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Planning & Decision Making: Power Point by
Planning & Decision Making: Power Point by
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MISSION or PURPOSE:
The mission and purpose identifies the basic purpose or
function or tasks of an enterprise or agency or any part of it.
Mission implies that the identified tasks should enable the
organization to link its activities to the need of society and
legitimize its existence by social expression of its business
purpose.
OBJECTIVES or GOALS:
Objectives or goals are the ends towards which activity is
aimed. Objectives emanate primarily from the mission statement
of the organization .Objective should be expressed as specifically
as possible so that results can be seen and verified.
STRATEGIES:
Strategies is defined as the determination of the basic long – term
objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and allocation
of resources necessary to achieve these goals. Strategies refer to a framework of
grand plans formulated to meet the challenges of special circumstances.
Strategy is a term that was originally used in military science to mean plans to
counter what as adversary might or might not do. Strategy usually has the
implication of action for countering completion by prior planning, and it is
widely used in today’s industry.
POLICIES:
Policies are also plans in that they are general statement or understandings
that guides or channel thinking in decision-making. Policies defined an area
within which a decision is to be made and ensure that the decision will be
consistent with, and contribute to an objective. Policies in an organization can
thus be major or minor in nature, but they all serve the purpose of bringing
uniformity in decisions and action.
PROCEDURES:
Procedures are plans that establish a required method of handling future
activities .chronological sequences of required actions. Guides to action, rather
exact manner in which certain activities must be accomplished.
RULES:
The essence of a rule is that it reflects a managerial decision
that a certain action must-or must-not- be taken. Rules are
different from policies in that policies are meant to guide decision
making which managers can use their discretion, while rules allow
no discretion in their application.
PROGRAMS:
Programs are a complex of goals, policies, procedures, rules,
task assignment, steps to be taken, resources to be employed, and
other element necessary to carry out a given course of action. The
dimension of a programme can vary with the nature and purpose
of the progamme, and can be termed major or minor.
BUDGETS:
A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in
numerical terms. Budget should be expressed in financial or
physical units, and must relate to a specific period of time.
STEPS IN PLANNING
BEING AWARE OF OPPORTUNITIES:
An awareness of opportunities in the external environment as
well as within the organization is the real starting point for planning
.All managers should take a preliminary look at possible future
opportunities and see them clearly and completely know where
company stands in light of its strength and weaknesses, understand
what problems it has to solve and why, and know what it can expect
to gain.
ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES :
The second step in planning is to establish objectives for the
entire enterprise and then for each subordinate work unit. This is to
be done for a long term as well as for the short range. Objectives
specify the expected result and indicate the end points of what is to
be done, where the primary emphasis is to be placed. Enterprise
objectives give direction to the major plans, which, by reflecting
these objectives of every major department. Major departmental
objectives, in turn, control the objectives of subordinate
departments, and so on down the line .In other words objectives
from a hierarchy.
DEVELOPING PREMISES:
Premises are assumption about the environment in which the
plan is to be carried out. It is important for all managers involve in
the plan to agree on the premises. In fact, the major Principle of
planning premises is this: the more thoroughly individual
charged with planning understand and agree to utilize consistent
planning premises, the more coordination enterprise planning will
be.
6 Selecting a Course.
3 Developing Premises.
2 Establishing Objectives.
Mission
Overall Objective Of
The Organization
(Long-Range, Top-Level Managers
Strategic)
More Specific Overall
Objective (e.g. in key result
areas)
Division Objectives
Middle-Level Managers
S - SPECIFIC
M- MEASURABLE
A - ACHIEVABLE
R - REALISTIC
T - TIME BASED
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