˈləʊd]
(v) to send documents or
programs from your
computer to a larger system
using the internet
change around [ʧeɪnʤ] [ə
ˈraʊnd]
move things so that they
are in different places or
positions
do away with [dʊ] [əˈweɪ] do up [dʊ] [ʌp] fade away [feɪd] [əˈweɪ]
[wɪð]

key in [kiː] [ɪn] make into [meɪk] [ˈɪntuː] mix up [mɪks] [ʌp]

switch on/off [swɪʧ] take apart [teɪk] [əˈpɑːt] test out [tɛst] [aʊt]
[ɒn]/[ɒf]
fade away [feɪd] [əˈweɪ]
disappear slowly
mix up [mɪks] [ʌp]
put things together without
any order; think that one
person or thing is another
person or thing
test out [tɛst] [aʊt]
try using something such as
a machine or product to
find out whether it works
correctly or is satisfactory
do up [dʊ] [ʌp]
repair, paint and improve
an old building, car, boat,
etc; fasten (an item of
clothing)
make into [meɪk] [ˈɪntuː]
change someone or
something so that they
become something else
take apart [teɪk] [əˈpɑːt]
separate an object into
pieces
do away with [dʊ] [əˈweɪ]
[wɪð]
get rid of
key in [kiː] [ɪn]
put information into a
computer or other
electronic machine using
keys or a keyboard
switch on/off [swɪʧ]
[ɒn]/[ɒf]
start/stop a machine/light/
etc working
turn into [tɜːn] [ˈɪntuː] use up [juːz] [ʌp] wear out [weər] [aʊt]

abrupt [əˈbrʌpt] anachronism [ə annual [ˈænjʊəl]

ˈnækrənɪzm]

antique [ænˈtiːk] century [ˈsɛnʧʊri] chronological [ˌkrɒnə

ˈlɒʤɪkəl]
wear out [weər] [aʊt]
use something a lot so that
it no longer works, or can
no longer be used
annual [ˈænjʊəl]
(adj) 1. happening once a
year 2. calculated or
considered over a period of
one year
chronological [ˌkrɒnə
ˈlɒʤɪkəl]
(adj) arranged or described
in the order in which events
happened
use up [juːz] [ʌp]
use all of a supply of
something
anachronism [ə
ˈnækrənɪzm]
(n) something that is no
longer suitable for or
relevant to modern times
century [ˈsɛnʧʊri]
(n) a period of 100 years,
usually counted from a year
ending in -00. For example,
the 20th century is the
period from 1900 to 1999
turn into [tɜːn] [ˈɪntuː]
change or develop into
something different; make
someone or something
change or develop into
something different
abrupt [əˈbrʌpt]
(adj) sudden and
unexpected, often in an
unpleasant way
antique [ænˈtiːk]
1. (adj) old and valuable 2.
(n) an old object such as a
piece of furniture or
jewellery that is valuable
because it is rare, beautiful
or well made
contemporary [kən decade [ˈdɛkeɪd] duration [djʊəˈreɪʃən]
ˈtɛmpərəri]

elapse [ɪˈlæps] eternal [i(ː)ˈtɜːnl] expire [ɪksˈpaɪə]

era [ˈɪərə] frequency [ˈfriːkwənsi] instantaneous [ˌɪnstən

ˈteɪniəs]
duration [djʊəˈreɪʃən]
(n) the period of time
during which something
continues to happen or
exist
expire [ɪksˈpaɪə]
(v) if an agreement, offer or
official document expires,
the period of time during
which it exists or can be
used comes to an end
instantaneous [ˌɪnstən
ˈteɪniəs]
(adj) immediate
decade [ˈdɛkeɪd]
(n) a period of ten years,
especially one beginning
with a year that ends in a 0,
for example, 1990 to 1999
eternal [i(ː)ˈtɜːnl]
(adj) continuing for ever or
for a very long time
frequency [ˈfriːkwənsi]
(n) the number of times that
something happens during
a period of time
contemporary [kən
ˈtɛmpərəri]
1. (adj) modern or relating
to the present time 2. (adj)
alive or existing at the same
time as a particular event or
person 3. (n) someone alive
at the same time as a
particular event or person
elapse [ɪˈlæps]
(v) if time elapses, it passes
era [ˈɪərə]
(n) a period of time that has
a particular quality or
character
interim [ˈɪntərɪm] interval [ˈɪntəvəl] lapse [læps]

lifetime [ˈlaɪftaɪm] long-standing [ˈlɒŋ millennium [mɪˈlɛnɪəm]

ˈstændɪŋ]

obsolete [ˈɒbsəliːt] overdue [ˌəʊvəˈdjuː] period [ˈpɪərɪəd]

lapse [læps]
1. (n) a short or temporary
period when you fail or
forget to do things in the
right way 2. (n) a period of
time between two events 3.
(v) to stop gradually or for
a short time 4. (v) if an
official document, decision
or right lapses, it is not
longer effective
millennium [mɪˈlɛnɪəm]
(n) a period of 1,000 years
or the beinning of a period
of 1,000 years
period [ˈpɪərɪəd]
(n) an amount of time
during which something
happens
interval [ˈɪntəvəl] interim [ˈɪntərɪm]
(n) 1. a period of time 1. (adj) intended to last or
between two events 2. a perform an activity only
short break between the until someone or something
parts of something such as permanent or final is
a play or concert available 2. (n) the time
between one thing
happening and another, or
while waiting for
something permanent or
final to become available
long-standing [ˈlɒŋ lifetime [ˈlaɪftaɪm]
ˈstændɪŋ]
(n) 1. the period of time
(adj) having existed for a when someone is alive 2.
long time the length of time that
something exists or works
overdue [ˌəʊvəˈdjuː] obsolete [ˈɒbsəliːt]
(adj) if something is (adj) no longer used
overdue, it should have because of being replaced
arrived/ been done/ been by something newer and
paid/ etc before now more effective
permanent [ˈpɜːmənənt] phase [feɪz] postpone [pəʊstˈpəʊn]

prior [ˈpraɪə] prompt [prɒmpt] provisional [prəˈvɪʒənl]

punctual [ˈpʌŋktjʊəl] seasonal [ˈsiːzənl] simultaneous [ˌsɪməl

ˈteɪniəs]
postpone [pəʊstˈpəʊn] phase [feɪz] permanent [ˈpɜːmənənt]

(v) to decide that (n) a particular period of (adj) happening or existing

something will not be done time during the for a long time or for all
at the time when it was development of something time in the future
planned for, but at a later
time

provisional [prəˈvɪʒənl] prompt [prɒmpt] prior [ˈpraɪə]

(adj) 1. intended to be (adj) 1. immediate or quick (adj) happening, existing or

temporary, and likely to be 2. happening or arriving at done before a particular
changed when other exactly a particular time time
arrangements are made 2. if
an arrangement is
provisional, the people
involved have not yet said
that they definitely want to
do it

simultaneous [ˌsɪməl seasonal [ˈsiːzənl] punctual [ˈpʌŋktjʊəl]

ˈteɪniəs]
(adj) 1. available only (adj) arriving or happening
(adj) happening or done at during a particular time of at the time agreed on
the same time year 2. suitable or typical
of the time of year it is now
span [spæn] spell [spɛl] stint [stɪnt]

subsequent [ˈsʌbsɪkwənt] temporary [ˈtɛmpərəri] timely [ˈtaɪmli]

vintage [ˈvɪntɪʤ] civil service [ˈsɪvl] [ˈsɜːvɪs] client [ˈklaɪənt]

stint [stɪnt]
(n) a period of time spent
doing something
timely [ˈtaɪmli]
(adj) happening at the most
suitable time
client [ˈklaɪənt]
(n) someone who pays for
or uses the services of a
professional person such as
a doctor or lawyer
spell [spɛl]
(n) a period of time, usually
a short one
temporary [ˈtɛmpərəri]
(adj) existing, done or used
for only a limited period of
time
civil service [ˈsɪvl] [ˈsɜːvɪs]
(n phr) a country's
government departments
and the people who work in
them
span [spæn]
1. (n) the amount of time
that something lasts 2. (v)
to last for a particular
period of time, especially a
long period
subsequent [ˈsʌbsɪkwənt]
(adj) happening or coming
after something else
vintage [ˈvɪntɪʤ]
1. (adj) vintage wine is
excellent in quality and was
made several years ago 2.
(adj) a vintage object or
vehicle is old, but kept in
good condition because it is
interesting or attractive 3.
(adj) showing the best or
most typical qualities of
someone 4. (n) all of the
wine produced in a
particular year, or the year
it was produced 5. (n) the
 time when something was
colleague [ˈkɒliːg] consultant [kənˈsʌltənt] effective
produced[ɪˈfɛktɪv]

efficient [ɪˈfɪʃənt] executive [ɪgˈzɛkjʊtɪv] fire [ˈfaɪə]

headhunt headhunt leave [liːv] marketing [ˈmɑːkɪtɪŋ]

effective [ɪˈfɛktɪv]
(adj) someone or something
that is effective works well
and produces the result that
was intended
fire [ˈfaɪə]
(v) to make someone leave
their job, sometimes as a
punishment
marketing [ˈmɑːkɪtɪŋ]
(n) the ways in which a
company encourages
people to buy its products
by deciding on price, type
of customer and advertising
policy
consultant [kənˈsʌltənt]
(n) 1. an expert or a
preofessional person whose
job is to give help and
advice on a particular
subject 2. a senior doctor in
a hospital who is an expert
in a particular medical
subject
executive [ɪgˈzɛkjʊtɪv]
(n) a senior manager in a
business or other
organisation
leave [liːv]
(n) a period of time away
from your job or the armed
forces
colleague [ˈkɒliːg]
(n) someone who works in
the same organisation or
department as you
efficient [ɪˈfɪʃənt]
(adj) someone or seomthing
that is efficient works well
and produces good reults
by sing the available time,
money, supplies, etc in the
most effective way
headhunt headhunt
(v) to try to persuade
someone to leave their job
and go to work for another
company
multinational [ˌmʌltɪ private sector [ˈpraɪvɪt] promotion [prəˈməʊʃən]
ˈnæʃənl] [ˈsɛktə]

prospects [ˈprɒspɛkts] public sector [ˈpʌblɪk] recruit [rɪˈkruːt]

[ˈsɛktə]

redundant [rɪˈdʌndənt] sack [sæk] strike [straɪk]

promotion [prəˈməʊʃən]
(n) 1. a move to a higher
level in a company,
institution or sport 2. the
activity of encouragin or
supporting something 3. the
process of attracting
people's attention to a
product or event, for
example by advertising
recruit [rɪˈkruːt]
1. (n) a new member of a
military force or an
organisation, especially
someone who has recently
joined 2. (v) to get
someone to work in a
company or join an
organisation 3. (v) to get
someone to help you do
something
strike [straɪk]
1. (n) a period of time
during which people refuse
to work, as a protest about
pay or conditions of work
2. (v) to refuse to work for
a period of time as a protest
about your pay or
conditions of work
private sector [ˈpraɪvɪt]
[ˈsɛktə]
(n phr) all the businesses,
undustries and services that
are not owned or managed
by the government
public sector [ˈpʌblɪk]
[ˈsɛktə]
(n phr) the industries and
services, for example
schools and hospitals, that
are supported by tax money
and controlled by the
government of a country
sack [sæk]
(v) to tell someone they can
no longer work at their job
multinational [ˌmʌltɪ
ˈnæʃənl]
1. (n) a large company that
has offices, shops or
factories in several
countries 2. (adj) a
multinational company or
business has offices, shops
or factories in several
countries
prospects [ˈprɒspɛkts]
(n pl) the possibility that
something will happen,
especially something good
redundant [rɪˈdʌndənt]
(adj) if someone is
redendant, they have been
told they must leave their
job because they are no
longer needed
union [ˈjuːnjən] a stitch in time (saves nine) all in good time [ɔːl] [ɪn]
[ə] [stɪʧ] [ɪn] [taɪm] ([seɪvz] [gʊd] [taɪm]
[naɪn])

at the drop of a hat [ət] [ðə] before your time [bɪˈfɔː] for good [fə] [gʊd]
[drɒp] [əv] [ə] [hæt] [jə] [taɪm]

for the time being [fə] [ðə] from time to time [frəm] in/for donkey's years
[taɪm] [ˈbiːɪŋ] [taɪm] [tə] [taɪm] [ɪn]/[fə] [ˈdɒŋkiz] [jɪəz]
all in good time [ɔːl] [ɪn]
[gʊd] [taɪm]
used for telling someone to
wait for something and not
try to make you hurry
for good [fə] [gʊd]
permanently, without the
possibility of change in the
future
in/for donkey's years
[ɪn]/[fə] [ˈdɒŋkiz] [jɪəz]
an extremely long time
a stitch in time (saves nine)
[ə] [stɪʧ] [ɪn] [taɪm] ([seɪvz]
[naɪn])
used for saying that it is
better to solve a problem
now, rather than leave it
until later when it may be
more difficult to deal with
before your time [bɪˈfɔː]
[jə] [taɪm]
used for saying that
something happened or
existed before you were
born or before you lived or
worked somewhere
from time to time [frəm]
[taɪm] [tə] [taɪm]
sometimes, but not often
union [ˈjuːnjən]
(n) an organisation that
represents the workers in a
particular industry and tries
to improve pay, conditions,
etc
at the drop of a hat [ət] [ðə]
[drɒp] [əv] [ə] [hæt]
immediately or in a way
that shows that you have no
doubts about doing
something
for the time being [fə] [ðə]
[taɪm] [ˈbiːɪŋ]
for now
in the nick of time [ɪn] [ðə] once in a blue moon [wʌns] on the spur of the moment
[nɪk] [əv] [taɪm] [ɪn] [ə] [bluː] [muːn] [ɒn] [ðə] [spɜːr] [əv] [ðə]
[ˈməʊmənt]

the other day [ði] [ˈʌðə] accelerate [əkˈsɛləreɪt] approach [əˈprəʊʧ]

[deɪ]

ascend [əˈsɛnd] bounce [baʊns] clamber [ˈklæmbə]

on the spur of the moment once in a blue moon [wʌns] in the nick of time [ɪn] [ðə]
[ɒn] [ðə] [spɜːr] [əv] [ðə] [ɪn] [ə] [bluː] [muːn] [nɪk] [əv] [taɪm]
[ˈməʊmənt]
very rarely just in time to prevent
if you do something on the something bad happening
spur of the moment, you do
it suddenly and do not take
time to plan it or think
carefully about it

approach [əˈprəʊʧ] accelerate [əkˈsɛləreɪt] the other day [ði] [ˈʌðə]

[deɪ]
1. (v) to move closer to (v) to happen or make
someone or something 2. something happen at a recently
(v) to speak to someone faster rate
about something for the
first time, especially in
order to ask for help or
make an offer 3. (n) a
particular way of thinking
about or dealing with
something 4. (n) the fact of
coming closer in time or in
distance

clamber [ˈklæmbə] bounce [baʊns] ascend [əˈsɛnd]

(v) to climb something with
difficulty, using your hands
and feet
1. (v) if a ball or other (v) to climb a mountain,
object bounces, or if you stairs, etc
bounce it, it hits a surgace
then immediately moves
away from it 2. (n) the
movement of a ball or other
object when it hits a surface
and moves away again
clench [klɛnʧ] clutch [klʌʧ] crawl [krɔːl]

creep [kriːp] dash [dæʃ] descend [dɪˈsɛnd]

drift [drɪft] emigrate [ˈɛmɪgreɪt] float [fləʊt]

crawl [krɔːl]
(v) to move along the groun
on your hands and knees or
with you body close to the
ground
descend [dɪˈsɛnd]
(v) to go down a mountain
or slope, or to go
downstairs
float [fləʊt]
(v) to rest or move slowly
on the surface of a liquid
and not sink
clutch [klʌʧ]
(v) to hold someone or
something firmly, for
example becase are afraid
or in pain, or do not want to
lose them
dash [dæʃ]
(v) to run or go somewhere
very quickly because you
are in a hurry
emigrate [ˈɛmɪgreɪt]
(v) to leave your country in
order to live in another
country, on a permanent
basis
clench [klɛnʧ]
(v) if you clench a part of
your body such as your
hand or your mouth, o if it
clenches, you close it
tightly, especially because
you are angry or upset
creep [kriːp]
(v) if someone creeps
somewhere, they move
there quietly and slowly
drift [drɪft]
1. (v) to be pushed along
very slowly by the
movment of air or water 2.
(n) a slow and gradual
change from one situation
or opinion to another 3. (n)
the meaning that someone
is trying to express
flow [fləʊ] fumble [ˈfʌmbl] gesture [ˈʤɛsʧə]

glide [glaɪd] grab [græb] grasp [grɑːsp]

hop [hɒp] immigrant [ˈɪmɪgrənt] jog [ʤɒg]

gesture [ˈʤɛsʧə]
1. (v) to make a movement
with your hands or head n
order to show or tell
someone something 2. (n) a
movement that
communicates a feeling or
instruction
grasp [grɑːsp]
(v) to take and hold
something or someone very
tightly
jog [ʤɒg]
1. (v) to run at a slow
steady spped, usually for
exercise or pleasure 2. (n) a
run for exercise or pleasure
at a slow steady speed
fumble [ˈfʌmbl]
(v) to try to hold, move or
find something using your
hands in a way that is not
skilful or graceful
grab [græb]
(v) to take hold of
something in a rough or
rude way
immigrant [ˈɪmɪgrənt]
(n) someone who comes to
live in a country from
another country
flow [fləʊ]
1. (v) if a liquid flows, it
moves smoothly and
continuously in one
direction 2. (n) the
continuous moevement of a
liquid in one direction
glide [glaɪd]
(v) to move in a smooth
and easy way with no noise
hop [hɒp]
1. (v) to move forward by
jumping on one foot 2. (n)
a quick jump on one foot
leap [liːp] march [mɑːʧ] migrate [maɪˈgreɪt]

point [pɔɪnt] punch [pʌnʧ] refugee [ˌrɛfju(ː)ˈʤiː]

roam [rəʊm] roll [rəʊl] rotate [rəʊˈteɪt]

migrate [maɪˈgreɪt]
(v) if a bird or animal
migrates, it travels to
another part of the world
for warmer weather at a
particular time of the year
refugee [ˌrɛfju(ː)ˈʤiː]
(n) someone who leaves
their country, especially
during a war or other
threatening event
rotate [rəʊˈteɪt]
(v) to move in a circle
around a fixed central
point, or to move
something in this way
march [mɑːʧ]
1. (v) if soldiers march,
they walk in a group with
each person matching the
speed and movements of
the others 2. (n) a walk by a
group of soldiers in which
each person matches the
speed and movements of
the others
punch [pʌnʧ]
(v) to hit someone or
something with your fist,
usually as hard as you can
roll [rəʊl]
(v) to move forward while
turning over and over
leap [liːp]
1. (v) to jump over
something 2. (n) a jump,
especially a long or high
one
point [pɔɪnt]
(v) to show something by
holding out your finger or a
long thin object
roam [rəʊm]
(v) to move or travel with
no particular purpose
route [ruːt] sink [sɪŋk] skid [skɪd]

skip [skɪp] slide [slaɪd] slip [slɪp]

step [stɛp] stride [straɪd] trip [trɪp]

skid [skɪd] sink [sɪŋk] route [ruːt]

1. (v) to slide across the (v) to disappear below the (n) the roads or paths that
ground in an uncontrolled surface of the water you use when you go from
way 2. (n) a sudden one place to another
uncontrolled slide across
the groun, especially by a
vehicle

slip [slɪp] slide [slaɪd] skip [skɪp]

(v) if you slep, your feet 1. (v) to move smoothly (v) to move forwards by
slide accidentally and you and quickly across a jumping first on one foot
lose your balance or fall surface 2. (n) a structure and then the other
over that children play on by
climbing up steps and
sliding down a slope on the
other side

trip [trɪp] stride [straɪd] step [stɛp]

(v) to hit your foot on 1. (v) to walk with energy
something and fall down and confidence 2. (n) a long
confident step
1. (v) to move by putting
one foot down in front of
the other 2. (n) a short
movement made by putting
one foot in front of the
other 3. (n) one of a series
of actions you do in order
to achieve a particular aim
velocity [vɪˈlɒsɪti] wander [ˈwɒndə] wave [weɪv]

cordon off [ˈkɔːdn] [ɒf] creep up on [kriːp] [ʌp] fall behind [fɔːl] [bɪˈhaɪnd]
[ɒn]

go astray [gəʊ] [əsˈtreɪ] head off [hɛd] [ɒf] hold back [həʊld] [bæk]
wave [weɪv]
1. (v) to move your hand to
say hello or goodbye or as
a signal 2. (n) a movement
of your hand used for
saying hello or goodbye to
someone or for giving a
signal
fall behind [fɔːl] [bɪˈhaɪnd]
move more slowly than
other people so that you are
behind them; make less
progress or be less
successful than other
people who are doing a
similar job or activity
hold back [həʊld] [bæk]
stop someone or something
from moving forwards
wander [ˈwɒndə]
(v) to travel from place to
place, especially on foot,
without a particular
direction or purpose
creep up on [kriːp] [ʌp]
[ɒn]
move towards someone
quietly and slowly,
especially because you
want to surprise them
head off [hɛd] [ɒf]
prevent someone from
going somewhere by
getting in front of them;
prevent something from
taking place
velocity [vɪˈlɒsɪti]
(n) the speed that
something moves at in one
direction
cordon off [ˈkɔːdn] [ɒf]
stop people from entering
an area by putting
something such as a rope
around it
go astray [gəʊ] [əsˈtreɪ]
become lost or go to the
wrong place
move in (with) [muːv] [ɪn] move on [muːv] [ɒn] move out [muːv] [aʊt]
([wɪð])

move over [muːv] [ˈəʊvə] pull over [pʊl] [ˈəʊvə] slip away [slɪp] [əˈweɪ]

step aside [stɛp] [əˈsaɪd] stop off [stɒp] [ɒf] tip up [tɪp] [ʌp]
move out [muːv] [aʊt]
premanently leave the
house or flat where you live
or the place where you
have your business
slip away [slɪp] [əˈweɪ]
leave secretly
tip up [tɪp] [ʌp]
(of an object) have one end
move upwards, especially
because something heavy
has been put at the other
end; turn a container upside
down so that the things
inside it come out
move on [muːv] [ɒn]
leave one place and travel
to another; stop discussing
or doing something and
begin discussing or doing
something different
pull over [pʊl] [ˈəʊvə]
stop by the side of the road
in a car or other vehicle
stop off [stɒp] [ɒf]
visit somewhere before
continuing to another place
move in (with) [muːv] [ɪn]
([wɪð])
start living in a different
house or flat (with)
move over [muːv] [ˈəʊvə]
change your position in
order to make space for
someone or something
step aside [stɛp] [əˈsaɪd]
move so that somebody can
pass you; leave a job so
that somebody else can
take over
walk out [wɔːk] [aʊt] a stone's throw as the crow flies [əz] [ðə]
(away/from) [ə] [stəʊnz] [krəʊ] [flaɪz]
[θrəʊ] ([əˈweɪ]/[frɒm])

follow your nose [ˈfɒləʊ] in the middle of nowhere lose your bearings [luːz]
[jə] [nəʊz] [ɪn] [ðə] [ˈmɪdl] [əv] [jə] [ˈbeərɪŋz]
[ˈnəʊweə]

make a beeline for [meɪk] off the beaten track [ɒf] stop dead in your tracks
[ə] [ˈbiːlaɪn] [fɔː] [ðə] [ˈbiːtn] [træk] [stɒp] [dɛd] [ɪn] [jə] [træks]
as the crow flies [əz] [ðə]
[krəʊ] [flaɪz]
in a straight line (used for
measuring distance)
lose your bearings [luːz]
[jə] [ˈbeərɪŋz]
become confused about
where you are and where
other things are
stop dead in your tracks
[stɒp] [dɛd] [ɪn] [jə] [træks]
suddenly stop, for example
because you are surprised
a stone's throw (away/from)
[ə] [stəʊnz] [θrəʊ] ([ə
ˈweɪ]/[frɒm])
very close (to)
in the middle of nowhere
[ɪn] [ðə] [ˈmɪdl] [əv]
[ˈnəʊweə]
a long way from any town
or city
off the beaten track [ɒf]
[ðə] [ˈbiːtn] [træk]
away from populated areas
or areas popular with
tourists
walk out [wɔːk] [aʊt]
leave a meeting,
performance, etc before the
end, usually because you
are angry or bored;
suddenly leave a
relationship, your family,
your job, etc
follow your nose [ˈfɒləʊ]
[jə] [nəʊz]
go straight forward,
without turning; do what
you feel is right in a
particular situation,
although you are not
certain
make a beeline for [meɪk]
[ə] [ˈbiːlaɪn] [fɔː]
go towards someone or
something in the quickest
and most direct way
take a short cut to [teɪk] [ə] take the scenic route [teɪk] allege [əˈlɛʤ]
[ʃɔːt] [kʌt] [tʊ] [ðə] [ˈsiːnɪk] [ruːt]

assert [əˈsɜːt] blunt [blʌnt] boast [bəʊst]

clarification [ˌklærɪfɪ colloquial [kəˈləʊkwɪəl] comprehend [ˌkɒmprɪ

ˈkeɪʃən] ˈhɛnd]
allege [əˈlɛʤ]
(v) to say that something is
true or that someone has
done something wrong or
illegal even though this has
not been proved
take the scenic route [teɪk]
[ðə] [ˈsiːnɪk] [ruːt]
follow a longer path than
the usual one because it is
more attractive
take a short cut to [teɪk] [ə]
[ʃɔːt] [kʌt] [tʊ]
follow a path that is quicker
and shorter than the usual
way

boast [bəʊst] blunt [blʌnt] assert [əˈsɜːt]

1. (n) a statement in which (adj) saying what is true or (v) to state firmly that
you proudly tell other what you think, even if this something is true
people what you or offends or upsets people
someone connected with
you has done or can do, or
about something you own,
especially in order to make
them admire you 2. (v) to
proudly tell other people
about what you or someone
connected with you has
done or can do, or about
something you own,
especially in order to make
them admire [ˌkɒmprɪ
comprehend you colloquial [kəˈləʊkwɪəl] clarification [ˌklærɪfɪ
ˈhɛnd] ˈkeɪʃən]
(adj) used in informal
(v) to understand conversation rather than in (n) an explanation that
something writing or formal language makes something clearer
and easier to understand
confide [kənˈfaɪd] confirm [kənˈfɜːm] context [ˈkɒntɛkst]

contradict [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt] convey [kənˈveɪ] declare [dɪˈkleə]

denounce [dɪˈnaʊns] disclose [dɪsˈkləʊz] exaggerate [ɪgˈzæʤəreɪt]

context [ˈkɒntɛkst]
(n) the words surrounding a
particular word that help to
fie it its meaning
declare [dɪˈkleə]
(v) to announce officially
that something is true or
happening
exaggerate [ɪgˈzæʤəreɪt]
(v) to describe something
in a way that makes it seem
better, worse, larger, more
important, etc than it really
is
confirm [kənˈfɜːm]
1. (v) to prove that
something is true 2. (v) to
tell someone, sually by
writing or telephoning, that
something will definitely
happen at the time or in the
way that has been arranged
convey [kənˈveɪ]
(v) 1. to communicate ideas
or feelings indirectly 2. to
give official information or
a formal message to
someone
disclose [dɪsˈkləʊz]
(v) to give information to
people, especially
information that was secret
confide [kənˈfaɪd]
(v) to tell someone a secret
or discus you private
feelings with them
contradict [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt]
(v) 1. to say that the
opposite of what someone
has said is true 2. if one
statement, piece of
evidence, story, etc
contradicts another, they
disagree and cannot both be
true
denounce [dɪˈnaʊns]
(v) to criticise someone or
something severely in
public
flatter [ˈflætə] giggle [ˈgɪgl] hint [hɪnt]

illegible [ɪˈlɛʤəbl] inkling [ˈɪŋklɪŋ] insist [ɪnˈsɪst]

jargon [ˈʤɑːgən] literal [ˈlɪtərəl] mumble [ˈmʌmbl]

hint [hɪnt]
1. (n) something that you
say to show what you are
thinking or feeling, without
saying it directly 2. (n) a
useful suggestion or piece
of advice 3. (v) to say what
you are thinking or feeling
in an indirect way
insist [ɪnˈsɪst]
(v) 1. to say very firmly
that something must
happen or be done 2. to
keep saying very firmly
that something is true, even
when other people will not
believe you
mumble [ˈmʌmbl]
1. (n) the saying of
something in a way that is
not loud or clear enough so
that your words are difficult
to uderstand 2. (v) to say
something in a way that is
not loud or clear enough so
that your words are difficult
to understand
giggle [ˈgɪgl]
1. (n) a high laugh,
especially a nervous or silly
one 2. (v) to laugh in a
nervous, excited or silly
way that is difficult to
control
inkling [ˈɪŋklɪŋ]
(n) a slight idea or small
piece of information that
tells you that something
might exist or be happening
literal [ˈlɪtərəl]
(adj) the literal meaning of
a word is its most basic
meaning
flatter [ˈflætə]
(v) to praise someone in
order to get something you
want, especially in a way
that is not sincere
illegible [ɪˈlɛʤəbl]
(adj) difficult or impossible
to read
jargon [ˈʤɑːgən]
(n) special words and
phrases that are only
uderstood by people who
do the same kind of work.
This word usually shows
that you dislike this type of
language
murmur [ˈmɜːmə] petition [pɪˈtɪʃən] placard [ˈplækɑːd]

quibble [ˈkwɪbl] rant [rænt] rave [reɪv]

relevant [ˈrɛlɪvənt] scribble [ˈskrɪbl] slang [slæŋ]

placard [ˈplækɑːd]
(n) a large notice in a
public place, used for
advertising something or
carried in order to protest
against or support
something
rave [reɪv]
1. (v) to talk in an angry
and uncontrolled way 2. (v)
to speak or write in a very
enthusiastic way about
something or someone
slang [slæŋ]
1. (adj) slang words or
expressions are very
informal and are not
considered suitable for
more formal situations 2.
(n) words or expressions
that are very informal and
are not considered suitable
fore more formal situations
petition [pɪˈtɪʃən]
(n) a document signed by
many people that asks
someone in authority to do
something
rant [rænt]
1. (n) a long, loud and
angry complaint about
something 2. (v) to
complain or talk loudly and
angrily for a long time,
sometimes saying
unreasonable things
scribble [ˈskrɪbl]
1. (n) ntidy writing or
something written in an
untidy way 2. (v) to write
something quickly and
carelessly 3. (v) to make
marks or drawings with no
meaning
murmur [ˈmɜːmə]
1. (n) something that is said
in a very quiet voice 2. (n)
a quiet continuous sound 3.
(v) to say something in a
very quiet voice
quibble [ˈkwɪbl]
(v) to argue or complain
about things that are not
important
relevant [ˈrɛlɪvənt]
(adj) important and directly
connected to what is being
discussed or considered
stumble [ˈstʌmbl] stutter [ˈstʌtə] tip [tɪp]

utter [ˈʌtə] vague [veɪg] anchor [ˈæŋkə]

broadcast [ˈbrɔːdkɑːst] columnist [ˈkɒləmnɪst] correspondent [ˌkɒrɪs

ˈpɒndənt]
tip [tɪp]
(n) a useful suggestion
anchor [ˈæŋkə]
1. (n) someone who present
the news on a telelvision or
radio news programme 2.
(v) to present a television
or radio programme,
especially the news
correspondent [ˌkɒrɪs
ˈpɒndənt]
(n) a newspaper or
television resporter,
especially on who deals
with a particular subject or
area
stutter [ˈstʌtə]
(n) to repeat the sounds of
words in an uncontrolled
way when you speak
because you are nervous or
have a speech problem
vague [veɪg]
(adj) not clear or complete
columnist [ˈkɒləmnɪst]
(n) a journalist who writes
a regular series of articles
for a particular newspaper
or magazine
stumble [ˈstʌmbl]
1. (n) a mistake while
speaking 2. (v) to make a
mistake when you are
speaking
utter [ˈʌtə]
(v) 1. to say something 2.
to make a sound
broadcast [ˈbrɔːdkɑːst]
1. (n) a programme that is
broadcast 2. (v) to send out
messages or programmes to
be received by radios or
televisions 3. (v) to tell
people something,
especially something that
you wanted to be a secret
caption [ˈkæpʃən] coverage [ˈkʌvərɪʤ] critic [ˈkrɪtɪk]

footnote [ˈfʊtnəʊt] ghostwriter [ˈgəʊstˌraɪtə] handbook [ˈhændbʊk]

manifesto [ˌmænɪˈfɛstəʊ] novelist [ˈnɒvəlɪst] pamphlet [ˈpæmflɪt]

critic [ˈkrɪtɪk]
(n) 1. someone who does
not like something and
states their opinion about it
2. someone whose job is to
write or broadcast their
opinions about things such
as books, films or plays
handbook [ˈhændbʊk]
(n) a small book that gives
information about a subject
or instructions about how
to use something
pamphlet [ˈpæmflɪt]
(n) a very thin book with a
paper cover, usually given
free to people
coverage [ˈkʌvərɪʤ]
(n) 1. news about
something on television or
radio or in the newspapers,
sometimes used about the
amount of attention that
television, radio and
newspapers give to
something, or the way in
which something is
reported 2. information
about a range of things, for
example in a book or
course of education
ghostwriter [ˈgəʊstˌraɪtə]
(n) someone who writes
something for someone else
whose name will appear on
it as the writer
novelist [ˈnɒvəlɪst]
(n) someone who writes
novels
caption [ˈkæpʃən]
(n) words printed near or
on a picture that explain
something about the picture
footnote [ˈfʊtnəʊt]
(n) a note at the bottome of
a page that gives more
detailed information about
something on the page
manifesto [ˌmænɪˈfɛstəʊ]
(n) a formal statement
expressing the aims and
plans of a group or
organisation, especially a
political party
prerecorded prerecorded reviewer [rɪˈvju(ː)ə] spine [spaɪn]

subtitles [ˈsʌbˌtaɪtlz] supplement [ˈsʌplɪmənt] tabloid [ˈtæblɔɪd]

trailer [ˈtreɪlə] blurt out [blɜːt] [aʊt] catch on [kæʧ] [ɒn]

spine [spaɪn]
(n) the edge of a book
where all the pages are
fixed together
tabloid [ˈtæblɔɪd]
1. (adj) relating to
newspapers with fairly
small pages mostly
containing stories about
famous people and not
much serious news 2. (n) a
newspaper with fairly small
pages mostly containing
stories about famous people
and not much serious news
catch on [kæʧ] [ɒn]
understand; become
popular or fashionable
reviewer [rɪˈvju(ː)ə]
(n) someone whose job is
to write articles in a
newspaper or magazine
giving their opinion about a
new play, book, art
exhibition, etc.
supplement [ˈsʌplɪmənt]
(n) a separate part of a
newspaper or magazine
blurt out [blɜːt] [aʊt]
say something suddenly
and without thining about
the effect it will have,
usually because you are
nervous or excited
prerecorded prerecorded
(adj) prerecorded messages,
music, television or radio
programmes have been
recorded so that they can be
used later
subtitles [ˈsʌbˌtaɪtlz]
(n) a translation of what
people are saying in a
foreign language film or
television programme that
appears at the bottom of the
screen
trailer [ˈtreɪlə]
(n) an advertisement for a
film or television
programme that shows a
short part of that film or
programme
come out [kʌm] [aʊt] come out with [kʌm] [aʊt] dry up [draɪ] [ʌp]
[wɪð]

get across [gɛt] [əˈkrɒs] get (a)round [gɛt] ([eɪ]) get through (to) [gɛt] [θruː]
[raʊnd] ([tuː])

let on [lɛt] [ɒn] pass on [pɑːs] [ɒn] put across/over [pʊt] [ə

ˈkrɒs]/[ˈəʊvə]
dry up [draɪ] [ʌp]
stop talking because you
have forgotten what you
were going to say
get through (to) [gɛt] [θruː]
([tuː])
be connected to a place by
telephone; make someone
understand what you are
trying to say
put across/over [pʊt] [ə
ˈkrɒs]/[ˈəʊvə]
explain an idea, belieg, etc
in a way that is easy to
understand
come out with [kʌm] [aʊt]
[wɪð]
say something suddenly,
usually something that
surprises or shock people
get (a)round [gɛt] ([eɪ])
[raʊnd]
if news get (a)round, a lot
of people hear it
pass on [pɑːs] [ɒn]
give someone something,
for example a message, that
someone else has given you
come out [kʌm] [aʊt]
be removed from
something such as clothing
or cloth by washing or
rubbing; have a particular
result or end in a particular
way
get across [gɛt] [əˈkrɒs]
make people understand
something
let on [lɛt] [ɒn]
talk about something that is
intended to be a secret
set down [sɛt] [daʊn] shout down [ʃaʊt] [daʊn] speak out [spiːk] [aʊt]

talk over [tɔːk] [ˈəʊvə] talk round [tɔːk] [raʊnd] big mouth [bɪg] [maʊθ]

come clean (about get/catch somebody's drift get something off your
something) [kʌm] [kliːn] [gɛt]/[kæʧ] [ˈsʌmbədiz] chest [gɛt] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ] [ɒf]
([əˈbaʊt] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ]) [drɪft] [jə] [ʧɛst]
speak out [spiːk] [aʊt]
state you opinion firmly
and publicly about
something, especially in
order to protest against or
defend something
big mouth [bɪg] [maʊθ]
used as a criticism of
someone when they say
things they should not
get something off your
chest [gɛt] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ] [ɒf]
[jə] [ʧɛst]
talk to someone about
something that has been
worrying you, so that you
feel better about it
shout down [ʃaʊt] [daʊn] set down [sɛt] [daʊn]
make it difficult to hear write something on a piece
what someone says by of paper so that it will not
shouting while they are be forgotten and can be
speaking looked at later; state
offically how something
should be donestart (out),
detonate (a bomb)
talk round [tɔːk] [raʊnd] talk over [tɔːk] [ˈəʊvə]
succeed in persading discuss a proglem or a plan
someone to agree to
something; discuss
something in a general way
and without dealing with
the most important issues
get/catch somebody's drift come clean (about
[gɛt]/[kæʧ] [ˈsʌmbədiz] something) [kʌm] [kliːn]
[drɪft] ([əˈbaʊt] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ])
understand the basic tell the truth about
meaning something that you have
kept secret
get the wrong end of the give somebody your word (hear something)
stick [gɛt] [ðə] [rɒŋ] [ɛnd] [gɪv] [ˈsʌmbədi] [jə] [wɜːd] on/through the grapevine
[əv] [ðə] [stɪk] ([hɪə] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ])
[ɒn]/[θruː] [ðə] [ˈgreɪpvaɪn]

keep somebody posted keep something under your lay/put your cards on the
[kiːp] [ˈsʌmbədi] [ˈpəʊstɪd] hat [kiːp] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ] [ˈʌndə] table [leɪ]/[pʊt] [jə] [kɑːdz]
[jə] [hæt] [ɒn] [ðə] [ˈteɪbl]

speak volumes [spiːk] tell tales [tɛl] [ˈteɪliːz] approximate [əˈprɒksɪmɪt]

[ˈvɒljʊmz]
(hear something)
on/through the grapevine
([hɪə] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ]) [ɒn]/[θruː]
[ðə] [ˈgreɪpvaɪn]
the way in which
information spreads
quickly from one person to
another through
conversation
lay/put your cards on the
table [leɪ]/[pʊt] [jə] [kɑːdz]
[ɒn] [ðə] [ˈteɪbl]
tell people exactly what
you are thinking or what
you are intending to do
approximate [əˈprɒksɪmɪt]
1. (v) to calculate
something in a way that is
not exact 2. (adj) not exact,
but close to an exact
amount, number, time, etc
give somebody your word
[gɪv] [ˈsʌmbədi] [jə] [wɜːd]
promise to do something
keep something under your
hat [kiːp] [ˈsʌmθɪŋ] [ˈʌndə]
[jə] [hæt]
keep something secret
tell tales [tɛl] [ˈteɪliːz]
tell someone in quthority
about bad things that
someone else has done,
because you want them to
be punished
get the wrong end of the
stick [gɛt] [ðə] [rɒŋ] [ɛnd]
[əv] [ðə] [stɪk]
understand something
completely wrongly
keep somebody posted
[kiːp] [ˈsʌmbədi] [ˈpəʊstɪd]
regularly give someone
information about
something they are
interested in, for example
how a situation is changing
or developing
speak volumes [spiːk]
[ˈvɒljʊmz]
provide a lot of
information, especially in
an indirect way
ascribe [əsˈkraɪb] assign [əˈsaɪn] attribute [ˈætrɪbjuːt]

blow [bləʊ] cause [kɔːz] coincidence [kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns]

curse [kɜːs] deliberate [dɪˈlɪbərɪt] determine [dɪˈtɜːmɪn]

attribute [ˈætrɪbjuːt]
(v) to believe that
something is the result of a
particular situation, event
or person's actions
coincidence [kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns]
(n) a situation in which
separate things happen by
chance at the same time or
in the same way
determine [dɪˈtɜːmɪn]
(v) to calculate something
or discover it by examining
evidence
assign [əˈsaɪn]
(v) to send someone to a
particular place, especially
in order for them to work
there
cause [kɔːz]
1. (v) to make something
happen, usually something
bad 2. (n) an event, thing or
person that makes
something happen
deliberate [dɪˈlɪbərɪt]
(adj) intended, not done by
chance or by accident
ascribe [əsˈkraɪb]
(v) to believe something is
the cause of something else
blow [bləʊ]
(n) an event that causes you
to feel very sad,
desappointed or shocked
curse [kɜːs]
1. (v) to use magic powers
to make bad things happen
to someone 2. (n) a bad
situation or event caused by
someone's deliberate use of
their magic powers
fate [feɪt] fluctuate [ˈflʌktjʊeɪt] foresee [fɔːˈsiː]

freak [friːk] gamble [ˈgæmbl] haphazard [ˈhæpˈhæzəd]

hazard [ˈhæzəd] inadvertent [ˌɪnədˈvɜːtənt] instrumental [ˌɪnstrʊˈmɛntl]

foresee [fɔːˈsiː]
(v) to see or know
something that will happen
in the future
haphazard [ˈhæpˈhæzəd]
(adj) done in a way that
does not seem to be
carefully planned or
organised
instrumental [ˌɪnstrʊˈmɛntl]
(adj) involved in an
important way in making
something happen
fluctuate [ˈflʌktjʊeɪt]
(v) to change frequently
gamble [ˈgæmbl]
(v) to risk money or
something baluable in the
hope of winning more if
you are lucky or if you
guess something correctly
inadvertent [ˌɪnədˈvɜːtənt]
(adj) not deliberate
fate [feɪt]
(n) a power that some
people believe controls
everything that happens in
their lives
freak [friːk]
1. (n) something with very
unusual features that make
it very different from other
things of its type 2. (adj)
extremely unusual and
unexpected
hazard [ˈhæzəd]
(n) something that could be
dangerous or cause damage
or accidents
jinxed [ʤɪŋkst] likelihood [ˈlaɪklɪhʊd] lucky charm [ˈlʌki] [ʧɑːm]

meander [mɪˈændə] mishap [ˈmɪshæp] mutate [mju(ː)ˈteɪt]

odds [ɒdz] pick [pɪk] pot luck [pɒt] [lʌk]

lucky charm [ˈlʌki] [ʧɑːm]
(n phr) something that
people believe brings them
luck
mutate [mju(ː)ˈteɪt]
(v) to become physically
different from other plants
or animals of the same type
as a result of a genetic
change
pot luck [pɒt] [lʌk]
(n phr) a situation in which
you do not know what to
expect, but you hope that it
will be good
likelihood [ˈlaɪklɪhʊd] jinxed [ʤɪŋkst]
(n) how certain it is that (adj) someone or something
something will happen that is jinxed has a lot of
bad luck
mishap [ˈmɪshæp] meander [mɪˈændə]
(n) a minor mistake or (v) to move slowly without
accident a particular direction or
purpose in mind
pick [pɪk] odds [ɒdz]
1. (v) to choose somehone (n) the chances of
or something from a group something happening
2. (n) choice
random [ˈrændəm] sign [saɪn] speculate [ˈspɛkjʊleɪt]

spontaneous [spɒnˈteɪniəs] startle [ˈstɑːtl] statistics [stəˈtɪstɪks]

stray [streɪ] superstition [ˌsjuːpəˈstɪʃən] superstitious [ˌsjuːpəˈstɪʃəs]

speculate [ˈspɛkjʊleɪt]
(v) to consider or discuss
why something has
happened
statistics [stəˈtɪstɪks]
(n) a group of numbers that
represent facts or describe a
situatioin
superstitious [ˌsjuːpəˈstɪʃəs]
(adj) believing in the power
of magic or luck
sign [saɪn]
(n) a piece of evidence that
something is happening or
that something exists
startle [ˈstɑːtl]
(v) to make a person or
animal feel suddenly
frightened or suprised by
doing something they do
not expect
superstition [ˌsjuːpəˈstɪʃən]
(n) a belief that things such
as magic or luck have the
power to affect you life
random [ˈrændəm]
(adj) chosen or happening
without any particular
method, pattern or purpose
spontaneous [spɒnˈteɪniəs]
(adj)happening in a natural
way without being planned
or thought about
stray [streɪ]
1. (v) to move away from
the correct place or path 2.
(adj) lost or without a home
3. (n) a pet that is lost or
has left its home
transpire [trænsˈpaɪə] uncertainty [ʌnˈsɜːtnti] wobble [ˈwɒbl]

agriculture [ˈægrɪkʌlʧə] appreciate [əˈpriːʃɪeɪt] catastrophe [kəˈtæstrəfi]

crop [krɒp] drought [draʊt] evacuate [ɪˈvækjʊeɪt]

wobble [ˈwɒbl]
(v) to rock slightly from
side to side, or to make
something do this
catastrophe [kəˈtæstrəfi]
(n) an event that causes a
lot of damage or makes a
lot of people suffer
evacuate [ɪˈvækjʊeɪt]
(v) to leave a building or
other place because it is not
safe
uncertainty [ʌnˈsɜːtnti] transpire [trænsˈpaɪə]
(n) the fact that something (v) to happen
is not known or has not
been decided
appreciate [əˈpriːʃɪeɪt] agriculture [ˈægrɪkʌlʧə]
(v) 1. to understand the true (n) the work, business or
nature of a situation, and study of farming
realise why it is impotant or
serious 2. to be grateful for
something
drought [draʊt] crop [krɒp]
(n) a long period of time (n) a plant grown for food,
when there is little or no usually on a farm
rain and crops die
exploit [ˈɛksplɔɪt] famine [ˈfæmɪn] flood [flʌd]

fossil fuels [ˈfɒsl] [fjʊəlz] global warming [ˈgləʊbəl] greenery [ˈgriːnəri]

[ˈwɔːmɪŋ]

habitat [ˈhæbɪtæt] harvest [ˈhɑːvɪst] hurricane [ˈhʌrɪkən]

flood [flʌd]
1. (v) if water floods a
place, it covers it 2. (n) a
large amount of water that
covers an area that was dry
before
greenery [ˈgriːnəri]
(n) green plants that are
growing somewhere or
used as decoration
hurricane [ˈhʌrɪkən]
(n) a violent storm with
extremely strong winds and
heavy rain
famine [ˈfæmɪn]
(n) a serious lack of food
that continues for a long
time and causes many
people in a country to
become ill or die
global warming [ˈgləʊbəl]
[ˈwɔːmɪŋ]
(n phr) an increase in the
average temperature of the
Earth
harvest [ˈhɑːvɪst]
1. (v) to collect a crop from
the fields 2. (n) the time
when a crop is collected
exploit [ˈɛksplɔɪt]
(v) 1. to use natural
resources such as trees,
water or oil so that you
gain as much as possible 2.
to treat someone unfairly in
order to get some benefit
for yourself
fossil fuels [ˈfɒsl] [fjʊəlz]
(n phr) fuels such as coal or
oil, made from decayed
material from animals or
plants that lived many
thousands of years ago
habitat [ˈhæbɪtæt]
(n) the type of place that an
animal normally lives in or
a plant normally grows in
instinct [ˈɪnstɪŋkt] natural disaster [ˈnæʧrəl] resource [rɪˈsɔːs]
[dɪˈzɑːstə]

scarce [skeəs] species [ˈspiːʃiːz] chance upon [ʧɑːns] [ə

ˈpɒn]

come across [kʌm] [əˈkrɒs] cool down [kuːl] [daʊn] cut back (on) [kʌt] [bæk]
([ɒn])
resource [rɪˈsɔːs]
(n) things such as coal,
trees and oil that exist in
nature and can be used by
people
chance upon [ʧɑːns] [ə
ˈpɒn]
find or see someone or
something when you did
not expect to
cut back (on) [kʌt] [bæk]
([ɒn])
reduce the amount of
something, especially
money that you spend
natural disaster [ˈnæʧrəl]
[dɪˈzɑːstə]
(n phr) something very bad
that happens and causes a
lot of damage or kills a lot
of people
species [ˈspiːʃiːz]
(n) a plant or animal group
whose members all have
similar general features and
are able to produce young
plants or animals together
cool down [kuːl] [daʊn]
become cooler, or make
something cooler
instinct [ˈɪnstɪŋkt]
(n) a natural tendency to
behave in a particular way
that people and animals are
born with and that they
obey without knowing why
scarce [skeəs]
(adj) if something is scarce,
there is not very much of it
come across [kʌm] [əˈkrɒs]
meet someone or find
something by chance
die out [daɪ] [aʊt] dig up [dɪg] [ʌp] dry up [draɪ] [ʌp]

get through [gɛt] [θruː] heat up [hiːt] [ʌp] kill off [kɪl] [ɒf]

put down to [pʊt] [daʊn] slip up [slɪp] [ʌp] spring up [sprɪŋ] [ʌp]
[tʊ]
dry up [draɪ] [ʌp]
if something dries up or is
dried up, all the water
comes out of it; stop being
available
kill off [kɪl] [ɒf]
destroy living things so that
most or all of them are
dead
spring up [sprɪŋ] [ʌp]
appear or be produced
suddenly and quickly
dig up [dɪg] [ʌp] die out [daɪ] [aʊt]
remove something from become weaker or less
under the ground by common and then
digging; dig holes in an desappear completely
area of land; find
information by searching
carefully
heat up [hiːt] [ʌp] get through [gɛt] [θruː]
make something hot; use or finish something;
become hot manage to deal with a
difficult situation or stay
alive until it is over; finish
dealing with some work, a
subject etc
slip up [slɪp] [ʌp] put down to [pʊt] [daʊn]
[tʊ]
make a careless mistake
if you put something down
to a particular reason, you
think it has happened for
that reason
store up [stɔːr] [ʌp] throw out [θrəʊ] [aʊt] throw up [θrəʊ] [ʌp]

an act of God [ən] [ækt] come rain or shine [kʌm] down on your luck [daʊn]
[əv] [gɒd] [reɪn] [ɔː] [ʃaɪn] [ɒn] [jə] [lʌk]

draw the short straw [drɔː] have green fingers [həv] let nature take its course
[ðə] [ʃɔːt] [strɔː] [griːn] [ˈfɪŋgəz] [lɛt] [ˈneɪʧə] [teɪk] [ɪts]
[kɔːs]
throw up [θrəʊ] [ʌp]
produce something new or
unexpected; cause
something such as dust or
water to rise into the air
down on your luck [daʊn]
[ɒn] [jə] [lʌk]
having a long period of
difficulty finding work and
earning money
let nature take its course
[lɛt] [ˈneɪʧə] [teɪk] [ɪts]
[kɔːs]
allow something to develop
without trying to influence
it
throw out [θrəʊ] [aʊt]
get rid of something that
you no longer want,
someone to leave a place or
group; if someone in
authority thows out a plan,
proposal, etc they refuse to
accept it
come rain or shine [kʌm]
[reɪn] [ɔː] [ʃaɪn]
used for saying that
something always happens
or someone always does
something despite bad
weather or difficult
conditions
have green fingers [həv]
[griːn] [ˈfɪŋgəz]
be good at growing plants
store up [stɔːr] [ʌp]
keep a lot of something so
that you can use it later; do
something that will cause
problems in the future
an act of God [ən] [ækt]
[əv] [gɒd]
an event such as a flood,
lightning or an earthquake
that is produced by natural
forces, and that people have
no control over
draw the short straw [drɔː]
[ðə] [ʃɔːt] [strɔː]
be chosen to do something
unpleasant
no rhyme or reason [nəʊ] out of the blue [aʊt] [əv] the luck of the draw [ðə]
[raɪm] [ɔː] [ˈriːzn] [ðə] [bluː] [lʌk] [əv] [ðə] [drɔː]

touch wood [tʌʧ] [wʊd] abundant [əˈbʌndənt] ample [ˈæmpl]

area [ˈeərɪə] average [ˈævərɪʤ] batch [bæʧ]

the luck of the draw [ðə]
[lʌk] [əv] [ðə] [drɔː]
used for saying people have
limited control over what
life brings them
ample [ˈæmpl]
(adj) enough, and often
more than you need
batch [bæʧ]
1. (n) a number of things or
people that arrive or are
dealt with at the same time
2. (v) to group things
together
out of the blue [aʊt] [əv]
[ðə] [bluː]
happening in a way that is
sudden and unexpected,
and does not seem
connected with anything
that happened before
abundant [əˈbʌndənt]
(adj) existing or available
in large quantities
average [ˈævərɪʤ]
1. (adj) around a usual or
ordinary level or standard
2. (adj) not very good 3.
(adj) calculated by adding a
group of numbers together
and dividing the total by
the amount of numbers 4.
(n) the amount, level,
standard, etc that is typical
of a group of people or
things 5. (n) an amount that
is calculated by adding
several numbers together
no rhyme or reason [nəʊ]
[raɪm] [ɔː] [ˈriːzn]
used for emphasising that
there is no reason or
explanation for something
touch wood [tʌʧ] [wʊd]
used when you have said
that you have had good
luck in order to prevent bad
luck from happening to you
area [ˈeərɪə]
(n) 1. a place on the surface
of something such as a part
of your body 2. the amount
of space that the surface of
a place or shape covers
 and dividng the total by the
bulk [bʌlk] considerable [kənˈsɪdərəbl]
original number of things countless [ˈkaʊntlɪs]
you added together

dimension [dɪˈmɛnʃən] diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] equation [ɪˈkweɪʃən]

equidistant [ˈiːkwɪˈdɪstənt] expand [ɪksˈpænd] extent [ɪksˈtɛnt]

countless [ˈkaʊntlɪs]
(adj) very many, especially
more than you think is
reasonable
equation [ɪˈkweɪʃən]
(n) 1. a statement in
mathematics that two set of
numbers or expressions are
equal 2. all the different
aspects that you have to
consider in a situation
extent [ɪksˈtɛnt]
(n) 1. the importance of a
problem or situation 2. the
degree to which something
happens or is likely to
happen 3. the size or area
of seomthing
considerable [kənˈsɪdərəbl]
(adj) large in size, amount
or degree
diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ]
(v) 1. to become less 2. to
make something become
less
expand [ɪksˈpænd]
(v) to become or make
larger in size and fill more
space
bulk [bʌlk]
(n) 1. something that is
very larger, wide and solid
2. the majority or largest
part of something 3. if
something is bought or sold
in bulk, it is bought or sold
in large quantities
dimension [dɪˈmɛnʃən]
(n) 1. a part of a situation,
especially when it
influences the way you
think about the situation 2.
length, height or width
equidistant [ˈiːkwɪˈdɪstənt]
(adj) at the same distance
from two places
finite [ˈfaɪnaɪt] force [fɔːs] fraction [ˈfrækʃən]

heap [hiːp] imbalance [ɪmˈbæləns] immense [ɪˈmɛns]

intensity [ɪnˈtɛnsɪti] magnitude [ˈmægnɪtjuːd] major [ˈmeɪʤə]

fraction [ˈfrækʃən]
(n) 1. a small part or
amount of something 2. a
division or part of a whole
number, for example 1.2 or
3.4
immense [ɪˈmɛns]
(adj) extremely large
major [ˈmeɪʤə]
(adj) important, serious,
large or great
force [fɔːs] finite [ˈfaɪnaɪt]
1. (n) physical strenth or (adj) existing only in
violence 2. (n) the limited numbers or
influence or powerful effect amounts or continuing only
that someone has 3. (n) a for a limited time or
power that makes an object distance
move or changes the way it
moves 4. (v) to make
someone do something that
they do not want to do, for
example by using or
threatening to use violence
5. (v) to use physical force
to move something in a
particular direction
imbalance [ɪmˈbæləns] heap [hiːp]
(n) a situation in which the 1. (n) a large pile o
balance between two things something, especially an
is not equal or fair untidy pile 2. (v) to make a
big untidy pile of things
magnitude [ˈmægnɪtjuːd] intensity [ɪnˈtɛnsɪti]
(n) great size, importance (n) strength
or effect
mass [mæs] meagre [ˈmiːgə] minor [ˈmaɪnə]

minute [ˈmɪnɪt] multiple [ˈmʌltɪpl] proportion [prəˈpɔːʃən]

quantify [ˈkwɒntɪfaɪ] rate [reɪt] ratio [ˈreɪʃɪəʊ]

minor [ˈmaɪnə]
(adj) not very important in
comparison with people or
things of the same type
proportion [prəˈpɔːʃən]
(n) a quantity of something
that is a part or share of the
whole
ratio [ˈreɪʃɪəʊ]
(n) a relationship between
two thing expressed as two
numbers or amounts
meagre [ˈmiːgə] mass [mæs]
(adj) smaller or less than (n) 1. a large quantity or
you want or need number 2. the amount of
physical matter an object
contains
multiple [ˈmʌltɪpl] minute [ˈmɪnɪt]
1. (adj) involving or (adj) very small
consisting of many people,
things or parts 2. (n) a
number that you can divide
by a smaller number an
exact number of times
rate [reɪt] quantify [ˈkwɒntɪfaɪ]
1. (n) the number of times (v) to measure or describe
something happens, or the something as a quantity
number of examples of
something within a
particular period of time 2.
(n) the speed at which
something happens within a
particular period of time 3.
(v) to consider that
someone or something has
a particular quality or has
achieved a particular
standard or level
ration [ˈræʃən] shrink [ʃrɪŋk] sufficient [səˈfɪʃənt]

sum [sʌm] uneven [ʌnˈiːvən] vast [vɑːst]

volume [ˈvɒljʊm] widespread [ˈwaɪdsprɛd] benefit [ˈbɛnɪfɪt]

sufficient [səˈfɪʃənt]
(adj) as much as is needed
vast [vɑːst]
(adj) extremely large
benefit [ˈbɛnɪfɪt]
1. (n) money or other help
that the government gives
people who need financial
help. for example because
they do not have a job 2.
(n) an advantage you get
from a situatioin 3. (v) to
get help or an advantage
from something
shrink [ʃrɪŋk]
(v) to become or make
something smaller in size
uneven [ʌnˈiːvən]
(adj) not regular in terms of
size, length, quality or
quantity
widespread [ˈwaɪdsprɛd]
(adj) happening or existing
in many places, or affecting
many people
ration [ˈræʃən]
1. (n) a limited amount of
something, especially food,
that you are allowed to
have, for example when
there is not much available
or when someone else is
controlling it 2. (v) to
control the supply of
something such as food so
that people are allowed
only a fixed amount
sum [sʌm]
(n) 1. an amount of money
2. a simple calculation
volume [ˈvɒljʊm]
(n) 1. an amount of
something 2. the amount of
space something takes or
can be filled with
compensation [ˌkɒmpɛn damages [ˈdæmɪʤɪz] debt [dɛt]
ˈseɪʃən]

deduct [dɪˈdʌkt] deposit [dɪˈpɒzɪt] direct debit [dɪˈrɛkt]

[ˈdɛbɪt]

dividend [ˈdɪvɪdɛnd] down payment [daʊn] finance [faɪˈnæns]

[ˈpeɪmənt]
debt [dɛt]
(n) an amount of money
that you owe
direct debit [dɪˈrɛkt]
[ˈdɛbɪt]
(n phr) an order to a bank
to regularly pay money
from your account to a
person or organisation
finance [faɪˈnæns]
1. (n) decisions on how
money is spent or invested
2. (n) money that is used to
pay for something such as a
large project 3. (v) to pay
for something such as a
large project
damages [ˈdæmɪʤɪz]
(n) money that a court
orders you to pay someone
because you have harmed
them or their property
deposit [dɪˈpɒzɪt]
1. (n) a first payment that
you make when you agree
to buy or rent something
expensive such as a car or
house 2. (n) an amount of
money that you pay into a
bank account 3. (v) to pay
money into a bank account
down payment [daʊn]
[ˈpeɪmənt]
(n phr) a first payment that
you make when you are
buying something and are
going to pay the rest later
compensation [ˌkɒmpɛn
ˈseɪʃən]
(n) money that someone
receives because something
bad has happened to them
deduct [dɪˈdʌkt]
(v) to take an amount or
number from a total
dividend [ˈdɪvɪdɛnd]
(n) a share of the progits of
a company, paid once or
twice a year to the people
who own the company's
shares
insurance [ɪnˈʃʊərəns] interest [ˈɪntrɪst] investment [ɪnˈvɛstmənt]

lump sum [lʌmp] [sʌm] mortgage [ˈmɔːgɪʤ] overdraft [ˈəʊvədrɑːft]

pension [ˈpɛnʃən] share [ʃeə] speculate [ˈspɛkjʊleɪt]

investment [ɪnˈvɛstmənt]
(n) 1. money used in a way
that may earn you more
money, for example money
used for buying property or
shares in a company 2. the
process of spending money
in order to improve
something or make it more
successful
overdraft [ˈəʊvədrɑːft]
(n) an agreement with your
bank that allows you to
spend money when you
have no money left in your
account
speculate [ˈspɛkjʊleɪt]
(v) to take the risk of
investing your money in a
company in the hope that
you can make a big profit
later by selling the shares
you buy
interest [ˈɪntrɪst]
(n) money that a person ir
institution such as a bank
charges you for lending you
money
mortgage [ˈmɔːgɪʤ]
(n) a legal agreement in
which you borrow money
from a bank in order to buy
a house. You pay back your
mortgage by making
monthly payments
share [ʃeə]
(n) one of the equal parts of
a company that you can
buy as a way of investing
money
insurance [ɪnˈʃʊərəns]
(n) an arrangement in
which you regularly pay an
insurance company or other
organisation an amount of
money so that they will
give you money if
something you own is
damaged, lost or stolen, or
you die or are ill or injured
lump sum [lʌmp] [sʌm]
(n phr) money in a single
large payment rather than
small separate payments
pension [ˈpɛnʃən]
(n) an amount of money
that someone who no
longer works because of
their age or an illness, etc is
paid regularly, either by a
company they once worked
for or by the government
withdraw [wɪðˈdrɔː] Add up to [æd] [ʌp] [tʊ] break down [breɪk] [daʊn]

build up [bɪld] [ʌp] buy off [baɪ] [ɒf] buy out [baɪ] [aʊt]

buy up [baɪ] [ʌp] carry over [ˈkæri] [ˈəʊvə] clock up [klɒk] [ʌp]
break down [breɪk] [daʊn] Add up to [æd] [ʌp] [tʊ] withdraw [wɪðˈdrɔː]

divide something such as a if separate amounts add up (v) to take money from a
total amount into separate to a total amount, together bank account
parts they form that total;
combine to produce a
particular result or effect

buy out [baɪ] [aʊt] buy off [baɪ] [ɒf] build up [bɪld] [ʌp]

pay money to your business give someone money so increase or make something
partner so that you can that they do not act against increase; gradually
control all of a business you develop; talk about
you previously owned someone or something in a
together very positive way so that
people are impressed with
them; make someone
begger, healthier and
stronger, especially by
making them eat more

clock up [klɒk] [ʌp] carry over [ˈkæri] [ˈəʊvə] buy up [baɪ] [ʌp]

reach a particular number take something that you buy large amounts of
or amount earn or a re given in one something or all of it that is
year or period of time into available
the next one
club together [klʌb] [tə drum up [drʌm] [ʌp] mount up [maʊnt] [ʌp]
ˈgɛðə]

pay back [peɪ] [bæk] pay out [peɪ] [aʊt] size up [saɪz] [ʌp]

take away [teɪk] [əˈweɪ] weigh down [weɪ] [daʊn] a drop in the ocean [ə]
[drɒp] [ɪn] [ði] [ˈəʊʃən]
mount up [maʊnt] [ʌp]
get much larger
size up [saɪz] [ʌp]
think carefully and form an
opinion about a person or a
situation
a drop in the ocean [ə]
[drɒp] [ɪn] [ði] [ˈəʊʃən]
a very small amount that
will not have much effect
drum up [drʌm] [ʌp] club together [klʌb] [tə
ˈgɛðə]
try to make people support
you or buy something from if people club together,
you each of them gives some
money so all the money
collected can be used to
buy something
pay out [peɪ] [aʊt] pay back [peɪ] [bæk]
spend or pay money, give someone the same
especially a lot of money; amount of money that you
provide money from an borrowed from them
amount invested over a
period of time
weigh down [weɪ] [daʊn] take away [teɪk] [əˈweɪ]
make someone heavy and remove one number or
unable to move easily; quantity from another
cause problems for number or quantity
someone or something or
make someone worried
break even [breɪk] [ˈiːvən] fall short [fɔːl] [ʃɔːt] fifty-fifty [ˈfɪftɪˈfɪfti]

go halves [gəʊ] [hɑːvz] it's as broad as it's long [ɪts] keep up with the Joneses
[əz] [brɔːd] [əz] [ɪts] [lɒŋ] [kiːp] [ʌp] [wɪð] [ðə]
[ˈʤəʊnzɪz]

knee-high to a grasshopper line your pocket(s) [laɪn] lock, stock and barrel [lɒk],
[ˈniːˈhaɪ] [tʊ] [ə] [ˈgrɑːs [jə] [ˈpɒkɪt]([ɛs]) [stɒk] [ənd] [ˈbærəl]
ˌhɒpə]
fifty-fifty [ˈfɪftɪˈfɪfti]
equal, or into two equal
parts
keep up with the Joneses
[kiːp] [ʌp] [wɪð] [ðə]
[ˈʤəʊnzɪz]
try to be as rich, successful,
etc as your neighbours
lock, stock and barrel [lɒk],
[stɒk] [ənd] [ˈbærəl]
including every part of a
particular thing, situation,
place, etc
fall short [fɔːl] [ʃɔːt]
not reach a particular level
or to fail to achieve
something you were trying
to do
it's as broad as it's long [ɪts]
[əz] [brɔːd] [əz] [ɪts] [lɒŋ]
used for saying that you
cannot choose between two
things or actions because
they are equal
line your pocket(s) [laɪn]
[jə] [ˈpɒkɪt]([ɛs])
obtain money, especially by
acting dishonestly
break even [breɪk] [ˈiːvən]
if a person or business
breaks even, they neither
make a profit nor lose
money
go halves [gəʊ] [hɑːvz]
share the cost of something
with someone so that you
each pay 50%
knee-high to a grasshopper
[ˈniːˈhaɪ] [tʊ] [ə] [ˈgrɑːs
ˌhɒpə]
very small, because you
were very young
six of one (and) half a tidy sum/amount [ˈtaɪdi] block [blɒk]
dozen of the other [sɪks] [sʌm]/[əˈmaʊnt]
[əv] [wʌn] ([ænd]) [hɑːf]
[ə] [ˈdʌzn] [əv] [ði] [ˈʌðə]

brittle [ˈbrɪtl] chip [ʧɪp] compact [ˈkɒmpækt]

concentrate [ˈkɒnsəntreɪt] crack [kræk] crumb [krʌm]

block [blɒk]
1. (v) to stop something
from moving through or
along something else 2. (n)
a solid piece of wood,
stone, ice, etc with straight
sides
compact [ˈkɒmpækt]
1. (v) to make something
smaller or firmer by
pressing it, or to become
smaller or firmer like this
2. (adj) smaller than most
things of the same kind
crumb [krʌm]
(n) a very small piece that
falls off a dry food such as
bread or cake
tidy sum/amount [ˈtaɪdi] six of one (and) half a
[sʌm]/[əˈmaʊnt] dozen of the other [sɪks]
[əv] [wʌn] ([ænd]) [hɑːf]
large sum/amount [ə] [ˈdʌzn] [əv] [ði] [ˈʌðə]
used for saying that two
things are equally good or
bad
chip [ʧɪp] brittle [ˈbrɪtl]
1. (v) if something hard (adj) a brittle substance or
chips, or you chip it, a object is hard and can
small piece of it breaks off easily break into pieces
2. (n) a small piece of
something such as wood or
glass, especially when it
has broken off something
crack [kræk] concentrate [ˈkɒnsəntreɪt]
1. (v) to damage something (v) make a solution of
so that a line or long something in water stronger
narrow hole appears on its
surface, but it does not
break into pieces 2. (n) a
line on a surgace where
something is beginning to
break apart
crush [krʌʃ] dense [dɛns] dilute [daɪˈljuːt]

dissolve [dɪˈzɒlv] fabric [ˈfæbrɪk] firm [fɜːm]

flake [fleɪk] fragile [ˈfræʤaɪl] friction [ˈfrɪkʃən]

dilute [daɪˈljuːt]
1. (v) to make a liquid less
strong by adding water or
another liquid 2. (adj) a
dilute liquid has been
mixed with another liquid
to make it less strong
firm [fɜːm]
(adj) solid but not hard
friction [ˈfrɪkʃən]
(n) the physical force that
makes it difficult for one
suface to move over
another
dense [dɛns]
(adj) a dense substance is
very heavy in relation to its
size
fabric [ˈfæbrɪk]
(n) cloth, especially when it
is used for making things
such as clothes or cutains
fragile [ˈfræʤaɪl]
(adj) easy to break or
damage
crush [krʌʃ]
1. (v) to hit or press
something so hard that you
damage it severely or
destroy it, especially by
making its shape flatter 2.
(n) a crowd of people all
extremely close together in
an area that is too smal for
them
dissolve [dɪˈzɒlv]
(v) if a solid substance
dissolves in a liquid, it is
mixed into the liquid so
that it becomes included in
it
flake [fleɪk]
1. (v) to come off a surgace
in small flat pieces 2. (n) a
small flat piece of
something
grain [greɪn] gravity [ˈgrævɪti] grind [graɪnd]

hollow [ˈhɒləʊ] liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd] lump [lʌmp]

mineral [ˈmɪnərəl] mould [məʊld] opaque [əʊˈpeɪk]

grind [graɪnd]
(v) to break something into
very small pieces or
powder, by using a machine
or by crushing it between
two hard surfaces
lump [lʌmp]
1. (v) to put people or
things into the same group,
although they do not really
belong together 2. (n) a
solid piece of something
that does not have a reular
shape
opaque [əʊˈpeɪk]
(adj) opaque glass, liquid,
etc is difficult to see
through
gravity [ˈgrævɪti] grain [greɪn]
(n) the force that makes (n) a very small individual
something fall to the piece of substance such as
ground sand, salt or sugar
liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd] hollow [ˈhɒləʊ]
1. (n) a substance that can (adj) empty inside
flow, has no fixed shape,
and is not a solid or gas 2.
(adj) in the form of a liquid
mould [məʊld] mineral [ˈmɪnərəl]
1. (v) to give something a (n) a natual substance in the
particular shape or form 2. earth, for example coal,
(n) a shaped container into salt, gold or diamonds
which you pour a liquid
that then becomes a solide
in the shape of the
container
pat [pæt] pile [paɪl] polish [ˈpɒlɪʃ]

scratch [skræʧ] scrub [skrʌb] smash [smæʃ]

solid [ˈsɒlɪd] speck [spɛk] squash [skwɒʃ]

polish [ˈpɒlɪʃ]
1. (v) to rub the surgace of
something in order to make
it shine 2. (n) a chemical
substance that you rub onto
an object to make it shine
smash [smæʃ]
(v) to break something
noisily into many pieces by
dropping or hitting it with a
lot of force
squash [skwɒʃ]
1. (v) to damage something
by pressing or crushing it
and making it lose its
normal shape 2. (n) a
situation in which there are
too many people in a small
space
pile [paɪl]
1. (v) to put a large number
of things on top of each
other 2. (n) a number of
things put on top of each
other
scrub [skrʌb]
1. (v) to wash or clean
something by rbbing it
hard, especially with a
brush 2. (n) a thorough
wash or clean
speck [spɛk]
(n) a very small spot or
mark
pat [pæt]
1. (v) to touch someone
gently several times with a
glat hand to show that you
care about them or want to
make them feel better 2. (n)
the action of gently
touching someone or
something several times
with a flat hand
scratch [skræʧ]
1. (v) to pull your nails
along your skin, especially
because you have an itch
that makes you want to do
this 2. (v) to damage a
surface by marking it with
something sharp or rough
3. (n) a thing mark on a
surface
solid [ˈsɒlɪd]
1. (n) a substance that is not
a liquid or a gas 2. (adj) a
solide substance is firm and
hard and is not a liquid or a
gas
squeeze [skwiːz] stack [stæk] stiff [stɪf]

stroke [strəʊk] stuff [stʌf] substance [ˈsʌbstəns]

synthetic [sɪnˈθɛtɪk] tear [teə] texture [ˈtɛksʧə]

stiff [stɪf]
(adj) firm and difficult to
bend
substance [ˈsʌbstəns]
(n) a particular type of
liquid, solid or gas
texture [ˈtɛksʧə]
(n) the way something feels
when you touch it
stack [stæk]
1. (v) to arrange things so
that they stand one on top
of another 2. (n) a pile of
things placed one on top of
another
stuff [stʌf]
1. (v) to push something
soft into a space or
container 2. (n) a variety of
objects or things
tear [teə]
1. (v) to pull something so
that it separates into pieces
or gets a hole in it, or to
become damaged in this
way 2. (n) a hole in a piece
of paper, cloth, etc where it
has been torn
squeeze [skwiːz]
1. (v) to press something
firmly, especially with your
hands 2. (n) the action of
squeezing something
stroke [strəʊk]
1. (v) to gently move your
hand over skin, hair or fur
2. (n) a gentle movement of
your hand across skin, hair
or fur
synthetic [sɪnˈθɛtɪk]
(adj) made from artificial
materials or substances, not
from natural ones
transparent [trænsˈpeərənt] built-up [bɪlt]-[ʌp] bypass [ˈbaɪpɑːs]

construct [kənˈstrʌkt] demolish [dɪˈmɒlɪʃ] district [ˈdɪstrɪkt]

dwell [dwɛl] estate [ɪsˈteɪt] evict [i(ː)ˈvɪkt]

bypass [ˈbaɪpɑːs]
1. (v) to avoid the centre of
a town or city by using a
road that goes round it 2.
(n) a road that goes round a
town or city so that you can
avoid going through its
centre
district [ˈdɪstrɪkt]
(n) an area of a town or
country
evict [i(ː)ˈvɪkt]
(v) to legally force
someone to leave the house
they are living in, usually
because they have not paid
their rent
built-up [bɪlt]-[ʌp]
(adj) a built-up area has a
lot of buildings in it
demolish [dɪˈmɒlɪʃ]
(v) to deliberately destroy a
building
estate [ɪsˈteɪt]
(n) an area where there are
many houses, usually built
at the same time by the
same company
transparent [trænsˈpeərənt]
(adj) a transparent object or
substance is clear or thin
enough for you to see
things through
construct [kənˈstrʌkt]
(v) to build something large
or complicated, such as a
bridge or road
dwell [dwɛl]
(v) to live somewhere
high-rise [ˈhaɪraɪz] housing [ˈhaʊzɪŋ] infrastructure [ˈɪnfrə
ˌstrʌkʧə]

inner city [ˈɪnə] [ˈsɪti] occupy [ˈɒkjʊpaɪ] populated [ˈpɒpjʊleɪtɪd]

skyline [ˈskaɪlaɪn] skyscraper [ˈskaɪˌskreɪpə] structure [ˈstrʌkʧə]

infrastructure [ˈɪnfrə
ˌstrʌkʧə]
(n) the set of systems
within a place or
organisation that affect how
well it operates, for
example the telephone and
transport systems in a
country
populated [ˈpɒpjʊleɪtɪd]
(adj) a populated area has
people living there
structure [ˈstrʌkʧə]
(n) something large sch as a
building or a bridge that is
built from different parts
housing [ˈhaʊzɪŋ]
(n) buildings for people to
live in
occupy [ˈɒkjʊpaɪ]
(v) if someone occupies a
room, building, area of
land, seat, bed or other
place during a peiod of
time, they use it
skyscraper [ˈskaɪˌskreɪpə]
(n) avery tall building
containuung offices or flats
high-rise [ˈhaɪraɪz]
(adj) a high-rise building is
very tall with many floors
or levels
inner city [ˈɪnə] [ˈsɪti]
(n phr) an area near the
centre of a large city where
a lot of poverty and other
social problems exist
skyline [ˈskaɪlaɪn]
(n) the shapes made by
buildings or mountains
when you see them against
the sky
suburban [səˈbɜːbən] surroundings [səˈraʊndɪŋz] urban [ˈɜːbən]

board up [bɔːd] [ʌp] close up [kləʊs] [ʌp] come out [kʌm] [aʊt]

cut out [kʌt] [aʊt] fix up [fɪks] [ʌp] knock/pull/tear down

[nɒk]/[pʊl]/[teə] [daʊn]
urban [ˈɜːbən]
(adj) relating to towns and
cities, or happening there
come out [kʌm] [aʊt]
be removed from
something such as clothing
or cloth by washing or
rubbing; have a particular
result or end in a particular
way
knock/pull/tear down
[nɒk]/[pʊl]/[teə] [daʊn]
destroy a building or wall
surroundings [səˈraʊndɪŋz]
(n pl) all the things that are
present in a place and that
form the experience of
being there
close up [kləʊs] [ʌp]
lock the doors of a building
or business
fix up [fɪks] [ʌp]
clean, repair or decorate
something
suburban [səˈbɜːbən]
(adj) relating to an area or
town near a large city but
away from its centre, where
there are many houses,
especially for middle-class
people
board up [bɔːd] [ʌp]
cover a window or door
with wooden boards
cut out [kʌt] [aʊt]
remove something from a
larger piece by cutting; stop
eating something or doing
something, especially
because it is bad for your
health
pile up [paɪl] [ʌp] prop up [prɒp] [ʌp] put in [pʊt] [ɪn]

put together [pʊt] [təˈgɛðə] put up [pʊt] [ʌp] set up [sɛt] [ʌp]

spread out [sprɛd] [aʊt] take down [teɪk] [daʊn] water down [ˈwɔːtə] [daʊn]
put in [pʊt] [ɪn]
spend a particular amount
of time doing something, or
make a particular amount
of effort in order to do
something
set up [sɛt] [ʌp]
build a structure or put it in
a particular place; make a
piece of equipment ready
for use
water down [ˈwɔːtə] [daʊn]
add water to a drink or liqid
in order to make it less
strong, dilute; make
something such as a
statement or newspaper
article less offensive,
powerful or detailed
prop up [prɒp] [ʌp]
stop something from falling
by putting something under
it or against it; help a
government, system,
organisation, etc continue
to exist, especially by
providing financial or
military support
put up [pʊt] [ʌp]
build something such as a
wall, fence or house; let
someone stay in your house
take down [teɪk] [daʊn]
separate a large structure
into pieces; write down
information or a statement
pile up [paɪl] [ʌp]
if something piles up or
someone piles it up, the
amount of it increases a lot
put together [pʊt] [təˈgɛðə]
make something by joining
all its parts; produce or
organize something using
many different things;
choose people or things to
form a team or group
spread out [sprɛd] [aʊt]
if people in a group spread
out, they move away from
one another so that they
cover a large area
wear down [weə] [daʊn] a home (away) from home blot on the landscape [blɒt]
[ə] [həʊm] ([əˈweɪ]) [frəm] [ɒn] [ðə] [ˈlænskeɪp]
[həʊm]

commuter belt [kəˈmjuːtə] concrete jungle [ˈkɒnkriːt] home sweet home [həʊm]
[bɛlt] [ˈʤʌŋgl] [swiːt] [həʊm]

in the sticks [ɪn] [ðə] [stɪks] make yourself at home on the street [ɒn] [ðə]
[meɪk] [jɔːˈsɛlf] [ət] [həʊm] [striːt]
blot on the landscape [blɒt]
[ɒn] [ðə] [ˈlænskeɪp]
something that makes a
place look less attractive,
for example an ugly
building
home sweet home [həʊm]
[swiːt] [həʊm]
used for saying that you are
happy to be back in your
own home
on the street [ɒn] [ðə]
[striːt]
with no place to live
a home (away) from home
[ə] [həʊm] ([əˈweɪ]) [frəm]
[həʊm]
a place where you feel as
relaxed as you do in your
own home
concrete jungle [ˈkɒnkriːt]
[ˈʤʌŋgl]
unpleasant part of a city
where there are a lot of
ugly buildings close
together
make yourself at home
[meɪk] [jɔːˈsɛlf] [ət] [həʊm]
feel relaxed and behave in
the same way as you do in
your own home
wear down [weə] [daʊn]
make something gradually
disappear or become
thinner by using or rubbing
it; make someone gradually
lose their enery or
confidence
commuter belt [kəˈmjuːtə]
[bɛlt]
area surrounding a large
city where many people
who work in that city live
in the sticks [ɪn] [ðə] [stɪks]
in an area far from the town
or city
on the town [ɒn] [ðə] satellite town [ˈsætəlaɪt] acknowledge [əkˈnɒlɪʤ]
[taʊn] [taʊn]

agonise [ˈægənaɪz] apathy [ˈæpəθi] avoid [əˈvɔɪd]

behaviour [bɪˈheɪvjə] chuckle [ˈʧʌkl] comfort [ˈkʌmfət]

acknowledge [əkˈnɒlɪʤ] satellite town [ˈsætəlaɪt] on the town [ɒn] [ðə] [taʊn]
[taʊn]
1. (v) to accept or admit spending the evening
that something exists, is town or city that is close to enjoying yourself in bars,
true or is real 2. (v) to and depends on a larger clubs, theatres, etc
thank someone for city
something they have done
or given you, especially in
writing or by saying it
publicly 3. (v) to show that
you have seen someone or
that you recognise them,
for example by smiling or
speaking to them

avoid [əˈvɔɪd] apathy [ˈæpəθi] agonise [ˈægənaɪz]

(v) 1. to try to prevent
something from happening
2. to try not to go near
someone or something 3. to
choose not to do something
in order to achieve a better
result
(n) a feeling of having no
interest in or enthusiasm
about anything, or of not
being willing to make any
effort to change things
(v) to spend a long time
worrying and being upset
about something

comfort [ˈkʌmfət] chuckle [ˈʧʌkl] behaviour [bɪˈheɪvjə]

1. (n) a physically relaxed 1. (n) a quiet laugh 2. (v) to (n) theway that someone or
state, without any pain or laugh quietly, especially in something behaves
other unpleasant feelings 2. a private or secret way
(n) a feeling of being less
sad or worried about
something than you were
previously 3. (n) a pleasant
way of life in which you
have everything you need
4. (v) to make someone feel
less sad, worried or
disappointed
conduct [ˈkɒndʌkt] consequence [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] contentment [kənˈtɛntmənt]

cross [krɒs] dignity [ˈdɪgnɪti] disgust [dɪsˈgʌst]

disillusioined disillusioined fed up [fɛd] [ʌp] giggle [ˈgɪgl]

contentment [kənˈtɛntmənt]
(n) the happiness you feel
when you have everything
you want and you enjoy
your life
disgust [dɪsˈgʌst]
1. (n) a very strong feeling
of not liking something 2.
(v) if something disgusts
you, it is so bad or immoral
that it makes you angry and
upset
giggle [ˈgɪgl]
1. (n) a high laugh,
especially a nervous or silly
one 2. (v) to laugh in a
nervous, excited or silly
way that is difficult to
control
consequence [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns]
(n) a result or effect of
something
dignity [ˈdɪgnɪti]
(n) the impressive
behaviour of someone who
controls their emotions in a
difficult situation
fed up [fɛd] [ʌp]
(adj) annoyed or bored with
something that you feel you
have accepted for too long
conduct [ˈkɒndʌkt]
1. (n) the way someone
behaves, especially in
relation to particular rules
or addepted ways of
behaving 2. (v) to do
something in an organised
way
cross [krɒs]
(adj) angry
disillusioined disillusioined
(adj) disappointed because
you have discovered that
someone or something is
not as good as you had
believed
glance [glɑːns] glimpse [glɪmps] gloat [gləʊt]

glum [glʌm] grimace [grɪˈmeɪs] grin [grɪn]

handle [ˈhændl] impatient [ɪmˈpeɪʃənt] inertia [ɪˈnɜːʃə]

gloat [gləʊt] glimpse [glɪmps] glance [glɑːns]

(v) to show that you are 1. (n) an occassion when
happy and proud at your you see someone or
own success or at someone something for a moment
else's failure only 2. (v) to see someone
or something for a moment
or not completely
1. (n) a quick look at
someone or something 2.
(v) to look somewhere
quickly and then look away

grin [grɪn] grimace [grɪˈmeɪs] glum [glʌm]

1. (n) a big smile that 1. (n) to make an ugly (adj) looking sad, as if you
shows your teeth 2. (v) to expression by twisting your expect something bad to
smile showing your teeth face, for example because happen
you are in pain or do not
like something 2. (v) to
make an ugly expression by
twisting your face, for
example because you are in
pain or do not like
something

inertia [ɪˈnɜːʃə] impatient [ɪmˈpeɪʃənt] handle [ˈhændl]

(n) a situation in which (adj) annoyed because (v) to take action to deal
something does not change something is not happening with a difficult situation
for a long time as quickly as you want or
in the way you want
manners [ˈmænəz] manoeuvre [məˈnuːvə] moan [məʊn]

mock [mɒk] neglect [nɪˈglɛkt] peep [piːp]

peer [pɪə] prevent [prɪˈvɛnt] rejoice [rɪˈʤɔɪs]

moan [məʊn]
1. (n) an annoying
complaint, especially about
something that is not
important 2. (n) a long low
sound you make because of
pain, sadness or pleasure 3.
(v) to complain about
something in an annoying
way 4. (v) if someone
moans, they make a long
low sounds because of
pain, sadness or pleasure
peep [piːp]
1. (n) a quick look at
something 2. (v) to look at
something quickly and
secretly, usually from a
place where you think you
cannot be seen
rejoice [rɪˈʤɔɪs]
(v) to feel very happy about
something, or to celebrate
something in a happy way
manoeuvre [məˈnuːvə]
1. (n) an action or
movement that you need
care or skill to do 2. (v) to
move someone or
something in a situation
that needs care or skill
neglect [nɪˈglɛkt]
1. (n) the failure to give
someone or something the
care or attention they need
2. (v) to fail to look after
someone when you are
responsible for them 3. (v)
to fail to do something that
you should do
prevent [prɪˈvɛnt]
(v) to stop something from
happening or stop someone
from doing something
manners [ˈmænəz]
(n) traditionally accepted
ways of behaving that show
a polite respect for other
people
mock [mɒk]
(v) to make someone or
something look stupid by
laughing at them, copying
them, or saying something
that is not kind
peer [pɪə]
(v) to look very carefully,
especially because
something is difficult to see
resent [rɪˈzɛnt] resolute [ˈrɛzəluːt] smirk [smɜːk]

snap [snæp] tactic [ˈtæktɪk] terror [ˈtɛrə]

administer [ədˈmɪnɪstə] admit [ədˈmɪt] agony [ˈægəni]

smirk [smɜːk]
1. (n) an unpleasant smile
2. (v) to smile in an
unpleasant way because
something bad has
happened to someone else,
or because you think you
have achieved an advantage
over them
terror [ˈtɛrə]
(n) 1. a strong feeling of
fear 2. violence used for
making people very
frightened in order to
achieve political aims
agony [ˈægəni]
(n) 1. great pain 2. a strong
and unpleasant feeling,
especially great worry or
sadness
resolute [ˈrɛzəluːt] resent [rɪˈzɛnt]
(adj) extremely determined (v) to experience angry,
unhappy feelings because
you think you have been
treated unfairly or without
enough respect
tactic [ˈtæktɪk] snap [snæp]
(n) a particular method or (v) 1. to suddenly lose
plan for achieving control and become
something extremely angry or upset
becausea situation has
become too annoying or
difficult 2. to speak to
someone in a sudden, angry
way
admit [ədˈmɪt] administer [ədˈmɪnɪstə]
(v) to take someone into (v) to give someone a drug
hospital for medical or medical treatment
treatment
antidote [ˈæntɪdəʊt] consultant [kənˈsʌltənt] diagnosis [ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs]

inoculate [ɪˈnɒkjʊleɪt] irritation [ˌɪrɪˈteɪʃən] numb [nʌm]

nursing home [ˈnɜːsɪŋ] paralysis [pəˈrælɪsɪs] plaster [ˈplɑːstə]

[həʊm]
diagnosis [ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs]
(n) a statement about what
disease someone has, based
on examining them
numb [nʌm]
(adj) 1. a part of your body
that is numb has no feeling
2. not able to react or to
show your emotions, often
because of an extreme
shock
plaster [ˈplɑːstə]
(n) 1. a thing piece of cloth
or plastic that is sticky on
one side, and that you put
on your skin to cover a cut
2. if a part of someone's
body is in plaster, it has a
hard cover around it to
protect a broken bone
consultant [kənˈsʌltənt]
(n) a senior doctor in a
hospital who is an expert in
a particular medical subject
irritation [ˌɪrɪˈteɪʃən]
(n) a painful feeling in a
part of the body, often with
red skin or swelling
paralysis [pəˈrælɪsɪs]
(n) the loss of the ability to
move your body or a part
of it, usually because of an
ingry or illness
antidote [ˈæntɪdəʊt]
(n) a substance that
prevents a poison from
having bad effects
inoculate [ɪˈnɒkjʊleɪt]
(v) to protect someone
against a particular disease
by injecting a medicine
containing a small amount
of the disease into them, so
that their body becomes
immune to it
nursing home [ˈnɜːsɪŋ]
[həʊm]
(n phr) an institution where
old people live when they
are too old or ill to look
after themselves without
help
prescribe [prɪsˈkraɪb] prevent(at)ive medicine prognosis [prɒgˈnəʊsɪs]
[prɪˈvɛnt]([æt])ive
[ˈmɛdsɪn]

sick leave [sɪk] [liːv] side effect [saɪd] [ɪˈfɛkt] syringe [ˈsɪrɪnʤ]

vaccine [ˈvæksiːn] ward [wɔːd] black out [blæk] [aʊt]

prognosis [prɒgˈnəʊsɪs]
(n) a doctor's opinion about
the way in which a disease
or illness is likely to
develop
syringe [ˈsɪrɪnʤ]
(n) a needle fitted to a
plastic tube, used for taking
blood from your body or
for putting medicine or
drugs into it
black out [blæk] [aʊt]
suddenly become
unconscious; make a place
dark by turning off all the
lights
prevent(at)ive medicine [prɪ
ˈvɛnt]([æt])ive [ˈmɛdsɪn]
(n phr) medical
examinations, treatments,
advice, etc intended to
prevent illness or discover
it before it becomes serious
side effect [saɪd] [ɪˈfɛkt]
(n phr) an effect of a
medicine that is not
intended and could be
unpleasant
ward [wɔːd]
(n) a large room in a
hospital with beds for
people to stay in
prescribe [prɪsˈkraɪb]
(v) if a doctor prescribes a
drug or treatment, they say
you should have it
sick leave [sɪk] [liːv]
(n phr) a period of time
during which you do not
work because you are ill
vaccine [ˈvæksiːn]
(n) a substance put into the
body, usually by injection,
in order to provide
protection against a disease
come out in [kʌm] [aʊt] come round [kʌm] [raʊnd] cotton on [ˈkɒtn] [ɒn]
[ɪn]

crease up [kriːs] [ʌp] follow up [ˈfɒləʊ] [ʌp] get down [gɛt] [daʊn]

get over [gɛt] [ˈəʊvə] go down (well/badly) (with lash out [læʃ] [aʊt]
sb) [gəʊ] [daʊn]
([wɛl]/[ˈbædli]) ([wɪð] sb)
cotton on [ˈkɒtn] [ɒn]
begin to realise or
understand something
come round [kʌm] [raʊnd] come out in [kʌm] [aʊt]
[ɪn]
become conscious again
after being unconscious; become covered in spots
happen again; go to a place
where someone is, to visit
them; be persuaded to
change your opinion or
decision

get down [gɛt] [daʊn] follow up [ˈfɒləʊ] [ʌp] crease up [kriːs] [ʌp]

make someone feel sad or
lose hope
check the health of laugh a lot, or make
someone who has received someone laugh a lot
medical treatment; try to
find out more about
something

lash out [læʃ] [aʊt]
try to hit or attack someone
suddenly and violently;
speak angrily to or against
someone
go down (well/badly) (with
sb) [gəʊ] [daʊn]
([wɛl]/[ˈbædli]) ([wɪð] sb)
produce a particular
reaction
get over [gɛt] [ˈəʊvə]
start to feel happy or well
again after something bad
has happened; solve or deal
with a problem
pass away/on [pɑːs] [ə play up [pleɪ] [ʌp] pull through [pʊl] [θruː]
ˈweɪ]/[ɒn]

shrivel up [ˈʃrɪvl] [ʌp] summon up [ˈsʌmən] [ʌp] ward off [wɔːd] [ɒf]

aggression [əˈgrɛʃ(ə)n] authority [ɔːˈθɒrɪti] benign [bɪˈnaɪn]

pull through [pʊl] [θruː]
manage to stay alive after
you have been very ill or
very badly injured; succeed
in a very difficult situation,
or help someone do this
ward off [wɔːd] [ɒf]
do something to prevent
someone or something
from harming you
benign [bɪˈnaɪn]
(adj) kind and nice
play up [pleɪ] [ʌp] pass away/on [pɑːs] [ə
ˈweɪ]/[ɒn]
cause difficulties or pain
for someone; behave badly die (used to avoid saying
'die' when you think this
might upset someone)
summon up [ˈsʌmən] [ʌp] shrivel up [ˈʃrɪvl] [ʌp]
manage to produce a become smaller and thinner
quality or a reaction that and not look fresh and
helps you deal with a healthy; become weaker or
difficult situation smaller
authority [ɔːˈθɒrɪti] aggression [əˈgrɛʃ(ə)n]
(n) the power to make (n) an angry feeling that
decisions or tell people makes you want to attack
what to do or defeat someone else
bully [ˈbʊli] command [kəˈmɑːnd] conquer [ˈkɒŋkə]

consent [kənˈsɛnt] controversy [ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi] dictator [dɪkˈteɪtə]

dominate [ˈdɒmɪneɪt] eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt] enforce [ɪnˈfɔːs]

conquer [ˈkɒŋkə]
(v) 1. to take control of
land or people using
soldiers 2. to gain control
of a situation or emotion by
making a great physical or
mental effort
dictator [dɪkˈteɪtə]
(n) someone who uses
force to take and keep
power in a country
enforce [ɪnˈfɔːs]
(v) to make sure that a law
or rule is obeyed by people
command [kəˈmɑːnd]
1. (v) to officially order
someone to do something
2. (n) an offical order
controversy [ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi]
(n) a disagreement,
especially about a public
policy or a moral issue that
a lot of people have strong
feelings about
eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt]
(v) to get rid of something
that is not wanted or
needed
bully [ˈbʊli]
1. (v) to frighten or hurt
someone who is smaller or
weaker than you 2. (n)
someone who frightens or
hurts someone who is
smaller oweaker than they
are
consent [kənˈsɛnt]
1. (v) to give approval for
something 2. (n)
permission to do something
dominate [ˈdɒmɪneɪt]
(v) to control something or
someone, often in a
negative way, because you
have more power or
influence
entitled [ɪnˈtaɪtld] exempt [ɪgˈzɛmpt] former [ˈfɔːmə]

impose [ɪmˈpəʊz] inferior [ɪnˈfɪərɪə] intimidate [ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt]

label [ˈleɪbl] liberate [ˈlɪbəreɪt] mainstream [ˈmeɪnstriːm]

former [ˈfɔːmə]
(adj) used for describing
someone or something that
had a particular job, title,
status, etc in the past, but
not now
intimidate [ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt]
(v) to deliberately make
someone feel frightened
especially so that they will
do what you want
mainstream [ˈmeɪnstriːm]
1. (n) ideas, ethods or
people that are considered
ordinary or normal and
accepted by most people 2.
(adj) considered ordinary or
normal and accepted or
used by most people
exempt [ɪgˈzɛmpt] entitled [ɪnˈtaɪtld]
(adj) allowed to ignore (adj) having the riht to do
something such as a rule, something
obligation or payment
inferior [ɪnˈfɪərɪə] impose [ɪmˈpəʊz]
(adj) not as good as (v) to introduce something
something else such as a new law or new
system and force people to
accept it
liberate [ˈlɪbəreɪt] label [ˈleɪbl]
(v) to give someone the 1. (v) to use a word or
freedom to do what they phrase to describe someone
want, for example by or something, especially
taking them out of a one that is not completely
situation in which their fair or true 2. (n) a word or
behaviour is controlled phrase that is used to
describe someone or
something, especially one
that is not completely fair
or true 3. (n) a piece of
paper or material fastened
to an object that gives
information about it
master [ˈmɑːstə] minister [ˈmɪnɪstə] monarch [ˈmɒnək]

prohibit [prəˈhɪbɪt] reign [reɪn] reinforce [ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs]

reluctant [rɪˈlʌktənt] resist [rɪˈzɪst] restrict [rɪsˈtrɪkt]

monarch [ˈmɒnək]
(n) a king or queen
reinforce [ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs]
(v) to make an idea, belief
or feeling stronger
restrict [rɪsˈtrɪkt]
(v) to keep something
within strict limits
minister [ˈmɪnɪstə]
(n) an official in charge of a
government department in
the UK and other countries
reign [reɪn]
1. (v) if a king or queen
reigns, they offically rule a
country 2. (n) the period of
time when a king or queen
rules a country
resist [rɪˈzɪst]
(v) 1. to oppose or fight
against someone or
something 2. to stop
yourself from doing
something that you would
very much like to do
master [ˈmɑːstə]
1. (v) to learn something
thoroughly so that you
know it or can do it very
well 2. (n) a man who has
control over servants or
other people who work for
him
prohibit [prəˈhɪbɪt]
(v) to offically stop
something from being
done, especially by making
it illegal
reluctant [rɪˈlʌktənt]
(adj) not willing to do
something
society [səˈsaɪəti] subject [ˈsʌbʤɪkt] subjective [səbˈʤɛktɪv]

submit [səbˈmɪt] summon [ˈsʌmən] superior [sju(ː)ˈpɪərɪə]

undermine [ˌʌndəˈmaɪn] unrest [ʌnˈrɛst] victimise [ˈvɪktɪmaɪz]

subjective [səbˈʤɛktɪv]
(adj) based on your own
feelings and ideas and not
on fact
superior [sju(ː)ˈpɪərɪə]
(adj) better than someone
or something else in quality
or skill
victimise [ˈvɪktɪmaɪz]
(v) to treat someone in a
deliberately unfair way
subject [ˈsʌbʤɪkt]
1. (v) to make someone
experience something
unpleasant 2. (n) an idea,
problem, situation, etc that
you discuss or write about
3. (n) someone who lives in
a country that is controlled
by a king or queen
summon [ˈsʌmən]
(v) to officially order
someone to come to a
place, especially a court of
law
unrest [ʌnˈrɛst]
(n) angry or violent
behaviour by people who
are protesting against
something
society [səˈsaɪəti]
(n) people in general living
together in organised
communities, with laws
and traditions controlling
the way they behave
towards one another
submit [səbˈmɪt]
(v) to accept that someone
has defeated you or has
power over you
undermine [ˌʌndəˈmaɪn]
(v) to make something or
someone become gradually
less effective, confident or
successful
vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbl] abolish [əˈbɒlɪʃ] advocate [ˈædvəkɪt]

alleviate [əˈliːvɪeɪt] bureaucracy [bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi] charity [ˈʧærɪti]

class [klɑːs] community [kəˈmjuːnɪti] convict [ˈkɒnvɪkt]

advocate [ˈædvəkɪt]
(v) to publicly support a
particualr policy or way of
doing things
charity [ˈʧærɪti]
(n) an organisation to
which you give money so
that it can give money and
help to people who are poor
or ill, or who need advice
and support
convict [ˈkɒnvɪkt]
1. (v) to prove in a court of
law that someone is guilty
of a crime 2. (n) someone
who is in prison because
they have committed a
crime
abolish [əˈbɒlɪʃ]
(v) to officially get rid of a
law, system, practice, etc
bureaucracy [bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi]
(n) a complicated and
annoying system of rules
and processes
community [kəˈmjuːnɪti]
(n) the people who live in
an area
vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbl]
(adj) someone who is
vulnerable is weak or easy
to hurt physically or
mentally
alleviate [əˈliːvɪeɪt]
(v) to make something less
painful, sever or sious
class [klɑːs]
(n) one of the groups into
which people in a society
are divided according to
their family background,
education, job, or income
corruption [kəˈrʌpʃən] deterrent [dɪˈtɛrənt] heritage [ˈhɛrɪtɪʤ]

immigration [ˌɪmɪˈgreɪʃən] industrial action [ɪn institution [ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən]

ˈdʌstrɪəl] [ˈækʃ(ə)n]

legislation [ˌlɛʤɪsˈleɪʃən] prejudice [ˈprɛʤʊdɪs] prison reform [ˈprɪzn] [ˌriː

ˈfɔːm]
heritage [ˈhɛrɪtɪʤ]
(n) the art, buildings,
traditions and beliefs that a
society considers important
to its history and culture
institution [ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən]
(n) a large organisation
such as a bank, hospital,
university or prison
prison reform [ˈprɪzn] [ˌriː
ˈfɔːm]
(n phr) changes intended to
make the prison system
fairer or more effective
deterrent [dɪˈtɛrənt]
(n) something that makes
people decide not to do
something by making them
realise that something
unpleasant could happen to
them
industrial action [ɪn
ˈdʌstrɪəl] [ˈækʃ(ə)n]
(n phr) a protest in which
workers show that they
disagree with a policy of
their employer, for example
by striking
prejudice [ˈprɛʤʊdɪs]
(n) an unreasonable opinion
or feeling, especially the
feeling of not liking a
partiuclar group of people
corruption [kəˈrʌpʃən]
(n) dishonest or illegal
behaviour by officials or
people in positions of
power, especially when
they accept money in
exchange for doing things
for someone
immigration [ˌɪmɪˈgreɪʃən]
(n) the process in which
people enter a country in
order to live there
permanently
legislation [ˌlɛʤɪsˈleɪʃən]
(n) a law or set of laws
privileged [ˈprɪvɪlɪʤd] prosecute [ˈprɒsɪkjuːt] state [steɪt]

back down [bæk] [daʊn] blend in [blɛnd] [ɪn] bring about [brɪŋ] [əˈbaʊt]

crack down (on) [kræk] get in [gɛt] [ɪn] get off [gɛt] [ɒf]
[daʊn] ([ɒn])
state [steɪt]
(n) the government of a
country
bring about [brɪŋ] [əˈbaʊt]
make something happen,
especially to cause changes
in a situation
get off [gɛt] [ɒf]
not be punished severely or
at all for something you
have been accused of in
court; have a particular
period of time as a holiday;
send something, for
example in the post
prosecute [ˈprɒsɪkjuːt]
(v) to officially accuse
someone of a crime and ask
a court of law to judge
them
blend in [blɛnd] [ɪn]
if someone or something
blends in, they are similar
to the other people, objects,
buildings, etc around them,
and so they seem
appropriate or you do not
notice them
get in [gɛt] [ɪn]
be elected for a political job
privileged [ˈprɪvɪlɪʤd]
(adj) having advantages
and opportunities that other
people do not have,
because you have a lot of
money or high social status
back down [bæk] [daʊn]
stop asking for something
or stop saying that you will
do something, because a lot
of people oppose you
crack down (on) [kræk]
[daʊn] ([ɒn])
start dealing with someone
or something much more
strictly
give in [gɪv] [ɪn] hit back [hɪt] [bæk] lock up [lɒk] [ʌp]

opt out (of) [ɒpt] [aʊt] phase out [feɪz] [aʊt] push around [pʊʃ] [ə
([ɒv]) ˈraʊnd]

single out [ˈsɪŋgl] [aʊt] stand up to [stænd] [ʌp] take over [teɪk] [ˈəʊvə]
[tʊ]
lock up [lɒk] [ʌp]
put someone in prison; lock
all the doors and windows
of a building so that no on
can get in
push around [pʊʃ] [ə
ˈraʊnd]
keep telling someone what
to do in an unfair or
unpleasant way
take over [teɪk] [ˈəʊvə]
take control of something;
begin to do something that
someone else was doing
hit back [hɪt] [bæk]
criticise someone who has
criticised you; deliberately
hurt someone who has hurt
you
phase out [feɪz] [aʊt]
gradually stop using
something
stand up to [stænd] [ʌp]
[tʊ]
not allow yourself to be
treated badly, especially by
someone in authority
give in [gɪv] [ɪn]
stop competing or arguing
and accept that you cannot
win; if you give in to
something, you can no
longer control the feeling
of wanting it
opt out (of) [ɒpt] [aʊt]
([ɒv])
decide not to take part in
something or stop taking
part in it
single out [ˈsɪŋgl] [aʊt]
choose one person from a
group for special attention
talk down to [tɔːk] [daʊn] cry over spilt milk [kraɪ] fly off the handle [flaɪ] [ɒf]
[tʊ] [ˈəʊvə] [ˈspɪlt] [mɪlk] [ðə] [ˈhændl]

give sb a taste/dose of their give sth a miss [gɪv] sth [ə] grin and bear it [grɪn] [ənd]
own medicine [gɪv] sb [ə] [mɪs] [beər] [ɪt]
[teɪst]/[dəʊs] [əv] [ðeər]
[əʊn] [ˈmɛdsɪn]

keep a straight face [kiːp] keep your hair on [kiːp] [jə] kick yourself [kɪk] [jɔːˈsɛlf]
[ə] [streɪt] [feɪs] [heər] [ɒn]
fly off the handle [flaɪ] [ɒf]
[ðə] [ˈhændl]
suddenly become
extremely angry without a
good reason
grin and bear it [grɪn] [ənd]
[beər] [ɪt]
accept a difficult situation
without complaining or
showing how you feel
kick yourself [kɪk] [jɔːˈsɛlf]
be very annoyed because
you have made a mistake,
missed an opportunity, etc
cry over spilt milk [kraɪ]
[ˈəʊvə] [ˈspɪlt] [mɪlk]
waste time feeling upset
about something bad that
has happened and cannot be
changed
give sth a miss [gɪv] sth [ə]
[mɪs]
decide not to do something
that you usually do
keep your hair on [kiːp] [jə]
[heər] [ɒn]
used for telling someone
not to get angry or upset
talk down to [tɔːk] [daʊn]
[tʊ]
talk to someone as if you
think they are not as clever
or important as you are
give sb a taste/dose of their
own medicine [gɪv] sb [ə]
[teɪst]/[dəʊs] [əv] [ðeər]
[əʊn] [ˈmɛdsɪn]
treat someone in the same
bad way they treat other
people
keep a straight face [kiːp]
[ə] [streɪt] [feɪs]
remain serious and not
laugh
let off steam [lɛt] [ɒf] let sleeping dogs lie [lɛt] never/don't look a gift
[stiːm] [ˈsliːpɪŋ] [dɒgz] [laɪ] horse in the mouth
[ˈnɛvə]/[dəʊnt] [lʊk] [ə]
[gɪft] [hɔːs] [ɪn] [ðə]
[maʊθ]

up in arms about [ʌp] [ɪn] bury your head in the sand gain/get/have/take the
[ɑːmz] [əˈbaʊt] [ˈbɛri] [jə] [hɛd] [ɪn] [ðə] upper hand
[sænd] [geɪn]/[gɛt]/[hæv]/[teɪk]
[ði] [ˈʌpə] [hænd]

get/have your way live and let live [lɪv] [ənd] pull (a few) strings [pʊl]
[gɛt]/[həv] [jə] [weɪ] [lɛt] [lɪv] ([ə] [fjuː]) [strɪŋz]
never/don't look a gift
horse in the mouth
[ˈnɛvə]/[dəʊnt] [lʊk] [ə]
[gɪft] [hɔːs] [ɪn] [ðə]
[maʊθ]
if you are fiven something
good, you should not
complain about it or try to
find things that are wrong
with it
gain/get/have/take the
upper hand
[geɪn]/[gɛt]/[hæv]/[teɪk]
[ði] [ˈʌpə] [hænd]
gain/get/have/take control
or advantage over a person
or situation
pull (a few) strings [pʊl]
([ə] [fjuː]) [strɪŋz]
use your influence in order
to get something you want
or to help someone,
especially when this is
unfair
let sleeping dogs lie [lɛt]
[ˈsliːpɪŋ] [dɒgz] [laɪ]
leave a person or situation
alone if they might cause
you trouble
bury your head in the sand
[ˈbɛri] [jə] [hɛd] [ɪn] [ðə]
[sænd]
ignore a problem or an
unpleasant situation and
hope that it will disappear
live and let live [lɪv] [ənd]
[lɛt] [lɪv]
used for saying that you
should accept other
people's beliefs and way of
life, even if they are very
different from your own
let off steam [lɛt] [ɒf]
[stiːm]
shout or do something that
allows you to get rid of
anger
up in arms about [ʌp] [ɪn]
[ɑːmz] [əˈbaʊt]
angry and complaining
about something
get/have your way
[gɛt]/[həv] [jə] [weɪ]
be allowed to have or do
what you want
red tape [rɛd] [teɪp] take the law into your own the powers that be [ðə]
hands [teɪk] [ðə] [lɔː] [ˈpaʊəz] [ðət] [biː]
[ˈɪntə] [jər] [əʊn] [hændz]

throw the book at sb [θrəʊ] under sb's thumb [ˈʌndə] aggravate [ˈægrəveɪt]
[ðə] [bʊk] [ət] sb sb's [θʌm]

better [ˈbɛtə] blemish [ˈblɛmɪʃ] chaos [ˈkeɪɒs]

the powers that be [ðə] take the law into your own red tape [rɛd] [teɪp]
[ˈpaʊəz] [ðət] [biː] hands [teɪk] [ðə] [lɔː]
[ˈɪntə] [jər] [əʊn] [hændz] documents, rules or
the people who control a processes that cause delays
situation punish someone in your
own way without involving
the police or the courts,
often by doing something
illegal yourself

aggravate [ˈægrəveɪt] under sb's thumb [ˈʌndə] throw the book at sb [θrəʊ]
sb's [θʌm] [ðə] [bʊk] [ət] sb
(v) to make something bad
become worse, especially a completely controlled by punish someone very
situation or a medical someone else severely
condition

chaos [ˈkeɪɒs] blemish [ˈblɛmɪʃ] better [ˈbɛtə]

(n)a situation in which (n) a mark or spot that (v) 1. to achieve a better
everything is confused and spoils the appearance of result than someone or
in a mess something something 2. to improve
something
cheapen [ˈʧiːpən] contaminate [kənˈtæmɪneɪt] decay [dɪˈkeɪ]

decline [dɪˈklaɪn] defective [dɪˈfɛktɪv] detrimental [ˌdɛtrɪˈmɛntl]

devastate [ˈdɛvəsteɪt] enhance [ɪnˈhɑːns] evaluate [ɪˈvæljʊeɪt]

decay [dɪˈkeɪ]
(v) to make or become
gradually worse in quality,
or weaker in power or
influence
detrimental [ˌdɛtrɪˈmɛntl]
(adj) harmful or damaging
evaluate [ɪˈvæljʊeɪt]
(v) to think carefully about
something before making a
judgment about its value,
importance or quality
contaminate [kənˈtæmɪneɪt]
(v) to make something
dirty, polluted or poisonous
by adding a chemical,
waste or infection
defective [dɪˈfɛktɪv]
(adj) not made correctly or
not working correctly
enhance [ɪnˈhɑːns]
(v) to improve something,
or make it more attractive
or more valuable
cheapen [ˈʧiːpən]
(v) to make someone or
something seem less
valuable or respected
decline [dɪˈklaɪn]
(v) 1. to say politely that
you will not accept
something or do something
2. to become less or worse
devastate [ˈdɛvəsteɪt]
(v) 1. to seriously damage
or completely destroy
something 2. to make
someone feel very shocked
and upset
exacerbate [ɛksˈæsə(ː)beɪt] exquisite [ˈɛkskwɪzɪt] first-rate [ˈfɜːstˈreɪt]

flaw [flɔː] ideal [aɪˈdɪəl] inadequate [ɪnˈædɪkwɪt]

invaluable [ɪnˈvæljʊəbl] optimum [ˈɒptɪməm] outclass [aʊtˈklɑːs]

first-rate [ˈfɜːstˈreɪt]
(adj) of the highest quality
inadequate [ɪnˈædɪkwɪt]
(adj) not enough or not
good enough for a
particular purpose
outclass [aʊtˈklɑːs]
(v) to be much beter than
someone or something else
exquisite [ˈɛkskwɪzɪt]
(adj) extremely beautiful
and delicate
ideal [aɪˈdɪəl]
(adj) 1. of the best or most
suitable type 2. as good as
you can imagine, and
probably too good to be
real
optimum [ˈɒptɪməm]
1. (adj) best or most
suitable within a range of
possibilities 2. (n) the best
or most suitable situation,
level or amount
exacerbate [ɛksˈæsə(ː)beɪt]
(v) to make a problem
become worse
flaw [flɔː]
(n) a mistake or fault in
something that makes it
useless, less effective or
less beautiful
invaluable [ɪnˈvæljʊəbl]
(adj) extremely useful
prime [praɪm] redeeming feature [rɪ refurbish [ˌriːˈfɜːbɪʃ]
ˈdiːmɪŋ] [ˈfiːʧə]

reinforce [ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs] renovate [ˈrɛnəʊveɪt] rotten [ˈrɒtn]

rusty [ˈrʌsti] satisfactory [ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri] shambles [ˈʃæmblz]

refurbish [ˌriːˈfɜːbɪʃ]
(v) to improve a room or a
building by cleaning and
painting it, adding new
furniture or equipment, etc
rotten [ˈrɒtn]
(adj) 1. something that is
rotten has decayed 2. of a
low quality, standard or
ability
shambles [ˈʃæmblz]
(n) something that is very
badly organised and does
not operate effectively
redeeming feature [rɪ
ˈdiːmɪŋ] [ˈfiːʧə]
(n phr) a positive quality
which improves something
that is not very good by
including something that is
good
renovate [ˈrɛnəʊveɪt]
(v) to make something old
look new again by
repairing and improving it,
especially a building
satisfactory [ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri]
(adj) 1. good enough to be
accepted in a particular
situation 2. enjoyable and
pleasing
prime [praɪm]
(adj) most important, most
suitable or of the highest
quality
reinforce [ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs]
(v) 1. to make an idea,
belief or feeling stronger 2.
to make a building,
structure or object stronger
rusty [ˈrʌsti]
(adj) a rusty metal ovject is
covered in rust
shoddy [ˈʃɒdi] sound [saʊnd] stale [steɪl]

strengthen [ˈstrɛŋθən] surpass [sɜːˈpɑːs] ultimate [ˈʌltɪmɪt]

worsen [ˈwɜːsn] wreck [rɛk] streamline [ˈstriːmlaɪn]

stale [steɪl] sound [saʊnd] shoddy [ˈʃɒdi]

(adj) stale food such as (adj) 1. involving the use of (adj) shoddy work, services
bread is old and no longer good judgment, and or products are of a very
fresh therefor likely to be low standard
effective 2. thorough

ultimate [ˈʌltɪmɪt] surpass [sɜːˈpɑːs] strengthen [ˈstrɛŋθən]

(adj) 1. happening at the (v) to be better or greater (v) to make something

end of a process or activity than something else, or stronger
2. as good or as bad as better than what was
possible expected or hoped for

streamline [ˈstriːmlaɪn] wreck [rɛk] worsen [ˈwɜːsn]

(v) to improve a vusiness, 1. (n) something that has (v) to become worse, or
organisation, process, etc been badly damaged 2. (v) make something worse
by making it more modern to severely damage
or simple
abstract [ˈæbstrækt] auction [ˈɔːkʃ(ə)n] audition [ɔːˈdɪʃ(ə)n]

bestseller [ˌbɛstˈsɛlə] collector's item [kəˈlɛktəz] curator [kjʊəˈreɪtə]

[ˈaɪtəm]

fine art [faɪn] [ɑːt] installation [ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən] lines [laɪnz]

audition [ɔːˈdɪʃ(ə)n]
(n) a short performance in
which you sing, dance or
act so that someone can
decide if you are good
enough to perform in a
particular play, concert, etc
curator [kjʊəˈreɪtə]
(n) someone whose job is
to look after the objects in a
museum
lines [laɪnz]
(n pl) the words that an
actor says in a performance
auction [ˈɔːkʃ(ə)n]
(n) a public occasion when
things are sold to the
people who offer the most
money for them
collector's item [kəˈlɛktəz]
[ˈaɪtəm]
(n phr) a rare or valuable
object that collectors want
to own
installation [ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən]
(n) a piece of art that
consists of several different
objects or pictures arranged
to produce a particular
effect
abstract [ˈæbstrækt]
1. (adj) abstract art
expresses the artist's ideas
or feelings rather than
showing the exact
appearance of people or
things 2. (n) an abstract
painting or design
bestseller [ˌbɛstˈsɛlə]
(n) a book that many
people buy
fine art [faɪn] [ɑːt]
(n phr) objects such as
paintings that are created to
be looked at because they
are beautiful or interesting
lyrics [ˈlɪrɪks] masterpiece [ˈmɑːstəpiːs] paperback [ˈpeɪpəbæk]

period [ˈpɪərɪəd] priceless [ˈpraɪslɪs] recital [rɪˈsaɪtl]

retrospective [ˌrɛtrəʊ score [skɔː] sketch [skɛʧ]

ˈspɛktɪv]
paperback [ˈpeɪpəbæk]
(n) a book with a cover
made of thick paper
recital [rɪˈsaɪtl]
(n) a performance of music
or poetry
sketch [skɛʧ]
1. (n) a short funny scene
performed within a longer
show 2. (n) a drawing made
quickly that does not have
many details 3. (v) to draw
a picture quickly and with
few details
masterpiece [ˈmɑːstəpiːs]
(n) an excellent painting,
book, piece of music, etc,
or the best work of art that
a particular artst, writer,
musician, etc has ever
produced
priceless [ˈpraɪslɪs]
(adj) ver valuable and
impossible to replace
score [skɔː]
(n) the music written for a
film, play, etc
lyrics [ˈlɪrɪks]
(n pl) the words of a song
period [ˈpɪərɪəd]
1. (adj) typical of a
particular historical time 2.
(n) a particular time in
history
retrospective [ˌrɛtrəʊ
ˈspɛktɪv]
1. (adj) relating to or
considering things that
happened in the past 2. (n)
an exhibition that includes
examples of a particular
artist's work from their
whole career
work of art [wɜːk] [əv] [ɑːt] worthless [ˈwɜːθlɪs] brighten up [ˈbraɪtn] [ʌp]

brush up (on) [brʌʃ] [ʌp] check out [ʧɛk] [aʊt] liven up [ˈlaɪvn] [ʌp]
([ɒn])

make over [meɪk] [ˈəʊvə] mess up [mɛs] [ʌp] paper over [ˈpeɪpər]
[ˈəʊvə]
brighten up [ˈbraɪtn] [ʌp]
start to have more colour or
light; give something more
colour or light; start
looking or feeling happier;
if the weather brightens up,
it becomes sunnier
liven up [ˈlaɪvn] [ʌp]
make something more
interesting or exciting, or
become more interesting or
exciting; give something a
more interesting
appearance, taste or other
quality
paper over [ˈpeɪpər] [ˈəʊvə]
hide a problem or
disagreement rather than
finding a satisfactory
solution to it
worthless [ˈwɜːθlɪs]
(adj) not having any value
or good qualities, or not
useful
check out [ʧɛk] [aʊt]
examine someone or
something in order to be
certain that everything is
correct, true or satisfactory;
if information checks out,
you feel that it is true after
examining it
mess up [mɛs] [ʌp]
make a mistake or do
something badly; make
something dirty or untidy;
be the cause of someone's
physical, emotional or
mental problems
work of art [wɜːk] [əv] [ɑːt]
(n phr) 1. something such
as a painting or sculpture
that is of very high quality
2. something that is made
or done in a skilful or
attractive way
brush up (on) [brʌʃ] [ʌp]
([ɒn])
practice and improve your
skills or knowledge of
something
make over [meɪk] [ˈəʊvə]
change or improve the
appearance of someone or
something
patch up [pæʧ] [ʌp] pick up [pɪk] [ʌp] scrape through [skreɪp]
[θruː]

smarten up [ˈsmɑːtn] [ʌp] stand out [stænd] [aʊt] touch up [tʌʧ] [ʌp]

waste away [weɪst] [əˈweɪ] write off [raɪt] [ɒf] a sight for sore eyes [ə]
[saɪt] [fə] [sɔːr] [aɪz]
scrape through [skreɪp]
[θruː]
succeed in doing
something, but not in a
very impressive way
touch up [tʌʧ] [ʌp]
make a surface look better
with small improvements
a sight for sore eyes [ə]
[saɪt] [fə] [sɔːr] [aɪz]
someone or something that
you are very pleased to see
pick up [pɪk] [ʌp]
learn a new skill or start a
habit without intending to;
go and meet someone or
something that you have
arranged to take
somewhere in a vehicle
stand out [stænd] [aʊt]
be much more impressive
or impotant than others; be
easy to see or notice
because of being different
write off [raɪt] [ɒf]
damage a vehicle so badly
that it is not worth
repairing; decide that
someone or something will
not succeed and stop giving
them you attention and
energy
patch up [pæʧ] [ʌp]
repair something; often
quickly and not very well;
become friends with
someone again after a
disagreement; give basic
medical treatment to
someone who is injured
smarten up [ˈsmɑːtn] [ʌp]
improve the appearance of
something, for example by
cleaning or painting it; if
you smarten up or smarten
yourself up, you make
yourself look tidy and clean
waste away [weɪst] [əˈweɪ]
gradually become thinner
and weaker over a period of
time, usually because of an
illness
Achilles' heel [əˈkɪliːz] add fuel to the fire [æd] below/under par [bɪ
[hiːl] [fjʊəl] [tə] [ðə] [ˈfaɪə] ˈləʊ]/[ˈʌndə] [pɑː]

clean as a whistle [kliːn] draw the line (at) [drɔː] last word in [lɑːst] [wɜːd]
[əz] [ə] [ˈwɪsl] [ðə] [laɪn] ([æt]) [ɪn]

out of this world [aʊt] [əv] over the top [ˈəʊvə] [ðə] pride of place [praɪd] [əv]
[ðɪs] [wɜːld] [tɒp] [pleɪs]
below/under par [bɪ add fuel to the fire [æd] Achilles' heel [əˈkɪliːz]
ˈləʊ]/[ˈʌndə] [pɑː] [fjʊəl] [tə] [ðə] [ˈfaɪə] [hiːl]

below the usual or expected make a bad situation worse a weak feature of someone
standard or something that could
cause failre or be attacked

last word in [lɑːst] [wɜːd] draw the line (at) [drɔː] [ðə] clean as a whistle [kliːn]
[ɪn] [laɪn] ([æt]) [əz] [ə] [ˈwɪsl]

the newest and best type of say that you will definitely completely honest or legal;
something not allow or accept extremely clean
something

pride of place [praɪd] [əv] over the top [ˈəʊvə] [ðə] out of this world [aʊt] [əv]
[pleɪs] [tɒp] [ðɪs] [wɜːld]

in the place that is most more than what is extremely good or

central or important considered normal or impressive
suitable
steal the show [stiːl] [ðə] the edge over [ði] [ɛʤ] adjacent [əˈʤeɪsənt]
[ʃəʊ] [ˈəʊvə]

attach [əˈtæʧ] bond [bɒnd] coexist [ˌkəʊɪgˈzɪst]

coherent [kəʊˈhɪərənt] compatible [kəmˈpætəbl] comprise [kəmˈpraɪz]

adjacent [əˈʤeɪsənt]
(adj) next to or near
something else
the edge over [ði] [ɛʤ]
[ˈəʊvə]
an advantage that makes
someone or something
more successfull than other
people or things
steal the show [stiːl] [ðə]
[ʃəʊ]
receive a lot of attention
because you five the best
performance in a show or
other event

coexist [ˌkəʊɪgˈzɪst] bond [bɒnd] attach [əˈtæʧ]

(v) to live or exist at the
same time or in the same
place
1. (v) to fix two things (v) to fasten or join one
firmly together, usually thing to another
with flue, or to become
fixed in this way 2. (n) the
way that two surgaces are
stuck together, usually with
glue 3. (n) something that
gives people or groups a
reason to love one another
or feel they have a duty to
one another

comprise [kəmˈpraɪz] compatible [kəmˈpætəbl] coherent [kəʊˈhɪərənt]

(v) to consist of two or (adj) likely to have a good (adj) a coherent statement
more things relationship because of is reasonable and sensible
being similar
compromise conflict [ˈkɒnflɪkt] confront [kənˈfrʌnt]
[ˈkɒmprəmaɪz]

consistent [kənˈsɪstənt] contradict [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt] contrasting [kənˈtrɑːstɪŋ]

cooperate [kəʊˈɒpəˌreɪt] correspond [ˌkɒrɪsˈpɒnd] dispute [dɪsˈpjuːt]

confront [kənˈfrʌnt]
(v) 1. to deal with a
difficult situation 2. to go
close to someone in a
threatening way
contrasting [kənˈtrɑːstɪŋ]
(adj) different from each
other in a noticeable or
interesting way
dispute [dɪsˈpjuːt]
1. (v) to say that something
such as a fact is not true or
correct 2. (n) a serious
desagreement, especially
one between groups of
people that lasts for a long
time
conflict [ˈkɒnflɪkt]
1. (v) if different ideas or
opinions conflict, they
cannot all be right or
cannot all happen 2. (n)
angry disagreement
between people or groups
contradict [ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt]
(v) 1. to say that the
opposite of what someone
has said is true 2. if one
statement, piece of
evidence, story, etc
contradicts another, they
disagree and cannot both be
true
correspond [ˌkɒrɪsˈpɒnd]
(v) to be the same as
something else or very
much like it
compromise [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz]
1. (v) to solve a problem or
end an argument by
accepting that you cannot
have everything that you
want 2. (n) a way of
solving a problem or
ending an argument in
which both people or
groups accept that they
cannot have everything
they want
consistent [kənˈsɪstənt]
(adj) not changing in
behaviour, attitudes or
qualities
cooperate [kəʊˈɒpəˌreɪt]
(v) to work with other
people to achieve a reult
that is good for everyone
involved
distinguish [dɪsˈtɪŋgwɪʃ] diverse [daɪˈvɜːs] divorce [dɪˈvɔːs]

equivalent [ɪˈkwɪvələnt] exclude [ɪksˈkluːd] external [ɛksˈtɜːnl]

identify [aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ] identify with [aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ] integral [ˈɪntɪgrəl]

[wɪð]
divorce [dɪˈvɔːs]
1. (v) to take legal action to
end your marriage 2. (n) a
legal way of ending a
marriage
external [ɛksˈtɜːnl]
(adj) 1. coming from
outside a place or
arganisation 2. on or from
the outside of something
such as a building or
someone's body
integral [ˈɪntɪgrəl]
(adj) forming an essential
part of something and
needed to make it complete
diverse [daɪˈvɜːs]
(adj) very different from
each other
exclude [ɪksˈkluːd]
(v) to deliberately not
include something
identify with [aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ]
[wɪð]
(v) feel that you can
understand and share
someone else's feelings
distinguish [dɪsˈtɪŋgwɪʃ]
(v) to recognise the
differences between things
equivalent [ɪˈkwɪvələnt]
1. (n) someone or
something that has the
same size, value,
importance or meaning as
someone or something else
2. (adj) of the same size,
value, importance or
meaning as something else
identify [aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ]
(v) to recognise someone
and be able to say who they
are
integrate [ˈɪntɪgreɪt] interfere [ˌɪntəˈfɪə] intermediate [ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət]

internal [ɪnˈtɜːnl] intervene [ˌɪntə(ː)ˈviːn] intimate [ˈɪntɪmɪt]

involve [ɪnˈvɒlv] joint [ʤɔɪnt] liken [ˈlaɪkən]

intermediate [ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət] interfere [ˌɪntəˈfɪə] integrate [ˈɪntɪgreɪt]

(adj) 1. in between two (v) to deliberately become (v) to make someone

stages, places, levels, times, involved in a situation and beome a full member of a
etc 2. at an academic level try to influence the way group or society and be
below advanced that it develops, although involved completely in its
you have no right to do this activities

intimate [ˈɪntɪmɪt] intervene [ˌɪntə(ː)ˈviːn] internal [ɪnˈtɜːnl]

(adj) 1. an intimate (v) to become involved in a (adj) existing or happening

relationship is a very close situation in order to try to inside an object, a building
personal relationship, stop or change it or your body
especially a sexual one 2.
relating to very private or
personal things

liken [ˈlaɪkən] joint [ʤɔɪnt] involve [ɪnˈvɒlv]

(v) to say that someone or (adj) involving two or more (v) to include something as
something is similar to people or done by them a necessary part of an
someone or something else together activity, event or situation
link [lɪŋk] merge [mɜːʤ] mutual [ˈmjuːtjʊəl]

negotiate [nɪˈgəʊʃɪeɪt] related [rɪˈleɪtɪd] relative [ˈrɛlətɪv]

resemblance [rɪˈzɛmbləns] addiction [əˈdɪkʃ(ə)n] adore [əˈdɔː]

mutual [ˈmjuːtjʊəl] merge [mɜːʤ]
(adj) felt or done in the (v) if two organisations
same way by each of two merge, or you merge them,
or more people they combine to form on
bigger organisation
relative [ˈrɛlətɪv] related [rɪˈleɪtɪd]
(adj) having a particular (adj) if two or more things
quality when compared to are related, there is a
something else connection between them
adore [əˈdɔː] addiction [əˈdɪkʃ(ə)n]
(v) to love (n) a strong need that
someone/something very someone feels to regularly
much take an illegal or harmful
drug
link [lɪŋk]
1. (v) if people, things or
events are linked, they are
related to each other in
some way 2. (v) to say or
show that two things are
related, or that one of the
things causes the other 3.
(n) a connection between
two or more people, places,
facts or events, especially
when one is affected or
caused by the other
negotiate [nɪˈgəʊʃɪeɪt]
(v) to try to reach an
agreement by discussing
something in a formal way,
especially in a business or
political situation
resemblance [rɪˈzɛmbləns]
(n) if there is a resemplance
between two people or
things, they are similar,
especially in their
appearance
anticipation [ænˌtɪsɪ appeal [əˈpiːl] arbitrary [ˈɑːbɪtrəri]
ˈpeɪʃ(ə)n]

aspiration [ˌæspəˈreɪʃ(ə)n] bear [beə] compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsəri]

content [ˈkɒntɛnt] craving [ˈkreɪvɪŋ] decline [dɪˈklaɪn]

arbitrary [ˈɑːbɪtrəri]
(adj) not based on any
particular plan or done for
any particular reason
compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsəri]
(adj) something that is
compulsory must be done
because of a rule or law
decline [dɪˈklaɪn]
(v) 1. to say politely that
you will not accept
something or do something
2. to become less or worse
appeal [əˈpiːl] anticipation [ænˌtɪsɪ
ˈpeɪʃ(ə)n]
1. (v) to ask people to do
something or to behave in a (n) a feeling of excitement
particular way, especially in about something enjoyable
a difficult situation 2. (v) if that is going to happen
something appeals to you, soon
you like it or want it 3. (n)
a quality that something
has that makes people like
it or want it 4. (n)a request
for people to do something
or to behave in a particular
way
bear [beə] aspiration [ˌæspəˈreɪʃ(ə)n]
(v) if you cannot bear (n) something that you
something, you cannot want to achieve, or the
accept or do it because it wish to achieve something
makes you very unhappy
craving [ˈkreɪvɪŋ] content [ˈkɒntɛnt]
(n) a very strong feeling of (adj) happy and satisfied
wanting something with your life
dedicated [ˈdɛdɪkeɪtɪd] delight [dɪˈlaɪt] desire [dɪˈzaɪə]

devote [dɪˈvəʊt] differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃɪeɪt] envy [ˈɛnvi]

fancy [ˈfænsi] fascination [ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃən] favour [ˈfeɪvə]

desire [dɪˈzaɪə]
1. (v) to want something 2.
(n) a strong feeling of
wanting to have or do
something
envy [ˈɛnvi]
(n) the unappy feeling you
have when you want very
much to do something that
someone else does or have
something that they have
favour [ˈfeɪvə]
1. (v) to support an idea
and believe that it is better
than other ideas that have
been suggested 2. (v) to
help someone and give
them an advantage in an
unfair way 3. (n) something
that you do for someone in
order to help them
delight [dɪˈlaɪt]
(v) to give someone a lot of
enjoyment or pleasure
differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃɪeɪt]
(v) to see or show a
difference between things
fascination [ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃən]
(n) the state of being very
interested in something or
attracted by something
dedicated [ˈdɛdɪkeɪtɪd]
(adj) spending all your time
and efort on something
devote [dɪˈvəʊt]
(v) 1. to spend a lot of time
or effort doing something
2. to use something such as
money for a particular
purpose
fancy [ˈfænsi]
(v) to want to have or do
something
greedy [ˈgriːdi] impulse [ˈɪmpʌls] inclined [ɪnˈklaɪnd]

liking [ˈlaɪkɪŋ] mediocre [ˈmiːdɪəʊkə] motive [ˈməʊtɪv]

mundane [ˈmʌndeɪn] obsessed [əbˈsɛst] optional [ˈɒpʃənl]

inclined [ɪnˈklaɪnd]
(adj) feeling that you want
to do something
motive [ˈməʊtɪv]
(n) the reason you do
something
optional [ˈɒpʃənl]
(adj) something that is
optional is available or
possible if you want it, but
you do not have to have it
or do it
impulse [ˈɪmpʌls]
(n) a sudden strong feeling
that you must do something
mediocre [ˈmiːdɪəʊkə]
(adj) average or below
average in quality
obsessed [əbˈsɛst]
(adj) considering someone
or something as so
important that you are
always thinking about
them, in a way that seems
extreme to other people
greedy [ˈgriːdi]
(adj) wanting more money,
things or power than you
need
liking [ˈlaɪkɪŋ]
(n) a feeling of enjoying or
liking something
mundane [ˈmʌndeɪn]
(adj) ordinary and not
interesting or exciting,
especially because it
happens too regularly
passion [ˈpæʃən] praise [preɪz] resolve [rɪˈzɒlv]

sacrifice [ˈsækrɪfaɪs] strive [straɪv] taste [teɪst]

tempting [ˈtɛmptɪŋ] urge [ɜːʤ] welcome [ˈwɛlkəm]

resolve [rɪˈzɒlv]
(v) to make a formal
dicision, usually after a
discussion and a vote at a
meeting
taste [teɪst]
(n) the ability to judge if
something is good or bad in
things like art, fashion and
social behaviour
welcome [ˈwɛlkəm]
(adj) if you are welcome or
a welcome visitor at a
place, people are pleased
that you are there
praise [preɪz]
1. (v) to express strong
approval or admiration for
someone or something,
especially in public 2. (n)
an expression of strong
approval or admiration
strive [straɪv]
(v) to make a lot of effort to
achieve something
urge [ɜːʤ]
1. (v) to advise someone
very strongly about what
action or attitude they
should take 2. (n) a strong
feeling of wanting or
needing to do something
passion [ˈpæʃən]
(n) a strong enthusiasm or
interest
sacrifice [ˈsækrɪfaɪs]
1. (v) to give up something
important or valuable so
that you or other people can
do or have something else
2. (n) the act of giving up
something important or
valuable so that you or
other people can do or have
something else
tempting [ˈtɛmptɪŋ]
(adj) used for describing
something that makes you
feel you would like to have
it or do it
worthwhile [ˈwɜːθˈwaɪl] yearn [jɜːn] acquaintance [əˈkweɪntəns]

adopt [əˈdɒpt] ancestor [ˈænsɪstə] citizen [ˈsɪtɪzn]

companion [kəmˈpænjən] dependant [dɪˈpɛndənt] descendant [dɪˈsɛndənt]

acquaintance [əˈkweɪntəns]
(n) someone you know a
little, who is not a close
friend
citizen [ˈsɪtɪzn]
(n) someone who has the
right to live permanently in
a particular country and has
the right to the legal and
social benefits of that
country as well as legal
obligations towards it
descendant [dɪˈsɛndənt]
(n) a relative of a person
who lived in the past
yearn [jɜːn]
(v) to want something a lot,
especially something that
you know you may not be
able to have
ancestor [ˈænsɪstə]
(n) someone who is related
to you who lived a long
time afo
dependant [dɪˈpɛndənt]
(n) a child or other relative
to whom you five food,
money and a home
worthwhile [ˈwɜːθˈwaɪl]
(adj) if something is
worthwhile, it is worth the
time, money or effort that
you spend on it
adopt [əˈdɒpt]
(v) 1. to decide to start
using a particular idea, plan
or method 2. to take
someone else's child into
your family and legally
make him or her your own
child
companion [kəmˈpænjən]
(n) someone who is with
you
empathise [ˈɛmpəθaɪz] extrovert [ˈɛkstrəʊˌvɜːt] foster [ˈfɒstə]

guardian [ˈgɑːdiən] introvert [ˈɪntrəʊˌvɜːt] partner [ˈpɑːtnə]

peer [pɪə] predecessor [ˈpriːdɪsɛsə] sibling [ˈsɪblɪŋ]

foster [ˈfɒstə]
(v) to look after a child as
part of your family for a
period of time because the
child's parents cannot look
after them
partner [ˈpɑːtnə]
(n) 1. someone that you do
a particular activity with 2.
someone that you live with
and have a sexual
relationship with
sibling [ˈsɪblɪŋ]
(n) your siblings are your
brothers and sisters
extrovert [ˈɛkstrəʊˌvɜːt]
(n) someone who is very
confident, lively and likes
social situation
introvert [ˈɪntrəʊˌvɜːt]
(n) someone who tends to
concentrate on their own
thoughts and feelings rather
than communicating with
other people
predecessor [ˈpriːdɪsɛsə]
(n) the person who had a
job or official position
before someone else
empathise [ˈɛmpəθaɪz]
(v) to understand how
someone feels because you
can imagine what it is like
to be them
guardian [ˈgɑːdiən]
(n) someone who is legally
responsible for another
person such as a child,
whose parents have died
peer [pɪə]
(n) someone who is of the
same age as another person
spouse [spaʊz] stepmother/son/etc [ˈstɛp successor [səkˈsɛsə]
ˌmʌðə]/[sʌn]/[ɪtˈsɛtrə]

sympathise [ˈsɪmpəθaɪz] answer back [ˈɑːnsə] [bæk] ask out [ɑːsk] [aʊt]

break up [breɪk] [ʌp] bring out [brɪŋ] [aʊt] bring together [brɪŋ] [tə
ˈgɛðə]
successor [səkˈsɛsə]
(n) someone who has a
position after someone else
ask out [ɑːsk] [aʊt]
invite someone to go with
you to a cinema, restaurant,
etc becuase you want to
start a romantic or sexual
relationship with them
bring together [brɪŋ] [tə
ˈgɛðə]
create a situation in which
people meet and do
something together,
especially when they would
not usually do so
stepmother/son/etc [ˈstɛp
ˌmʌðə]/[sʌn]/[ɪtˈsɛtrə]
(n) someone's
stepmother/son/etc is the
mother/son/etc because of a
second marriage, not
because of a biological
connection
answer back [ˈɑːnsə] [bæk]
reply rudely to someone
who has more authority
than you
bring out [brɪŋ] [aʊt]
make someone or
something show a quality
that they have; produce a
new product and start to
sell it
spouse [spaʊz]
(n) a jusband or wife
sympathise [ˈsɪmpəθaɪz]
(v) to behave in a kind way
and show that you
understand someone's
problems
break up [breɪk] [ʌp]
if two people break up,
they end their relationship;
break something to make
smaller pieces; if a meeting
or other event breaks up, or
if you break it up, it ends
and people leave
bump into [bʌmp] [ˈɪntuː] cancel out [ˈkænsəl] [aʊt] come between [kʌm] [bɪ
ˈtwiːn]

crowd around [kraʊd] [ə go together [gəʊ] [təˈgɛðə] meet up [miːt] [ʌp]

ˈraʊnd]

open up [ˈəʊpən] [ʌp] pick on [pɪk] [ɒn] sound out [saʊnd] [aʊt]
come between [kʌm] [bɪ cancel out [ˈkænsəl] [aʊt] bump into [bʌmp] [ˈɪntuː]
ˈtwiːn]
stop something from meet someone
cause a disagreement or having any effect unexpectedly; accidentally
argument between people hit against something

meet up [miːt] [ʌp] go together [gəʊ] [təˈgɛðə] crowd around [kraʊd] [ə

ˈraʊnd]
come together with if two or more things go
someone, either together, they frequently move to a particular place
unexpectedly or as planned exist together; if two things at the same time as a lot of
go together, they seem other people
good, natural or attractive
in combination with each
other

sound out [saʊnd] [aʊt] pick on [pɪk] [ɒn] open up [ˈəʊpən] [ʌp]

try to find out someone's keep treating someone talk more about your
opinions, ideas, feelings, badly or unfairly, especially personal feelings and
etc by talking to them by criticising them experiences; open a locked
door, container or building;
make it easier to travel or
do business in a country
take after [teɪk] [ˈɑːftə] take to [teɪk] [tʊ] be born with a silver spoon
in your mouth [bi] [bɔːn]
[wɪð] [ə] [ˈsɪlvə] [spuːn]
[ɪn] [jə] [maʊθ]

be on the same wavelength get on like a house on fire in sb's bad/good books [ɪn]
[bi] [ɒn] [ðə] [seɪm] [gɛt] [ɒn] [laɪk] [ə] [haʊs] sb's [bæd]/[gʊd] [bʊks]
[ˈweɪvlɛŋθ] [ɒn] [ˈfaɪə]

like two peas in a pod [laɪk] on good terms (with) [ɒn] put sth in perspective [pʊt]
[tuː] [piːz] [ɪn] [ə] [pɒd] [gʊd] [tɜːmz] ([wɪð]) sth [ɪn] [pəˈspɛktɪv]
be born with a silver spoon
in your mouth [bi] [bɔːn]
[wɪð] [ə] [ˈsɪlvə] [spuːn]
[ɪn] [jə] [maʊθ]
have advantages because
you come from a rich
family
in sb's bad/good books [ɪn]
sb's [bæd]/[gʊd] [bʊks]
used for saying that
someone is
annoyed/pleased with you
put sth in perspective [pʊt]
sth [ɪn] [pəˈspɛktɪv]
provide a sensible way of
judging how good, bad,
important, etc something is
in comparison with other
things
take to [teɪk] [tʊ]
begin to like someone or
something; start doing
something as a habit
get on like a house on fire
[gɛt] [ɒn] [laɪk] [ə] [haʊs]
[ɒn] [ˈfaɪə]
become good friends very
quickly and have a lot to
talk to each other about
on good terms (with) [ɒn]
[gʊd] [tɜːmz] ([wɪð])
have a good relationship
with someone
take after [teɪk] [ˈɑːftə]
look or behave like an older
relativebe similar to sb / sth
be on the same wavelength
[bi] [ɒn] [ðə] [seɪm]
[ˈweɪvlɛŋθ]
understand the way another
person thinks because you
often have the same ideas
and opinions they do
like two peas in a pod [laɪk]
[tuː] [piːz] [ɪn] [ə] [pɒd]
used for saying that two
people look, behave or
think exactly the same
sb is only human sb [z] see eye to eye (with sb) your flesh and blood [jə]
[ˈəʊnli] [ˈhjuːmən] [siː] [aɪ] [tʊ] [aɪ] ([wɪð] sb) [flɛʃ] [ənd] [blʌd]

absorbing [əbˈsɔːbɪŋ] casual [ˈkæʒjʊəl] exhilarating [ɪgˈzɪləreɪtɪŋ]

fatigue [fəˈtiːg] idle [ˈaɪdl] indulge [ɪnˈdʌlʤ]

your flesh and blood [jə]
[flɛʃ] [ənd] [blʌd]
your relative
exhilarating [ɪgˈzɪləreɪtɪŋ]
(adj) making you feel
extremely happy, excited
and full of energy
indulge [ɪnˈdʌlʤ]
(v) to allow yourself to
have or do something that
you enjoy
see eye to eye (with sb)
[siː] [aɪ] [tʊ] [aɪ] ([wɪð] sb)
agree with someone or have
the same opinion as them
casual [ˈkæʒjʊəl]
(adj) relaxed and informal
idle [ˈaɪdl]
(adj) 1. not doing anything,
when there are things that
you should do 2. workers
who are idle have no work
sb is only human sb [z]
[ˈəʊnli] [ˈhjuːmən]
used for saying someone
has been weak in the ways
most people are weak and
should not be blamed for
their behaviour
absorbing [əbˈsɔːbɪŋ]
(adj) something absorbing
is so entertaining that you
give it all your attention
fatigue [fəˈtiːg]
(n) a feeling of being
extremely tired, either
physically or mentally
lifestyle [ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl] leave [liːv] outing [ˈaʊtɪŋ]

pastime [ˈpɑːstaɪm] pursue [pəˈsjuː] recreation [ˌriːkrɪˈeɪʃən]

respite [ˈrɛspaɪt] sedentary [ˈsɛdntəri] socialise [ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz]

outing [ˈaʊtɪŋ]
(n) a short journey that you
take for enjoyment
recreation [ˌriːkrɪˈeɪʃən]
(n) things that you do to
enjoy yourself
socialise [ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz]
(v) to spend time with other
people socially, for
example at a party
leave [liːv] lifestyle [ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl]
(n) a period of time away (n) the type of life you
from your job or the armed have, for example the type
forces of job or house you have or
the type of activity you like
doing
pursue [pəˈsjuː] pastime [ˈpɑːstaɪm]
(v) to follow a course of (n) something that you do
activity regularly for fun in your
free time
sedentary [ˈsɛdntəri] respite [ˈrɛspaɪt]
(adj) involving a lot of (n) a short period of rest
sitting and not much from having to deal with a
exercise difficult or unpleasant
situation
solitude [ˈsɒlɪtjuːd] tedious [ˈtiːdiəs] trivial [ˈtrɪvɪəl]

unwind [ʌnˈwaɪnd] venue [ˈvɛnjuː] centre around [ˈsɛntər] [ə

ˈraʊnd]

get into [gɛt] [ˈɪntuː] go in for [gəʊ] [ɪn] [fɔː] go off [gəʊ] [ɒf]
trivial [ˈtrɪvɪəl]
(adj) not very interesting,
serious or valuable
centre around [ˈsɛntər] [ə
ˈraʊnd]
if something centres around
someone or something, or
you centre something
around them, they are its
main subject of attention or
interest
go off [gəʊ] [ɒf]
stop liking someone or
something; explode or be
fired; leave a place,
especially for a particular
purpose; if food or drink
goes off, it is not longer
fresh
tedious [ˈtiːdiəs]
(adj) boring and continuing
for too long
venue [ˈvɛnjuː]
(n) the place where an
activity or event happens
go in for [gəʊ] [ɪn] [fɔː]
enjoy a particular thing or
activity; choose somehting
as a subject of study or as
your career
solitude [ˈsɒlɪtjuːd]
(n) the state of being
completely alone,
especially when this is
pleasant or relaxing
unwind [ʌnˈwaɪnd]
(v) to begin to relax after
you have been working
hard or feeling nervous
get into [gɛt] [ˈɪntuː]
start enjoying something or
become enthusiastic about
it; if a train, plane, etc gets
into a place, it arrives there;
become involved in a bad
situation
grow on [grəʊ] [ɒn] hang out [hæŋ] [aʊt] keep up [kiːp] [ʌp]

laze around [leɪz] [əˈraʊnd] mess about/around [mɛs] [ə pick up [pɪk] [ʌp]
ˈbaʊt]/[əˈraʊnd]

put in [pʊt] [ɪn] seek out [siːk] [aʊt] take in [teɪk] [ɪn]
keep up [kiːp] [ʌp]
continue to do something;
move at the same speed as
someone or something
pick up [pɪk] [ʌp]
learn a new skill or start a
habit without intending to;
go and meet someone or
something that you have
arranged to take
somewhere in a vehicle
take in [teɪk] [ɪn]
include something
hang out [hæŋ] [aʊt]
spend time in a particular
place or with particular
people; lean out of a
window so that the top part
of your body is outside
mess about/around [mɛs] [ə
ˈbaʊt]/[əˈraʊnd]
spend time doing things in
a relaxed way; behave in a
silly way
seek out [siːk] [aʊt]
find someone or something
by looking for them in a
determined way
grow on [grəʊ] [ɒn]
if something or someone
grows on you, you start to
like them more
laze around [leɪz] [əˈraʊnd]
relax and enjoy yourself,
doing no work
put in [pʊt] [ɪn]
spend a particular amount
of time doing something, or
make a particular amount
of effort in order to do
something
take off [teɪk] [ɒf] take out [teɪk] [aʊt] warm up [wɔːm] [ʌp]

at a loose end [ət] [ə] [luːs] couch potato [kaʊʧ] [pə do sth on a whim [dʊ] sth
[ɛnd] ˈteɪtəʊ] [ɒn] [ə] [wɪm]

have time on your hands let your hair down [lɛt] [jə] life and soul of the party
[həv] [taɪm] [ɒn] [jə] [heə] [daʊn] [laɪf] [ənd] [səʊl] [əv] [ðə]
[hændz] [ˈpɑːti]
warm up [wɔːm] [ʌp]
prepare for a sport or
activity by doing gentle
exercises or practising just
before it starts
do sth on a whim [dʊ] sth
[ɒn] [ə] [wɪm]
do because of a sudden
feeling that you must have
or do something
life and soul of the party
[laɪf] [ənd] [səʊl] [əv] [ðə]
[ˈpɑːti]
someone who is very lively
at social events
take out [teɪk] [aʊt]
take someone to a place
like a cinema or a
restaurant and usually pay
for them
couch potato [kaʊʧ] [pə
ˈteɪtəʊ]
someone who spends a lot
of time sitting at home
watching television
let your hair down [lɛt] [jə]
[heə] [daʊn]
relax and enjoy yourself
because you are in a
comfortable environment
take off [teɪk] [ɒf]
have a particular amount of
time away from work;
become successful or
popular very fast
at a loose end [ət] [ə] [luːs]
[ɛnd]
with nothing in particular
to do
have time on your hands
[həv] [taɪm] [ɒn] [jə]
[hændz]
have more time available
than you need
put your feet up [pʊt] [jə] recharge your batteries [riː set your heart on [sɛt] [jə]
[fiːt] [ʌp] ˈʧɑːʤ] [jə] [ˈbætəriz] [hɑːt] [ɒn]

variety is the spice of life

[vəˈraɪəti] [z] [ðə] [spaɪs]
[əv] [laɪf]
set your heart on [sɛt] [jə] recharge your batteries [riː put your feet up [pʊt] [jə]
[hɑːt] [ɒn] ˈʧɑːʤ] [jə] [ˈbætəriz] [fiːt] [ʌp]

decide that you want rest after being very busy, sit down and relax,
something very mch so that you will be ready to especially with you feet
start working again raised of the ground

variety is the spice of life

[vəˈraɪəti] [z] [ðə] [spaɪs]
[əv] [laɪf]

used for saying that

different experiences and
siutations make life
enjoyable or interesting