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Raker Beams
by Ubani Obinna Ranks on November 30, 2017 in Beams, Eurocode 2, Reinforced Concrete
Design, Statically Indeterminate Structures, Structural Analysis
Inclined beams (often called raker beams) are often found in structures like pedestrian bridges, ramps, staircases,
stadiums, etc. Due to their geometry, these beams are often subjected to bending moment, shear force, and axial
force. For indeterminate raker beams, it is not uncommon to see the axial forces varying from tension to
compression.
The analysis and design of such elements have been presented here using Eurocode 2. For the inclined rectangular
raker beam loaded as shown below, we are to fully analyse and design the structure at ultimate limit state.
Design Information
Dimensions = 600 × 300mm
Concrete cover = 40mm
Yield strength of reinforcement = 500 N/mm2
Grade of concrete = 35 N/mm2
cos 25 = 0.9063
sin 25 = 0.4226
In all cases;
L = 7.0m
L' = 7.7236m
On solving;
Z1 = -102.53/EI (radians)
Therefore;
MBA = 278.769 + (-102.53/EI × 3EI/7.7236) = 238.944 KNm
MBC = -185.846 + (-102.53/EI × 4EI/7.7236) = -238.944 kNm
MCB = 185.846 + (-102.53/EI × 2EI/7.7236) = 159.296 kNm
Span A-B
Support Reactions
∑MB = 0
7.7236RAB - (41.25 × 0.9063 × 7.72362)/2 = -238.944
RAB = 113.436 KN
∑MA = 0
7.7236RBA - (41.25 × 0.9063 × 7.72362)/2 - 238.944 = 0
RBA = 175.309 KN
Maximum span moment;
Mz = RA.z - (41.25 × 0.9063 × z2)/2 = 0
Mz = 113.436z - 18.692z2
Span B - C
∑MC = 0
7.7236RBC - (41.25 × 0.9063 × 7.72362)/2 - 238.944 = -159.296
RBC = 154.685 KN
Structural Design
Span
MEd = 172.102 KN.m
Support B
MEd = 238.944 KN.m
We are going to anchor the 4No of H16mm reinforcement provided fully into the supports.
Where;
CRd,c = 0.18/γc = 0.18/1.5 = 0.12
σcp = NEd / bd = (67.323 × 1000) / (542 × 300) = 0.414 N/mm2
k = 1 + √(200/d) = 1 + √(200/542) = 1.607 > 2.0, therefore, k = 1.702
ρ1 = As/bd = 804/(300 × 542) = 0.004944 < 0.02; K1 = 0.15
VRd,c = [0.12 × 1.607(100 × 0.004944 × 35 )(1/3) + (0.15 × 0.414)] × 300 × 542 = 91199.759 N = 91.199 KN
Since VRd,c (91.999 KN) < VEd (113.436 KN), shear reinforcement is required.
The compression capacity of the compression strut (VRd,max) assuming θ = 21.8° (cot θ = 2.5)
VRd,max = [(300 × 0.9 × 542 × 0.516 × 23.333) / (2.5 + 0.4)] × 10-3 = 607.554 KN
Note that this link must be properly closed with adequate anchorage length, because it will assist in resisting
torsion.
We are going to anchor the 6No of H16mm reinforcement provided fully into the supports.
VRd,c = [0.12 × 1.607(100 × 0.00741 × 35 )(1/3) - (0.15 × 0.414)] × 300 × 542 = 82716.452 N = 82.716 KN
Since VRd,c (82.716 KN) < VEd (175.309 KN), shear reinforcement is required.
The compression capacity of the compression strut (VRd,max) assuming θ = 21.8° (cot θ = 2.5)
VRd,max = [(300 × 0.9 × 542 × 0.516 × 23.333) / (2.5 + 0.4)] × 10-3 = 607.554 KN