14 Facebook Vocabulary words:

1. Status: ససత/ పరససత - 'Status' message is used to indicate the condition that someone is in at a given time
or how one is feeling, or what one is doing.

2. Comment: వవఖవ

3. Share: ఏదద న వషయనన ఇతరలత పపచకవడప లద చపపడప

4. Ping: ఎవరకదన మసజ చయడప

5. Dislike: అయషష పడటప

6. Feed/ News feed: అపశల జబత

7. Update: తలయజయడప (verb)

8. Upload: To put data or images onto something (ఫటస మదలద న వటన పటషడప)

9. Emoticon / Emoji: a representation of a facial expression such as :) :( (smileys)

(మఖ కవళకల దదర భవనన చపప చతత ప)
10. Viral: an image, video, advertisement, etc., that is circulated rapidly on the Internet ( వడయ లద ఏదద న
పతకటన ఇపటరనట ల తదరతగతన వవపపచడప)

11. Subscribe: సభవతదప తసకవడప

12. Meme: this is the name of a picture that also has writing or a message on the picture; these are often
shared on Facebook (often abbreviated FB); this term also means any idea, style or action which spreads
through mimicry.
(చతత ప త కడన మసజ)
13. Tag: a label attached to someone or something for the purpose of identification or to give other
information. On Facebook, photos are 'tagged' to identify the people in them.
(సమచరనన తలప చనన వకవప)
14. Trending: Becoming popular
(అపతట మటటడకపటనన వషయప)

Types of Tenses:

1. Present Simple (సమనవ వరరమన కలమ) - is used to tell about your daily routines.
Eg: I work.

2. Present Continuous (జరగతతనన వరరమన కలమ) - is used to indicate that something is happening at
the time of speaking.
Eg: I am working.

3. Present Perfect (అపపడ జరగన/మదలద న వరరమన కలమ) - indicates either that an action was completed
at some point in the past or that the action extends to the present.
Eg: I have finished the work.

4. Present Perfect Continuous ( మదలద జరగతతనన వరరమన కలమ) - indicates that something started in
the past and continues in the present
Eg: I have been working since morning.
5. Past Simple (సమనవ భతత కలమ) - is used to talk about something that started and finished at a
definite time in the past.
Eg: I worked yesterday.

6. Past Continuous(జరగతత ఉపడన భతత కలమ) - is used to talk about something that was happening
around a particular time in the past.
Eg: I was working on Sunday.

7. Past Perfect(గతపల ఒక పనక మపద జరగపయన భతత కలమ)- indicates that an action was completed
at some point in the past before something else happened.
Eg: He had left for school the moment I reached there.

8. Past Perfect Continuous (గతపల మదలద గతపల జరగతత ఉపడన భతత కలమ)- indicates a continuous
action that was completed at some point in the past.
Eg: I had been working at the company for five years when I moved to London.

9. Future Simple (సమనవ భవషవత కలమ)- indicates that an action will happen in the future.
Eg: I will work tomorrow.

10. Future Continuous (భవషవతరల జరగతత ఉపడ కలమ)- indicates that something will occur in the
future and continue for an expected length of time
Eg: I will be working tomorrow

11. Future Perfect (భవషవతరల మగస కలమ)-is used to talk about actions that will be finished before
some point in the future or to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite
moment in the future. The last use is to express certainty that an action was completed.
Eg: I would have finished the work, before you get there.

12. Future Perfect Continuous (భవషవతరల జరగతత ఉపడబయ కలమ) - indicates actions that will
continue up until a point in the future.
Eg: In November, I will have been working at my company for three years

7 things to say at an interview:

1. I am hard working, and diligent. I do whatever it takes to get the job done, sometimes working 12-hour
days if a deadline demands so.
(నన కషషపడ శతదదగ పన చసరన. పన పరర చయడనక ఏమదన చసరన, కననసరట గడవ దగగరదత 12 గపటలపటద న
పన చసరన.)
2. I am usually really organized, and plan my day well. In most situations, I am able to deliver on time by
effectively managing usual hours at work.
(నన సధరణపగ చల పదదతగ ఉపటన, న రజన పతణళక బదదపగ గడపతన. ఎకకవసరట , సధరణ పన
వళలన సమరసవపతపగ ఉపయగపచ సమయనక పన జరగల చయగలగన.)
3. When it comes to stretched targets, or certain organizational challenges that need extra hours, I am
always willing to step in.
(అదనప లకవలన లద కనన సపససగత సవళక ట అదనప పన గపటల అవసరమదనపపడ, నన ఎపపడ
మపదపటన.)
4. I am very hard working. I do whatever it takes to get the job done, and do not shy away from putting in
extra hours if needed.
(నన కషషపడ పనచసరన. పన పరర చయడనక ఏమదన చసరన, అదనప పన గపటల చయడప నపచ
తపపపచకన.)
5. I build great relationships with my peers as well as with the customers. My interpersonal skills come in
useful in my roles as a sales associate.
(నన న సహదవగలత, కనగలదరలత మపచ సపబపధల కలగ ఉపటన . వవకరలత మటటడగల న
నద పణవప న సలల అసలసయట ఉదవగనక పనకసరపద. )
6. I am adept at handling chaotic situations. I am organized, and can help bring order to chaos.
(నన అసరవవసరమదన పరససలన నరదహపచడపల పపవణవడన. నన పదదతగ ఉపటన, గపదరగళ పరససతలన ఒక
కలకక తసకరవడపల సహయపడగలన.)
7. I am quite creative, and can really shine when it comes to thinking outside the box.
(నన చల ససజనతతక మరయ సదతరమదన ఆలచనలన చయడపల నజపగ పతకశపచగలన.)

Words to improve your vocabulary and make you sound smart:

Elucidate - వవరపచ(to make (something) clear; explain.)

Abhor - అసహవపడ(to regard with disgust and hatred)

Appease - ఆనపదపటష(to pacify or placate (someone) by acceding to their demands.)

Cajole - బజజగపచ(persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery.)

Elated - ఉతలహపరత(extremely happy and excited, often because something has happened or been
achieved)

Scintillating - (ఆకరరణయమదన) something fascinating or brilliantly clever

Quintessential - ఒక ఖచచతమదన లద వలకణమదన (a typical example of a particular person or characteristic)

Flabbergasted - (దకకతచన) shocked by the unexpected

Impeccable - అదదతయమదన (perfect, with no problems or errors or bad parts)

Inept - అయగవమదన(not skilled or effective, clumsy)

People often use abbreviations on chat and WhatsApp. Although, they are not proper English words, people
often use them as it makes typing faster. Here are the full forms of these common abbreviations

వటలప ల లద చట ల మటటడతననపపడ మనప తరచగ సపకపర సపదశల (abbreviations)

ఉపయగసరమ. ఇవ పతతవకపగ ఆపగ ట పదల కవ, కన, తదరగ రయటనక మనప వటన ఉపయగసరప.

కనన చనన పదల మరయ వట అరర ల:

1. LOL: Laugh Out Loud = బగగరగ నవద

2. BRB: Be right back = వపటన తరగ వసరన

3. TTYL: Talk to you later = నత తరదత మటటడతన

4. BTW: by the way = అలగ ; Example: By the way, you were looking good today! ( అలగ, ఈ రజ నవద
బగ కనపసతర ఉపడవ)

5. BFF: Best friend(s) forever = ఎపపటక ఉతరమ సనహతడ; Example: She is my BFF. (ఆమ ఎపపటక న
ఉతరమ సనహతరల)

6. DM: Direct Message = నరగ సపదశనన పపపటప; Example: If you have something important, just DM
me. Don't message anything publically. ( మక నత ఏదద న అతవవసరమదన పన ఉపట నరగ నక సపదశప
పపపపడ, అపదర మపద రయవదద.)
7. IDK: I don't know = నక తలయద

8. IMHO: in my humble opinion = న వనయపరదక అభపపయప పతకరప

9. ROFL: rolling on the floor laughing = కపదపడ దలటపతగ నవదడప

10. w/o: without = లకపడ ; Example: I will be going to the mall w/o my friend. ( నన న సనహతడ
లకపడ మల క వళబ ట తన)

11. XO: hugs and kisses = కగలపతల మరయ మదదల; Example: I will see you later, XO! = నన మమతలన
తరదత చతసరన,కగలపతల మరయ మదదల!

Types of Modal Verb:

1. Can - It can be used to express ability( సమరసరప) or opportunity(అవకశప), to request (అభవరసపచడనక) or

offer permission(అనమతనచచ), and to show possibility (జరగ అవకశప) or impossibility(అసపభవప).
Eg: I can ride a horse.
You can't stay out in night.
Can I take that pen?

2. Could - is used to express possibility ( జరగ అవకశప) or past ability (సమరసరప) as well as to make
suggestions (సలహల) and requests(అభవరసనల).
Eg: Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city.
Could you please open the windows?
I could run ten miles in my twenties.

3. May - is most commonly used to express possibility( జరగ అవకశప). It can also be used to give or request
permission(అనమత), although this usage is becoming less common.
Eg: Jack may be coming to see us tomorrow.
You may use my phone to make calls.
May I use your bathroom?

4. Might - is used to suggest a small possibility (జరగ అవకశప) of something.

Eg: He might vote.

5. Must - is used to express necessity (అవసరప) or certainty or strong recommendation(సఫరస).

Eg: You must have breakfast everyday.
This must be the right address!

6. Should - is most commonly used to make recommendations ( సఫరసల) or give advice (సలహ). It can
also be used to express obligation (బధవత) as well as expectation(ఆకపక).
Eg: Eg: He should be more thoughtful.
I should be at work before 9:00.
Jack should be in New York by now.

7. Have to - is used to express obligation( బధవత) . It shows us that the obligation ( బధవత) comes from
somebody else.
Eg: I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.

14 Vegetable names:

1. Sweet potato - చలగడదపప

2. Spring onions - ఉలట కడల

3. Yam - కపద గడడ

4. Fenugreek - మపతల

5. Cucumber - దసకయ

6. Drumsticks - మనగకయ

7. Pumpkin/Squash - గమతడకయ

8. Mustard greens - ఆవ ఆకల

9. Peppermint leaves - మరయల ఆకల

10. Bitter Gourd - కకరకయ

11. Bottle Gourd - సరకయ

12. Colocasia roots - చమదపప, చమగడడ

13. Turnip - వక

14. Broccoli - ఆకపచచ కసపవద, బపకల

Sections in Résumé:

1. Header (శరరక) - It usually contains your name, phone number, and e-mail ID.
(సధరణపగ మ పర, ఫన నపబర మరయ ఇ-మయల ఐడ)

2. Profile summary (సరపశప) - This includes a brief summary on your professional profile, qualifications,
and skills; and/or your career objective.
(మ పపఫషనల అరరతల, నద పణవల లద మ కరర లకవపపద సపకపర సమచరప)

3. Professional experience (అనభవప) - All the details highlighting your primary role(s) and achievements
in your previous organization(s). Write in reverse chronological order, job title, organisation and dates (only
month and year necessary).
(మ మనపట సపసస(ల) ల మ పపధమక పతత (ల) మరయ వజయలన హదలద ట చస అనన వవరల [నల మరయ
సపవతలరలత సహ] )

4. Academic details(వదవవషయక వవరల) - This includes your educational qualifications. It includes -

degree, college and schooling details. Write in reverse chronological order, the institutions where you
studied, when you studied and outcomes. (వదవరరతల - డగత, కళశల మరయ పఠశల వవరల [నల మరయ
సపవతలరలత సహ])

5. Extra curricular activities(అదనప వదవపతణళక చరవల) - This section includes your non academic
achievements (or significant participation) in fields such as sports, art, etc.( కతడల, కళల, తదతర రపగలల
మ భగసదమవప)

6. Social engagements (సమజక కరవకలపల) - This section includes any significant social work done for
an NGO/Not for profit organization.(లభపక లకపడ చపటషన లద పలపపచకనన ఏవద న సపఘక
కరవకతమల)
7. Personal details (వవకరగత వవరల) - This includes your 'Date of Birth' and address.( మ పటషన తద మరయ
చరనమ)

If there are crucial things which take up most of the space in your résumé, then you could choose to avoid
the following sections:
i) Extra curricular activities
ii) Personal details (in which case, the header must list your name, phone number, and e-mail ID)

Here are 9 common English mistakes made by Indians:

1. Revert back: The word 'revert' means to return, go back, change back. We do not need to add 'back'
again after it.
('Revert' అపటన వనతరగడప, వనకక మరచడప. కబటష మళళ 'back' జడపచనకకరలద.)

2. Cousin brother/ Cousin sister: Just saying 'cousin' is enough, and correct. We do not need to add brother/
sister after 'cousin'. For example: He is my cousin.
('Cousin' సరపతపద, సరదనద. 'brother/sister' జడపచనకకరలద.)

3. Real brother/ Real sister: If you have the same parents, then refer to your siblings as 'brother/ sister/
sibling'. For sons and daughters of uncles or aunts, call them 'cousin'.
(మక ఒక తలటదపడతల ఉపట వరన 'brother/ sister/ sibling' అన పలవపడ. మ మమల, పద, చననననల, అతరల
లద పనన, పదదమతల పలటలటన 'cousin' అన పలవపడ.)

4. Fast friend: This is incorrect English. If someone is your very close friend, you can refer to that person as
'a close friend'.
(ఇద తపప ఆపగప ట . నక ఎవరదన దగగర సనహతడ ఉపట అతనన 'close friend' అన పలవపడ.)

5. Prepone: 'Prepone' is not a valid English word. Although, it is used so often that most Indians will
understand it.
('Prepone' అనద సరదన ఆపగ ట పదప కద. కన భరతయల దనన వరవగ ఉపయగసరర, అరసప చసకపటర.)

6. More better: 'Better' is already the comparative form of 'good'. We do not need to add 'more' before it.
Good -> better -> best.
('Better' రపడట మధవ పలకన చతపసరపద, 'more' జడపచనకకరలద.)

7. Introducing oneself using 'Myself': 'Myself Amit' is incorrect English. Use: 'I am Amit' or 'My name is
Amit'.
('Myself' త మనన మనప పరచయప చసకవడప తపప ఆపగప ట . 'I am Amit' అన గన లద 'My name is Amit'
అన చపపపడ.)

8. Forming plurals: The plural of 'child' is 'children'. The words 'childs' and 'childrens' are incorrect.
Similarly, 'informations' is incorrect, just say 'information'.
('Child' క బహవచనప 'Children'. 'childs' మరయ 'childrens' అనవ తపప పదల, 'informations' లగ.
'information' అన మతత మ అనల.
Words like 'Sister in law' become 'Sisters in law' in the plural form, not 'sister in laws'.

9. Pass out: If you want to say that you finished school or college, use the word 'graduated' or 'completed
my degree'. 'To pass out' = to be unconscious or drunk. 'I passed out of college' is incorrect English.

9 Ways to say 'I love you':

1. I really like you and you are the best thing that has ever happened to me.
(నన నజపగ మమతలన ఇషషపడతననన మరయ మర నకపపట వరక జరగన గపప వషయప.)

2. You are adorable and I love you!

(మర ఆరధపచదగన వర మరయ నన మమతలన పతమసరననన!)

3. I cannot stop thinking about you.

(నన మ గరపచ ఆలచపచకపడ ఉపడలకపతననన.)

4. I keep falling in love with you!

(నన మత పతమల పడతతన ఉననన!)

5. My love for you is unconditional and eternal.

(మ పటట న పతమ అవధల లనద మరయ శశదతమదనద.)

6. I adore you!

(నన మమతలన ఆరధసరననన!)

7. You are the love of my life!

(మర న జవత పతమ భవప!)

8. You have made me a better person, I will always need you by my side.

(మర ననన మరగదన వవకరగ మరచర, నక మర ఎపపడ పకకన ఉపడడప కవల.)

9. I want to spend my whole life with you!

(నన న జవతననపత మత గడపలనకపటననన)

15 Types of doctors:

1. Dermatologist = skin specialist (చరత నపణడ)

2. Cardiologist = heart specialist ( హసదపగ నపణడ)

3. Gynecologist/Gynaecologist = female disease specialist (సరస వవధ నపణడ)

4. Dentist = doctor of teeth & jaw bones (పళళ మరయ దవడ ఎమకల డకషర)

5. Ophthalmologist = eye specialist (కపట నపణడ)

6. Orthopedist = Muscle and bones expert (కపడరల మరయ ఎమకల నపణడ)

7. Anesthesiologist = a specialist who administers an anesthetic to a patient before he is treated

(చకతలక మపద రగక మతర మపద ఇచచ నపణడ)

8. Endocrinologist (అపతసల స వ నపణడ) = diagnoses and treats diabetes, hormone imbalances, thyroid
disease and other disorders of the endocrine system.
9. Gastroenterologist (జరర వవవసస నపణడ) = specializes in diseases of the digestive system.

10. Hematologist (రకర రగ వద దవ నపణడ) = a hematologist specializes in diseases of the blood and bone
marrow.

11. Hepatologist (కలయ వవధల వద దవ నపణడ) = specializes in diseases of the liver.

12. Neonatologist (పసకపదల నపణడ) = cares for premature and critically ill newborns.

13. Neurologist (నడ వవవసస (నరల) వద దవడ) = a neurologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of
all types of disease and functions of the brain, spine, peripheral nerves, muscles and nervous systems

14. Pediatrician (శశవద దవడ) = a child's physician

15. Oncologist (కవనలర వద దవ నపణడ) = A doctor who treats cancer

To know more about types of doctors, take lesson no. 231

వదవరసలచ చయబడ అత సధరణ ఇపగటష తపపల:

1. She's married to a dentist. (Correct)

She's married with a dentist. (Incorrect)

2. I enjoyed the movie. (Correct)

I enjoyed from the movie. (Incorrect)

3. I look forward to meeting you. (Correct)

I look forward to meet you. (Incorrect)

4. When I arrive, I'll call you. (Correct)

When I'll arrive, I'll call you. (Incorrect)

5. I have been there for three months. (Correct)

I have been there since three months. (Incorrect)

6. She doesn't listen to me. (Correct)

She doesn't listen me. (Incorrect)

7. You speak English well. (Correct)

You speak English good. (Incorrect)

8. The house isn't big enough. (Correct)

The house isn't enough big. (Incorrect)

9. I didn't meet anybody. (Correct)

I didn't meet nobody. (Incorrect)

10. You are very nice, like your mother. (Correct)

You are very nice, as your mother. (Incorrect)

11. If I am in London, I will contact you. (Correct)

If I will be in London, I will contact to you. (Incorrect)

How to wish someone 'Happy Birthday' on WhatsApp

1. Hey, wish you a very happy birthday. Hope you have a great day. ( హ, మక పటషనరజ శభకపకల. మర
ఒక గపప రజ కలగ ఉననరన అనకపటననన)

2. Happy Birthday - may you have a wonderful year, and may all your wishes come true! ( పటషనరజ
శభకపకల - మ సపవతలరప మపచగ ఉపడ, మ అనన కరకల నరవరలన ఆశసరననన)

3. May God fill your day with sunshine, and laughter. Have a great birthday. Happy Birthday! ( భగవపతడ
మ రజన పతకశవపతపగ ఆనపదపత నపప గక. గపపగ పటషన రజ చసకపడ. పటషనరజ శభకపకల!)

4. Happy Birthday to my fabulous friend! May you have a wonderful day, and a great year ahead. (మ పతయ
మతతనక పటషనరజ శభకపకల! అదదతమదన రజ నక కలగ గక! మరయ ఒక గపప రబయ సపవతలరప)

5. Many happy returns of the day. May you have a prosperous year. ( ఇలపట రజల మరనన రవల. మర
ఒక మపచ సపవతలరనన పపదదర గక.)

If you forget someone's birthday:

1. Belated Happy Birthday. I am really sorry that I missed wishing you yesterday, but my good wishes and
thoughts are always with you. (ఆలసవపగ పటషనరజ శభకపకల. మక ననన శభకపకల చపపడప
మరచపయనపదక ననన కమపచపడ, కన న శభభనపదనల మరయ ఆలచనల ఎపపడ మతన
ఉపటయ.)

2. Belated Happy Birthday! Even though I missed your birthday by a mile, I hope you celebrated it with
smile. (ఆలసవపగ పటషనరజ శభకపకల. నన చల రజల తరదత చపరనన కడ, మర చరనవదత దనన
జరపకననరన నన అనకపటననన.)

14 Confusing words:

1. Advise, Advice

Advise (సలహ ఇవదడప) - Offer suggestions about the best course of action to someone.

Advice (సలహ) - an opinion or recommendation offered as a guide to action, conduct, etc.

Example: He advised me to give her an advice on what to wear for the party.

(అతన ఆమ పరషక ఏమ ధరపచల, ఒక సలహ ఇవదమన, నక సలహ ఇచచడ.)

2. Weather, Whether

Weather (వతవరణప) - the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as regards heat,
cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.

Whether (లద, ఉనన లకనన) - expressing a doubt or choice between alternatives.

Example: Whether you agree to it or not, the weather has become cold.

(మర అపగకరపచన లకనన, వతవరణప చలటగ మరపద.)

3. Alter, Altar
Alter (మరచ, మరప) - change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but
significant way.

Altar (యజజవటక) - An elevated place or structure before which religious ceremonies may be enacted or
upon which sacrifices may be offered.

Example: We need to alter the altar. It is very old now.

(మనప యజజవటకన మరచడప అవసరప. ఇద ఇపపడ చల పతద.)

4. Principal, Principle

Principal (పతనలపల) - first in order of importance; main.

Principle (సతతత ప, సదరపతప) - morally correct behaviour and attitudes.

Example: The principal of that school is a man of principles.

(ఆ పఠశల పతనలపల సతతపల మనష.)

5. Bare, Bear

Bare (నగన) - (of a person or part of the body) not clothed or covered.

Bear (ఎలగబపట) - a large, heavy mammal which walks on the soles of its feet, having thick fur and a
very short tail

Bear (బధన ఓరచకవడప, బధవత తసకవడప, మయడప) - support; carry the weight of.

Example: The bear was bare. He was bearing the weight of the tree.

(ఎలగబపట నగనపగ ఉపద. అద చటష యకక బరవన మసరపద.)

6. Whole, Hole

Whole (పరర, మతరప, అపత) - all of; entire.

Hole (రపధధప) - a hollow place in a solid body or surface.

There were holes in the whole cake.

(కక అపత రపధపల ఉననయ.)

7. Prey, Pray

Prey (వట) - an animal that is hunted and killed by another for food.

Pray (పపరన
స ) - address a prayer to God or another deity.

The elephant fell prey to the tiger and got hurt. Everybody was praying for the elephant to get well soon.

The 12 Verbs Tenses:

1. Simple Past - Past form of the verb is used in this tense.

(కతయ యకక భతతకల రతపప)
St. : Subject V2 Object
Eg: I ate pizza yesterday.

2. Simple Present - Present form of the verb is used in this tense.

(కతయ యకక సధరణ[వరరమన] రతపప)
Structure: Subject V Object
Eg: I eat pizza on Sundays.

3. Simple Future - 'Will' is used with the verb in this tense.

(కతయ మపద 'Will' వసరపద)
Structure: Subject will V Object
Eg: I will eat pizza on Tomorrow.

4. Past Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'was/were' to indicate Past Continuous.
('was/were' త కతయ యకక -ing రతపప)
Structure: Subject was/were (V ing) Object
Eg: I was eating pizza yesterday.

5. Present Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'is/am/are' to indicate Present Continuous.
('is/am/are' త కతయ యకక -ing రతపప)
Structure: Subject is/am/are (V ing) Object
Eg: I am eating pizza right now.

6. Future Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'will be' to indicate Future Continuous.
('will be' త కతయ యకక -ing రతపప)
Structure: Subject 'will be' (V ing) Object
Eg: I will be eating pizza when you arrive.

7. Past Perfect - Past participle of the verb is used with 'had' in Past Perfect.
('had' త కతయ యకక Past participle [అత భతతకల] రతపప)
Structure: Subject had past participle Object
Eg: I had eaten pizza by the time you arrived.

8. Present Perfect - Past participle of the verb is used with 'has/have' in Past Perfect.
('has/have' త కతయ యకక Past participle [అత భతతకల] రతపప)
Structure: Subject has/have past participle Object
Eg: I have eaten all the pizza.

9. Future Perfect - Past participle of the verb is used with 'will have' in Future Perfect.
Structure: Subject will have past participle Object
Eg: I will have eaten all the pizza by the time you arrive.

10. Past Perfect Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'had been' to indicate Past Perfect
Continuous.
Structure: Subject had been (v ing) Object
Eg: I had been eating pizza f0r 2 hours when you arrived.

11. Present Perfect Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'has/have been' to indicate Present
Perfect Continuous.
Structure: Subject has/have been (V ing) Object
Eg: I have been eating pizza since morning.

12. Future Perfect Continuous - 'Ing' form of the verb is used with 'will have been' to indicate Future
Perfect Continuous.
Structure: Subject will have been (v ing) Object
Eg: I will have been eating pizza for 4 hours when you arrive.

9 WhatsApp messages to say Sorry:

1. I regret the delay in reaching your place, there was a lot of traffic today.

(నన మ చటక చరకవడపల ఆలసవప అయనపదక చపతసరననన, ఈ రజ చల టపఫక ఉపడపద)

2. Forgive me for being so rude. I was very upset at that time.

(చల మరటగ పతవరరపచనపదక ననన కమపచపడ. ఆ సమయపల నన చల కలతగ ఉపడన.)

3. I apologize for all the trouble. My train was running late by an hour.

(నన ఇబబపద అపతటక చపతసరననన. న రదల ఒక గపట ఆలసవపగ నడసతర ఉపడపద.)

4. I am sorry if I hurt you in any manner. I did not intend to.

(నన మమతలన ఏ వధపగ అయన బధపచ ఉపట ననన కమపచపడ. నన అల చయలన భవపచలద.)

5. I am ashamed to say that I lied to you. I am really sorry.

(నన మక అబదదమడన అన చపపటనక సగగ పడతననన. నన నజపగ వచరసరననన.)

6. I am sorry for not being able to make it to the party. I wouldn't have missed it had it not been an
emergency.

(నన పరషక రలకపతననపదక వచరసరననన. ఇద ఒక అతవవసర పరససత, కకపట నన తపపవడన కద.)

7. My apologies for misinterpreting things.

(పరససతలన తపపగ అరసప చసకననపదక న కమపణల.)

8. I still feel guilty about what I said yesterday. Please forgive me.

(నన ననన చపపన దన గరపచ ఇపపటక దషగ భవసరననన. ననన కమపచపడ.)

9. I am extremely sorry for the inconvenience. I am at a party right now. Can I call you back?

(నన అసకరవనక చల వచరసరననన. నన పతసరతప ఒక పరషల ఉననన. నన మక తరగ కల చయవచచ?)

Key words to remember: Regret, Guilt, Apology, Forgive, Ashamed, Sorry

1. Period (.) - is used in the end of the sentence. However we put a period at the end of an indirect question.
(వకవప చవరల ఉపయగపచబడతపద.)
Eg: Rome is the capital of Italy.

2. Question Mark (?) - We use question marks to make clear that what is said is a question. When we use a
question mark, we do not use a full stop.
(ఒక పతశన చవరల ఉపయగపచబడతపద. )
Eg: Why do they make so many mistakes?
3. Quotation Mark (" ") - are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a
passage attributed to another and repeated word for word. They are also used to indicate meanings and to
indicate the unusual or dubious status of a word.
(ఒకర చపపన దనన పదనక పదప చపరననపపడ దనక మదటట మరయ చవరల వడతమ.)
Eg: "Don't go outside," she said.
Single quotation marks (') are used most frequently for quotes within quotes.
(ఆ చపపన దన మధవల మళళ దననద న పతతవకపగ చతపడనక వడతమ.)
Eg: Marie told the teacher, "I saw Marc at the playground, and he said to me 'Bill started the fight,' and I
believed him."

4. Exclamation Point (!) - We use exclamation marks to indicate an exclamative clause or expression in
informal writing. When we want to emphasise something in informal writing, we sometimes use more than
one exclamation mark:
Eg: Listen!
Oh no!!! Please don’t ask me to phone her. She’ll talk for hours!!!

5. Comma - We put a comma (,) between items in a list. We often put a comma before 'or' , 'and' or 'but'
when we add a clause.
Eg: It’s important to write in clear, simple, accurate words.

6. Colon (:) - is used to introduce lists, to indicate a subtitle or to indicate a subdivision of a topic, to
introduce direct speech, and between sentences when the second sentence explains or justifies the first
sentence.
Eg: There are three main reasons for the success of the government: economic, social and political.

7. Semi-colon (;) - We use semi-colons to separate two main clauses. In such cases, the clauses are related
in meaning but are separated grammatically
Eg: Spanish is spoken throughout South America; in Brazil the main language is Portuguese.

8. Parentheses () - Parentheses ( ( ) ) are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or qualifying
remarks. However, parentheses can be replaced by commas without changing the meaning in most cases.
Eg: John and Jane (who were actually half brother and sister) both have red hair.

9. Hyphen - A hyphen is used to join two or more words together into a compound term and is not
separated by spaces.
For example, part-time, back-to-back, well-known.

Names of baby animals in English:

1. Bear (ఎలగబపట) - Cub (ఎలగ పలట)

2. Bird (పక) - hatchling, chick (పక పలట)

3. Buffalo (గద) - calf (దతడ)

4. Butterfly (సతకకచలక) - pupa, caterpillar (గపగళ పరగ)

5. Camel (ఒపట) - calf (దతడ)

6. Cat (పలట) - Kitten (పలట పలట)

7. Cow (ఆవ) - Calf (దతడ)

8. Deer (జపక) - Fawn (జపక పలట)

9. Dog (కకక) - Pup (కకక పలట)

10. Donkey (గడద) - Foal (గడదపలట)

11. Duck (బత) - Duckling (బతపలట)

12. Elephant (ఏనగ) - Calf (ఏనగపలట)

13. Frog (కపప) - Tadpole (టడ పల)

14. Goat (మక) - Kid (కడ (మకపలట))

15. Horse (గఱఱప) - foal, colt (male), filly (female) (గరతప పలట)

16. Kangaroo (కపగరత) - Joey (పలట కపగరత)

17. Monkey (కత) - Infant (కత పలట)

18. Lion (సపహప) - Cub (సపహప పలట)

19. Sheep (గరత) - Lamb (గరతపలట)

20. Tiger (పల) - Cub (పల పలట)

Learn to use this, that, those in English

Why do we use this and these?

We use this (singular) and these (plural) as demonstrative pronouns:

1. To talk about people or things near us:

Example: This is a nice cup of tea.

Whose shoes are these?

2. To introduce people:

Example: This is Janet.

These are my friends, John and Michael.

WARNING:

We don’t say These are John and Michael.

We say This is John and this is Michael.

- to introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:

Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

Why do we use that and those? - We use that (singular) and those (plural):

- to talk about things that are not near us:

What’s that?
This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.

- We also use 'that' to refer back to something someone said or did:

Examples:
- Shall we go to the cinema?
- Yes, that’s a good idea.
- I’ve got a new job.
- That’s great.
- I’m very tired.
- Why is that?

Use of this, these, that, those with nouns:

You can also use demonstratives before a noun. These are called 'demonstrative adjectives'.

The Demonstrative Adjective needs to agree (= be the same form) as the noun.

Examples of demonstrative adjectives:

This party is boring. (singular)

That city is busy. (singular)
These chocolates are delicious. (plural)
Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)
We also use this, these, that and those with nouns to show proximity

We use 'this' and 'these' for people or things near us:

Examples:
We have lived in this house for twenty years.
Have you read all of these books?

We use 'that' and 'those' for people or things that are not near us:

Examples:
Who lives in that house?
Who are those people?

Names of Family members in English:

1. Grandmother - అమతమత/నయనమత,

2. Grandfather - తత

3. Grandparent - తత / అమతమత/నయనమత

To be specific:

Paternal Grandfather - తత
Paternal Grandmother - నయనమత
Maternal Grandmother - అమతమత
Maternal Grandfather - తత

We generally use the word 'Grandparent' to refer to తత / అమతమత/నయనమత.

4. Granddaughter - మనవరల

5. Grandson - మనవడ

6. Grandchild - మనవడ / మనవరల

7. Aunt - అతర/పదదమత/పనన
For example: She is my aunt (not: She is my aunty)

8. Uncle - మమ/పదననన/బబయ

9. Niece - మనకడల

10. Nephew - మనలటడ

11. Cousin - పదననన/బబయ లద పదదమత/పనన ల పలటల

Tip: We don't need to say 'Cousin Brother' or 'Cousin Sister' - just 'cousin' is enough. For example: She is
my cousin (not: She is my cousin sister)

12. Sister-in-law - మరదల

13. Brother-in-law - (బవ) మరద

14. Mother-in-law - అతరయవ

15. Father-in-law - మమయవ

1. Emerald - (పచచ) green in colour

2. Ruby - (కపప), red in colour

3. Topaz - (పషపరగమ), yellow in colour

4. Diamond - (వజధప), colourless stone

5. Amber - (జగర/పసప రయ), orange in colour

6. Sapphire - (ఇపదధనలప), blue in colour

7. Amethyst - (కరవపత), purple in colour

8. Onyx - (గమధక మణ), black in colour

9. Jade - (మదర పచచ), dark green in colour

10. Pearl - (మతవమ)

12 body organs:

1. Kidney - మతతత పపడప

2. Liver - కలయప

3. Lungs - ఊపరతతరల

4. Pancreas - కటమప

5. Intestine - పతగ

6. Brain - మదడ

7. Heart - గపడ

8. Urinary Bladder - మతతపశయప

9. Gall Bladder - పతరశయప

10. Urethra - పతసకప

11. Esophagus - అననవహక

12. Spinal Cord - వననపమ

14 WhatsApp Chat Abbreviations:

1. BRB - Be Right Back

(వపటన వసరన)
2. BTW - By The Way
(అలగ)
3. OMG - Oh My God
(ఓర దవడ)
4. POV - Point Of View
(ఈ వధపగ చతసర, న దసషషల)
5. TBH - To Be Honest
(నజపగ[నజయతగ] చపపలపట)
6. FYI - For Your Information
(మ సమచరప కసప)
7. TTYL - Talk To You Later
(నత తరదత మటటడతన)
8. LOL - Laugh Out Loud
(బగగరగ నవదడప)
9. DND - Do Not Disturb
(ననన కదలచదద)
10. ASAP - As Soon As Possible
(వలద నపత తదరగ)
11. DP - Display Picture
(మఖ[పతదరరన] చతత ప)
12. NTN - Nothing
(ఏమ లద)
13. THX - Thanks (TY = Thank you)
(ధనవవదల)
14. Bcoz - Because
(ఎపదకపట)
7 idioms derived from colours:

1. Pink Slip - dismiss (someone) from employment.

(ఎవరనద న ఉదవగప నపడ తసవసనపపడ దనన ఉపయగసరర.)

Example: He has been given a pink slip. (అతన ఉదవగప నపడ తలగపచ బడడడ)

2. Black out - faint

(ఎవరదన సపసహ తపప పయనపపడ దనన ఉపయగసరర)

Example: I black out when I stand under the sun for too long. ( నన సతరవడ కపద ఎకకవ సప నలబడత
సపసహ తపప పతన.)

3. Golden opportunity - A very good chance to achieve something.

(ఏదద న సధపచడనక మపచ అవకశప ఉననపపడ దనన ఉపయగసరర)

Example: She missed a golden opportunity to perform at the event.

(ఆమ ఆ కరవకతమపల పతదరరపచ బపగరప లపట అవకశనన కలపయపద)

4. Have the blues - Be sad or depressed

(ఎవరదన బధల ఉననపపడ దనన ఉపయగసరర)

Example: I always have the blues during the winter time.

(చలకలలట నన ఎపపడ మభవపగ భవసరన)

5. Once in a blue moon - Very rarely

(చల అరదగ)

Example: I get to meet her once in a blue moon.

(నన ఆమన చల అరదగ కలవగలగతన)

6. White lie - an innocent lie to protect another person's feelings

(ఇతరల భవల దబబతనకపడ ఉపడటనక చపప అబదదప)

Example: He was telling a white lie because he knew she would get hurt.

(అతన చనన అబదరప చపపడ ఎపదకపట ఆమ బధ పడతపదన అతనక తలస.)

7. With flying colors - with distinction

(ఎవరదన చల గపప తరహల ఒక పనన సధపచనపపడ దనన ఉపయగసరర)

Example: She passed the test with flying colors.

(ఆమ పరకన గపపగ పసయపద.)

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

1. We use the present continuous for things that are happening at the moment of speaking. These things
usually last for quite a short time and they are not finished when we are talking about them.

a. I'm working at the moment.

2. We can also use this tense for other kinds of temporary situations, even if the action isn't happening at
this moment.

a. John's working in a bar until he finds a job in his field. (He might not be working now.)

Compare this with the present simple, which is used for permanent situations that we feel will continue for
a long time.
I work in a school. (I think this is a permanent situation.)
I'm working in a school. (I think this is a temporary situation.)

3. We can use the present continuous for temporary or new habits (for normal habits that continue for a
long time, we use the present simple). We often use this with expressions like 'these days' or 'at the
moment'.

a. He's eating a lot these days.

b. She's swimming every morning (she didn't use to do this).

4. Another present continuous use is for habits that are not regular, but that happen very often. In this case
we usually use an adverb like 'always', 'forever' or 'constantly'. Often, we use the present continuous in this
way to talk about an annoying habit.

a. You're forever losing your keys!

b. She's constantly missing the train.

Future Uses

5. The next use is for definite future arrangements (with a future time word). In this case we have already
made a plan and we are pretty sure that the event will happen in the future.

a. I'm meeting my father tomorrow.

The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates continuing action, something which is going on now.
(ఇపపడ జరగతత ఉనన చరవల)
Present Progressive Tense = "To be" verb (in present tense) present participle (with -ing ending)

E.g. I am buying all my family's Christmas gifts early this year.

Present Progressive Tense examples:

1. Sam and Jack are fishing off the pier.

(సమ మరయ జక అపచ నపడ చపల పడతననర.)

2. He is hiding
(అతడ దకకన ఉననడ.)

3. They are hugging

(వర కగలపచకపటననర.)
4. He is jumping
(అతడ దమకతననడ.)

5. Zara is playing
(జర ఆడకపటపద.)

6. The summer is passing too quickly.

(వసవ తదరగ వళరపద.)

7. Rahul is acting like his father.

(రహల అతన తపడధ లగ చసరననడ.)

5 ways to Negotiate:

1. I am a regular customer here, please consider giving me a discount.

(నన ఇకకడ తరచత వచచ వనయగదరడన. దయచస నక కపచప రయత ఇవదడనన పరగణపచపడ.)

2. Please quote a fair price, I will be happy to buy 5 of these.

(దయచస నవయమదన ధర చపపపడ. నన ఇవ 5 కనగల చయటనన సపతషసరన.)

3. This price is way out of my budget, please see what you can do.

(ఈ ధర న బడజ ట న దట ఉపద, దయచస మరప చయగలర చతడపడ.)

4. My friend bought something similar for 20% lower price, please quote a fair price.

(న సనహతడ ఇలపటద 20% తకకవ రటక కననడ, దయచస నవయమదన ధర చపపపడ.)

5. I will be needing 10 of those boxes. Let me know the final price.

(నక ఇలపట 10 డబబల కవల. నక చవర ధర చపపపడ.)

When to use Adverbs of Frequency:

a. Always use adverbs of frequency to discuss how often something happens.

b. Adverbs of frequency are often used to indicate routine or repeated activities, so they are often used with
the present simple tense.

c. If a sentence has only one verb, place the adverb of frequency in the middle of the sentence so that it is
positioned after the subject but before the verb.
For example: Tom never flies. He always takes the bus.

d. When a sentence contains more than one verb, place the adverb of frequency before the main verb.
For example: They have often visited Europe.

e. When using an adverb of frequency in the negative or in forming a question, place it before the main
verb.
For example: Do you usually get up so late?

Adverbs of Frequency:
1. Always
(ఎలటపపడ)
E.g. Jack and I are always fighting.

2. Usually
(మమలగ)
E.g. I am usually on time.

3. Normally
(సధరణపగ)
E.g. What time do you normally get up?

4. Frequently
(తరచత)
E.g. How frequently do you exercise?

5. Often
(తరచగ)
E.g. We often go to watch plays.

6. Sometimes
(కననసరట)
E.g. Sometimes I go to play football with my friends.

7. Occasionally
(అపపడపపడ)
E.g. I occasionally watch Hollywood movies.

8. Seldom
(అరదగ)
E.g. We seldom travel.

9. Rarely
(ఎపపడ )
E.g. I rarely eat sea food.

10. Hardly ever

(ఎపపడ కన)
E.g. I hardly ever watch television.

11. Never
(ఎపపడ కద/లద)
E.g. I never go to the museum.

Leave Application Sample:

Dear Sir,

I wish to inform you that I am getting married next year, in January 2017. I want to request official leave to
get prepared for my wedding ceremony. Kindly grant me leave for two weeks starting December 25th
2016. I shall resume work from 8th January 2017. ( నన నన వచచ ఏడద జనవర 2017 ల పళట
చసకపటనననన మక తలయజయలనకపటననన. నన న వవహ వడక కసప సదరమవటనక అధకరక
సలవ అభవరసపచలనకపటననన. దయచస నక డసపబర 25 2016 నపడ రపడ వరల పట సలవ
మపజర చయపడ. నన 8 జనవర 2017 నపడ పనచయడనన కనసగసరన.)
An official invitation for our wedding ceremony will follow soon. I hope you would be able to attend our
wedding ceremony. (మ పళట వడక కసప ఒక అధకరక ఆహదనప వపటన పపపబడతపద . మర మ వవహ
వడకక హజరవగలరన నన ఆశసరననన.)

In my absence, I have requested Isha to manage all high priority tasks that were on my plate. I will try my
best to be available over emails for anything urgent. ( నన లనపపడ న మద ఉపడ అనన అధక పపధనవత
పనల నరదహపచడనక ఇషన అభవరసపచన. ఏదద న అతవవసరమదత, ఇమయలల ల అపదబటలక రవడనక
నన పరరగ పతయతనసరన.)

Thank you for your consideration. (మ పరగణక ధనవవదల.)

Regards,
Ramesh Roy
Senior Sales Executive

11 WhatsApp Congratulatory Messages

1. Hey, just heard about your new job. Congratulations. I am really happy for you!
( హ, ఇపపడ మ కతర ఉదవగప గరపచ వననన. అభనపదనల! నన మ పటట నజపగ సపతషపగ ఉననన!)

2. Congratulations on the success of your project. Wish you all the best for all your future endeavors as
well.
(మ పపజకష వజయవపతమదనపదక అభనపదనల. మ అనన భవషవతర పతయతనలక కడ మక మపచ జరగలన
ఆశసరననన.)

3. Elated to hear the news of the birth of your baby girl. Congratulations to you and your family!
(మ అమతయ పటషన వరర వనడనక ఉపపపగపయన. మక మరయ మ కటపబనక అభనపదనల!)

4. Congratulations on winning the competition. I always knew you would do well! :)

(పటన గలచనపదక అభనపదనల. మర బగ చసరరన నక ఎపపడ తలస! :))

5. Congratulations on your promotion. You deserved it.

(మ పదననతక అభనపదనల. మర దనన పపదలలన వర!)

6. I hear you got engaged. That is terrific news. Congrats!

(మక నశచతరసప అయపదన నన వననన. అద అదదతమదన వరర. అభనపదనల!)

7. How to reply when someone congratulates you:

Thank you so much for your wishes. That is really kind of you.
(ఎవరదన మక అభనపదనల చపపనపపడ వరక ఇల చపపవచచ :
మ అభనపదనలక చల ధనవవదల. అద నజపగ మ మపచతనప.)

8. Thanks a lot. I couldn't have done it without your support!

(చల కసతఙజతల. నన మ మదదత లకపడ దనన చస ఉపడ వడన కద!)

9. Thank you so much. Your wishes mean a lot to me.

(చల ధనవవదల. మ శభకపకల నక చల గపపవ.)

10. I really appreciate your wishes. Thank you!

(నన నజపగ మ శభకపకలన కసతజజడన. ధనవవదల!)

11. Thanks a lot. I hope you will join the celebrations!

(చల కసతఙజతల. మర ఉతలవలల పలగపటరన నన ఆశసరననన!)
Let's see how tenses change from Direct to Indirect speech:

Rules - Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Simple Present Changes To Simple Past

E.g. "I always drink coffee", she said - She said that she always drank coffee.

Present Continuous Changes To Past Continuous

E.g. "I am reading a book", he explained. - He explained that he was reading a book.

Present Perfect Changes To Past Perfect

E.g. She said, "He has finished his work" - She said that he had finished his work.

Present Perfect Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous

E.g. "I have been to Spain", he told me. - He told me that he had been to Spain.

Simple Past Changes To Past Perfect

E.g. "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. - He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday

Past Perfect Changes To Past Perfect (No Change In Tense)

E.g. "I had just turned out the light," he explained. - He explained that he had just turned out the light.

Past Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous

E.g. "We were living in Paris", they told me. - They told me that they had been living in Paris.

Future Changes To Present Conditional

E.g. "I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said - He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.

Future Continuous Changes To Conditional Continuous

E.g. She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday." - She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

Direct - Indirect:

1. Will - Would

2. Can - Could

3. Must - Had to

4. Am/Are/Is going to - Was/Were going to

5. Mustn't - Mustn't

6. Could - Could

7. Would - Would

8. Should - Should

9. Might - Might

10. Today - That day

11. Tomorrow - The next day

12. Next day - The following day

13. Now - Then

14. Yesterday - The day before

15. Last week - The week before

12 WhatsApp messages to say hello in English:

1) "Hey there" : This is casual, friendly, and familiar. It could be used when talking to good friends.
(హ, ఉననర)

2) "What's going on?" : This is casual and could be used between friends or acquaintances in an informal
situation, like a party.
(ఏప జరగతపద?)

3) "Hey! What's up?" : This is casual and could be used between friends, siblings, etc.
(హ, ఏప చయబతననర?)

4) "Good morning" or "good afternoon" : These greetings are generally more formal and are often used in
restaurants, hotels, shops or at work between colleagues.
(శభదయప)

5) "How are you doing today?": This is formal and might be used between a professional and a client or
customer or between colleagues or a boss and his or her workers.
(ఎల చసరననర ఈ రజ?)

6) "How's everything?" : This is simply another way of saying "how are you." It is usually used casually.
(అపత ఎల ఉపద?)

7) Long time! How are you?: This is used when meeting someone after a long gap.
(చల రజలద పద, ఎల ఉననర?)

8) "How are things?" : This is very similar to "how is everything?" and is perhaps more casual than "how is
everything?"
(ఎల ఉననయ పనల?)

9) "Good to see you," "great to see you," "nice to see you" : These could all be used informally or casually
between business colleagues, friends, or family members. These phrases are often used when you haven't
seen the person in a while.
(మమతలన చతసనపదక చల ఆనపదపగ ఉపద.)

10) "What's happening": This is mostly used by young people (college age or younger). They might use the
phrase to greet their friends when they arrive at a party or when they see each other in class.
(ఏప జరగతపద?)

11) "How's it going?" : This is casual, especially when you shorten it as in "How's it goin'?"
(ఎల జరగతపద?)

12) "Good evening": This is formal and is often used in upscale (expensive) hotels or restaurants to greet
guests, or in official settings.
(శభ సయపతత ప)
Collective Nouns

Collective nouns are nouns which stand for a group or collection of people or things. They include words
such as audience, committee, police, crew, family, government, group, and team.
(సమదయ నమవచకలన వవకరల లద వసరవల సమతహప కసప వడతమ. )

1. A litter of kittens
(పలటల గపప)
2. A flock of birds/sheep
(పకల/గరతల మపద)
3. A hive/swarm of bees
(తనటగల దపడ)
4. A shoal of fish
(చపల సమతహప)
5. A pride of lions
(సపహల బసపదప)
6. A colony of ants
(చమల దపడ)
7. A herd of deer
(జపకల మపద)
8. A brood of hens
(కళళ సపతనప)
9. A pride of peacocks
(నమళళ బసపదప)
10. A murder of crows
(కకల సమతహప)
11. A pack of wolves
(తడళళ గపప)
12. A team of horses
(గరపల బసపదప)

8 WhatsApp Good Morning messages:

1. Every morning you have two choices, continue your sleep with dreams or wake up and chase ur dreams.
Good Morning!
(పతత ఉదయప మక రపడ ఎపపకల ఉననయ, సదపనలత మ నదధ కనసగపచవచచ లద నదధలచ మ కలల వపట
పడచచ. శభదయప!)

2. Just the thought of you brightens up my morning.

(కవలప మ ఆలచన న ఉదయనన పతకశవపతప చసరపద.)

3. Every day is the start of something beautiful. Good Morning.

(పతత రజ ఒక అపదమదన పపరపభప. శభదయప.)

4. A smile is a great way to start off your day. Good Morning.

(ఒక నవద మ రజన పపరపభపచడనక ఒక గపప మరగప. శభదయప.)

5. Start your day with a smile and lots of joy in your heart. Be positive that everything will be okay and full
of happiness. Good Morning!
(మ రజన ఒక నవద మరయ మ హసదయపల ఆనపదపత పపరపభపచపడ . పతతద మపచగ ఉపదన పరర
ఆనపదపత సనకలపగ ఉపడపడ. శభదయప!)

6. Waking up to a new day is a gift, appreciate it and do remember you are loved. Good morning and have a
splendid day.
(ఒక కతర రజక లవడప ఒక బహమనప, దనన అభనపదపచపడ మరయ మర పతమపచబడతననరన
గరరపచకపడ. శభదయప మరయ ఒక అదదతమదన రజ పపదపడ.)

7. Wake up each day and be thankful for life. Good Morning.

(పతత రజ లవపడ మరయ జవతప పటట కసతజజతత ఉపడపడ. శభదయప.)

8. Good Morning sweetheart! It is a big day for you. All the best.
(శభదయప పతయ! ఇద నక ఒక పదద రజ. అపత మపచ జరగగక.)

Active vs. Passive Voice

Active Voice tells what a person or thing does.

(ఒక వవకర లద వషయప ఏమ చసరననడ లద చసరపద చబతపద.)
Passive Voice tells what is done to someone or something.
(ఒక వవకరక లద వషయనక ఏమ జరగతపద చబతపద.)

Let us look at tenses in Active and Passive voice.

Look at the sentences in this manner: Active - Passive

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

The teacher punishes me. - I am punished by the teacher.

(ఉపధవయడ ననన శకసరడ. - నన గరవ చత శకపచబడతన.)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The teacher is punishing me. - I am being punished by the teacher.

The teacher is punishing the boy. - The boy is being punished by the teacher.
The teacher is punishing the boys. - The boys are being punished by the teacher.
(గరవ బలరన శకసరననడ. - బలర గరవ చత శకపచబడతననర.)

PAST SIMPLE

The teacher punished me. - I was punished by the teacher.

The teacher punished the boys. - The boys were punished by the teacher.
(గరవ బలరన శకపచడ. - బలర గరవ చత శకపచబడడర.)

PAST CONTINUOUS

The teacher was punishing me. - I was being punished by the teacher.
The teacher was punishing the boys. - The boys were being punished by the teacher.
(గరవ బలరన శకసతర ఉపడన. - బలర గరవ చత శకపచబడతత ఉపడన.)

6 ways to say 'Get well soon':

1. I was shocked to hear the news about your accident. I hope you get well soon!

(నన మ పతమదప గరపచ వరర వన నరరపతపయన. మర తదరగ కలకవలన నన ఆశసరననమ!)

2. Just heard that you broke your leg. Wish you a speedy recovery. I will visit you in the hospital soon. Take
care!
(మ కల వరగపదన ఇపపడ వననన . మర వగవపతపగ కలకవలన ఆశసరననన. నన తదరలన మమతలన
ఆసపతధల కలసరన. జగతతర!)

3. Hey, I just got to know that you have caught Typhoid. Take good care of yourself, and get well soon.
Please let me know if I can be of any help.

(హ, మర టద ఫయడ బరన పడడరన నన తలసకననన . మ గరపచ మపచ శతదర తసకపడ, మరయ తదరగ
కలకపడ. నన ఏదద న సహయప చయగలగత నక తలపపడ.)

4. Praying for your grandfather's speedy recovery!

స ల చసరననన!)
(మ తతగర వగవపతపగ కలకవడప కసప పపరన

5. Get well soon! Everyone misses your jokes here, hope to see you again soon.

(తదరగ కలకపడ! ఇకకడ అపదరత, మ జకల కలపతననర, తదరల మమతలన మళళ చతడలన ఆశసరననమ.)

6. Just heard about your dad's surgery. Hope everything is fine. Wish him a speedy recovery. Please let me
know if you need any help.
స
(మ తపడధ శసరచకతల గరపచ ఇపపడ వననన. అపత సవవపగ ఉపదన ఆశసరననన. అతన వగవపతపగ
కలకవలన కరకపటననన. మక ఏదద న సహయప అవసరప ఉపట నక తలపపడ.)

18-12-2017
5 WhatsApp messages for wishing someone who has had a baby:

1. Congratulations! This is great news. I hope both the little one and the mother, are doing well.

(అభనపదనల! ఇద గపప వషయప. తలట, బడడ ఇదదరత కమపగ ఉననరన అనకపటననన.)

2. Congratulations on being blessed with a baby girl. Daughters are a blessing!

(అమతయక జనతనచచనపదక అభనపదనల. కతరట భగవపతన దవనల.)

3. Just heard the news, I can't wait to see the little one! Congratulations to the whole family!

(ఇపపడ వరర వననన, నన బడడన చతడటనక వచ ఉపడలకపతననన! కటపబమపతటక అభనపదనల!)

4. This is an amazing news! I wish you all good health and happiness!

(ఇద అదదతమదన వరర! మకపదరక ఆరగదరశదరవల మరయ సపతషప కలగలన ఆశసరననన!)

5. Enjoy your parenthood! Very happy for you both!

(మ పతతతదనన (మతసతదనన) ఆనపదపచపడ! మ ఇదదర పటట ఆనపదపగ ఉననన!)

Conjunction: a word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words.

(రపడ వకవలన, ఉపవకవలన, పదబపధలన, లద పదలన కలప ఒక పదప)
1. For
(కరక/కసప/క)
We sometimes use for as a conjunction meaning ‘because’. We use it in very formal, and often literary,
contexts:
('ఎపదకపట' అన అరరపత మనప దనన కననసరట ఉపయగపచకపటమ)
E.g. Chasing the white stag through the forests, never catching it, of course, for it is a creature of legend.

2. And
(మరయ)
Used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly.
(ఉమతడగ తసకవలసన మటల, ఉపవకవల లద వకవల భగలన లద పదలన కనకష చయడనక
ఉపయగసరర.)
E.g. Bread and butter.

3. Nor
(ఇద కడ కద/లద)
Used before the second or further of two or more alternatives (the first
being introduced by a negative such as ‘neither’ or ‘not’) to indicate
that they are each untrue or each do not happen.
(రపడ పతతవమనయలత కదరవన చపపడనక వడతమ)
E.g. They were neither cheap nor convenient.

4. But
(కన)
Used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what has already
been mentioned.
(అపపటక చపపబడన దనత వరదరమదన పదబపధప లద నబపధనన
పరచయప చయడనక వడతమ)
E.g. He stumbled but didn't fall.

5. Or
(లద)
Used to link alternatives.
(పతతవమనయలన కలపడనక వడతమ)
E.g. A cup of tea or coffee.

6. Yet
(అయనపపటక)
But at the same time; but nevertheless.
(కన అద సమయపల, అన చపపడనక వడతమ)
E.g. The path was dark, yet I slowly found my way.

7. So
(అపదవలన)
And for this reason; therefore.
(ఈ కరణపగ, అన చపపడనక వడతమ)
E.g. It was still painful so I went to see a specialist.

19-12-2017
Commonly Misused words:

1. Affect (పతభవతప చయ) - Effect (పతభవప)

have an effect on; make a difference to. - cause (something) to happen; bring about.

2. May (జరగగల) - Might (జరగ ఉపడగల)

expressing possibility; used to ask for or to give permission - used to tentatively ask permission or express
a polite request.

3. Few (కనన) - Less (తకకవ)

a small number of - a smaller amount of; not as much.

4. Cite (ఉదహరపచ) - Site (ససలప)

refer to (a passage, book, or author) as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement, especially
in a scholarly work. - an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed.

5. Among (కనన వర వషయలత పట) - Between (మధవ)

situated more or less centrally in relation to (several other things). - at, into, or across the space separating
(two objects or regions).

6. Accept (అపగకరపచ) - Except (ఇద తపప/కకపడ)

consent to receive or undertake (something offered). - not including; other than.

7. Figuratively (ఉదహరణక) - Literally (ఉననద ఉననటటగ)

used to indicate a departure from a literal use of words; metaphorically. - in a literal manner or sense;
exactly.

8. Farther (దతరపగ) - Further (మపదక)

at, to, or by a great distance (used to indicate the extent to which one thing is distant from another). - at, to,
or by a greater distance (used to indicate the extent to which one thing or person is or becomes distant from
another).

9. Alternate (పతతవమనయ) - Alternative (పతతవమనయప)

every other; every second. - (of one or more things) available as another possibility or choice.

22-12-2017
8 Ways to express your love:

1. I want to spend my whole life with you!

(నన న జవతననపత మత గడపలనకపటననన)

2. My love for you is unconditional and eternal.

(మ పటట న పతమ అవధల లనద మరయ శశదతమదనద.)

3. You have made me a better person, I will always need you by my side.
(మర ననన మరగదన వవకరగ మరచర, నక మర ఎపపడ పకకన ఉపడడప కవల.)

4. You light up my life.

(మర న జవతనన పతకశవపతప చసర.)

5. You make my heart skip a beat. (మర న గపడ కటషకవడప ఒకకసర తపపల చసర.)

6. You are the best thing that ever happened to me.

(మర నక ఇపపటవరక జరగన అతవపత మపచ వషయప.)

7. I adore you for who you are! Always stay the same! I love you.
(మర ఇల ఉననపదక నన మమతలన ఆరధసరననన! ఎపపటక ఇలన ఉపడపడ! నన మమతలన పతమసరననన.)
8. You are very adorable and kind. My life has brightened up since you came.
(మర చల ఆరధపచదగన వర. మర వచచనపపట నపచ న జవతప పతకశవపతప అయపద.)

22-12-2017

How '-ing' verbs are made:

1. y ing = ying
(చవరల 'y' క నరగ కలప)
play = playing
fly = flying
study = studying

2. e = (drop the e) ing

(చవరల 'e' న తలగపచ)
If the verb ends in an E we remove the E and add ING.

dance - dancing
fake = faking
rhyme = rhyming

3. ee ing = eeing
(చవరల 'ee' క నరగ కలప)
see = seeing
flee = fleeing
agree = agreeing

4. ie = ie (drop the ie) ing

(చవరల 'ie' న తలగపచ, 'y' న కలప)
If the verb ends in IE we change it to YING.

die = dying
lie = lying
tie = tying

5. c/v/c* = double final c ing

('హలట అచచ హలట' చవరల ఉపట, చవర హలటన మరసర కలప)
If the verb ends in a consonant vowel consonant, we double the final consonant and add ING.

run = running
put = putting
stop = stopping

6. If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant vowel consonant, we do not double the final consonant
when the stress is on the first syllable.
(రపడ శబదలత ఉపడ కతయలల, 'హలట అచచ హలట' చవరల ఉపట, చవర హలటన మరసర కలపమ)
Infinitive - ING form

to happen - happening
to enter - entering
to offer - offering
to suffer - suffering
7. We do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or when the final syllable is not
emphasized.
(చవరల w, x, y లద చవర శబదప పతమఖపగ లనపపడ, నరగ కలపతమ)
Infinitive - ING form
to fix - fixing
to enjoy - enjoying
to snow - snowing

8. If the verb ends in a stressed vowel R, we double the final R and add ING.
(ఒతర పలక అచచ తరదత r చవరల ఉననపపడ, మర r న కలపతమ.)
Infinitive - ING form
refer - referring
defer - deferring

9. If the verb ends in an unstressed vowel R, we do not double the final R and add ING.
(ఒతర పలకన అచచ తరదత r చవరల ఉననపపడ, మర r న కలపమ.)

Infinitive - ING form

to offer - offering
to suffer - suffering
to whisper - whispering

23-12-2017

10 WhatsApp status messages - Motivational

1. Failure is always temporary, only giving up makes it permanent.

(ఓటమ ఎపపడ తతకలకమ, అకకడత వదలయడమ దనన శశదతప చసరపద.)
2. Motivation is what gets you started. Habit is what keeps you going
(పతరణ మమతలన మదల పటష ల చసరపద. అలవట మమతలన దనన కనసగపచల చసరపద.)
3. To shine like the Sun, you need to burn like one.
(సతరవనల పతకశపచలపట, అతనల మపద మపడల.)
4. In order to achieve success, your desire to succeed should be greater than your fear of failure.
(వజయనన సధపచలపట, మర గలవలన కరక, ఓడపతమన భయప కనన ఎకకవగ ఉపడల.)
5. Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you react to it.
(జవతప 10% నక జరగపద అయత, 90% నవద దనక సపపదపచన తరపద ఆధరపడ ఉపటపద.)
6. In order to succeed, we must first believe that we can.
(వజయవపతమవటనక, మనప మదట గలవగలప అన నమతల.)
7. A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.
(ఒక ససజనతతక వవకర, సధపచలన కరకత పతరపపచబడతడ, వరకరన ఓడపచలన కద.)
8. What you do today can improve all your tomorrows.
(నవద ఇపపడ చస పన తరదత రజలననటన మరగగ చయగలద.)
9. The secret of getting ahead is getting started.
(మపదకళళడనక రహసవప, మదలపటషడమ)
10. Don't watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going.
(గడయరనన చతడదద; అద చసద నవద చయవ, మపదక వళతర ఉపడ.)

23-12-2017

Prepositions - at, in, on

AT

Specific time - I wake up at 7 o'clock.

(నరదషషమదన సమయనక)
She returned home at midnight.

Holiday period (ఒక పపడగ కలనక) - Everyone seems happy at Christmas.

ON

Days of the week (వరపల రజలక)- We will visit you on Wednesdays.

Specific days (నరదషషమదన రజక) - I return to my country on the 27th.
Dates (పతతవక రజలక) - We get together on Christmas Day.

IN

Months (నలలక) - My birthday is in January.

Years (సపవతలరలక) - America was discovered in 1492.
Seasons (ఋతవలక) - I always go to the beach in summer.
Length of time (కలవవవథక) - It will be ready in 20 minutes.
Centuries (శతబదలక) - Life was different in the 15th century.

Parts of the day

(రజలన భగలక)
IN the morning - I go to the gym in the morning.
IN the afternoon - I often feel tired in the afternoon.
IN the evening - I study English in the evening.

AT the night - I like to read in bed at night.

ON Day Part of the day

(నరదషషమదన రజల భగనక)
- We will have a party on Friday night.
- Our flight leaves on Monday morning.

24-12-2017

8 ways to ask for help:

1. Please help me out, I am having some trouble figuring out how this works.

(దయచస నక సహయప చయపడ. నన ఇద ఎల పన చసరపద కనకకవడపల కనన ఇబబపదల పడతననన.)

2. Can I please ask you for a favour? I need help with this presentation.

(నన మమతలన ఒక సహయప కసప అడగవచచ? నక ఈ పతదరరన చయడపల సహయప కవల.)

3. Would you mind holding this for me, please?

(మర దయచస నకసప దనన పటషకపటర?)

4. Could you please drop me to the station? I'd really appreciate it.

(మర దయచస ననన సషషన క వడచ పడతర? నన నజపగ దనన అభనపదసరన.)

5. I would need your help with this assignment, do you mind staying back for an hour?
(Mujhe is assignment mein aapki zaroorat hogi, kya aap ek ghante ke liye ruk sakte hain?)

6. Could you please courier me the documents? I forgot to carry them.

(మర నక పతపల పపపసరర?, నన వటన తసకరవడప మరచపయన)

7. Would you mind if I make a call from your phone? My phone's battery has completely discharged.

(నన మ ఫన నపడ ఒక కల చసకవచచ? న ఫన బవటర పరరగ అయపయపద.)

8. May I request your assistance for this project?

(నన ఈ పపజకష ల మ సహయప కరవచచ?)

27-12-2017

Common English Collocations

HAVE

Have a bath (సననప చయవ)

Have a drink (పనయప తసకపడ)
Have a good time (మపచ సమయప పపదపడ)
Have a problem (సమసవ ఉపద)
Have sympathy (సనభతత ఉపద)

BREAK

Break a leg (నసతవప చయ)

Break a habit (అలవటన మన)
Break the ice (సనహప కసప పతయతపచ)
Break a record (రకరడ బదదలకటష)
Break the rules (నభపదనల అతకతమపచ)

PAY

Pay a fine (జరమన చలటపచ)

Pay interest (వడడ కటషపడ)
Pay the bill (బలట కటష )
Pay someone a visit (ఎవరనద న సపదరరపచపడ)
Pay attention (దసషష ఉపచపడ)

MAKE

Make a difference (ఏదద న కతరగ చయపడ)

Make an effort (పతయతనపచపడ)
Make money (డబబ సపపదపచ)
Make room (కపత ససలనన వదలపడ)
Make a mistake (తపప)

SAVE
Save electricity (వదవత ఆద చయపడ)
Save time (సమయనన ఆద చయపడ)
Save energy (శకరన ఆద చయపడ)
Save money (డబబ పదప చయపడ)
Save yourself the trouble (మక ఇబబపద అవసరప లద)

TAKE

Take a break (వరమప తసకపడ)

Take a chance (ఒక సర పతయతనపచ)
Take a look (ఒకసర చతడ)
Take an exam (ఒక పరక తసక)
Take someone's place (ఎవర ససలనద నన తసకపడ)

When you are sending somebody your resume via e-mail, you should write a few lines in the e-mail,
specifying your key expertise areas and background, and attach a cover letter.

Here's a Sample Cover Letter or email:

Subject: Application for the Assistant Manager post (మనజర ససనప కసపD)

Dear Mr. Gupta,

My name is Jayesh Yadav, and I'm applying for the position of 'Assistant Manager' that was advertised in
the September 12th edition of the Times of India. I have also attached my credentials for your
consideration. (న పర జయష యదవ, మరయ నన 12 సపషపబర న వచచన టద మల అఫ ఇపడయ 12 వ
సపపటల పతకటపచన 'అససషపట మనజర' ససనప కసప దరఖసర చసరననన. నన మ పరశలన కసప న వవరలన
కడ జత చసన.)

As a recent graduate with managerial and administrative experience, I believe that I am a strong candidate
for a position at ABC sales corporation. ( నరదహక మరయ పరపలన అనభవపత ఇటవల గపడవయట
అయన నన, ABC అమతక సపససల ఒక ససనప కసప బలమదన అభవరసన న నమతకప .)

You specified that you are looking for someone with strong managerial skills. As a B.Com (Hon.) student, a
project manager for college events, and the head of my college marketing office, I have become an efficient
administrator with a variety of experience. ( మర ఎవరదన బలమదన నరదహక నద పణవల కలగన వవకర కసప
చతసరననరన పరకననర. ఒక B.Com (Hon.) సతషడపట గ, కళశల ఈవపటల కసప పన చసన పపజకష మనజర గ,
మరయ మ కళశల మరకటపగ కరవలయ అధపతగ, నన ఒక వవధ రకల అనభవపత కడన
సమరసవపతమదన నరదహకడగ మరన. )

I would highly appreciate an opportunity to discuss further on my candidature. I look forward to hearing
from you. (నన న అభవరసతదపపద మరపత చరచపచపదక ఒక అవకశనన అతవపతగ అభనపదసర న. నన మ
నపడ వనడనక ఎదరచతసరపటన.)

Regards,
Jayesh Yadav
jayeshyadav@xyz.com | 9876######

Usage of: SOME/ANY

We use 'some' and 'any' like this:
a. For a question, we use 'any'
(పతశనక, any న వడపడ)
b. For a positive answer, we use 'some'
(సనకల సమధననక some వడపడ)
c. For a negative answer, we use 'any'
(పతతకల సమధననక any న వడపడ)

Are there any students in the classroom? (తరగత గదల ఎవరదన వదవరసల ఉననర?)
- Yes, there are some students in the classroom.
(అవన, అకకడ కపతమపద వదవరసల ఉననర.)
- No, there aren't any students in the classroom.
(లద, అకకడ ఏ వదవరసల లర.)

10 WhatsApp messages to wish someone who just got engaged:

1. Congratulations to the beautiful couple. Wishing you a wonderful journey as you build your new life
together.
(అపదమదన జపటక అభనపదనల. మర కలస మ కతర జవతనన నరతపచకవడపల ఒక అదదతమదన పతయణనన
కరకపటననన.)

2. Congratulations! You guys make a great pair. Your engagement is a wonderful news.
(అభనపదనల! మర ఒక గపప జపట. మ నశచతరసప ఒక అదదతమదన వరర.)

3. Congratulations on your engagement. You make a wonderful couple.

(మ నశచతరస అభనపదనల. మర ఒక అదదతమదన జపట.)

4. I am really happy for you. Wish you a blissful life ahead.

(నన మ పటట నజపగ సపతషపగ ఉననన. మక మపద ఒక ఆనపదకరమదన జవతనన కరకపటననన.)

5. May your engagement be the beginning of a lifetime filled with special love and happiness.
(మ నశచతరసప, గపప పతమ మరయ ఆనపదలత నపడన ఒక జవతకలప యకక పపరపభప అవతపద గక.)

6. Wishing the both of you a world of happiness and joy on this wonderful day. Congratulations on your
engagement, we are so delighted for you!
(ఈ అదదతమదన రజన మ ఇదదరక అమతమదన ఆనపదనన ఆశసరననన. మ నశచతరస అభనపదనల, మమ మ పటట
చల సపతషపగ ఉననమ!)

7. Wishing you all the best for the future. Stay together, always.
(మ ఉతరమ భవషవతర కసప ఆశసరననమ. కలస ఉపడపడ, ఎపపటక.)

8. My heart is overjoyed with the news of your engagement. Congratulations and lots of love.
(న హసదయప మ నశచతరస వరరన వన సపతషపచపద. పతమభనపదనల)

9. Wishing you loads of happiness and togetherness in future.

(భవషవతరల మక అమతమదన ఆనపదప మరయ సననహతవప కరకపటననన.)

10. Congratulations to the lovely couple. Wishing you a wonderful journey as you build your new life
together.
(అపదమదన జపటక అభనపదనల. మర కలస మ కతర జవతనన నరతపచకవడపల ఒక అదదతమదన పతయణనన
కరకపటననన.)
WILL vs. GOING TO

WILL

Rapid Decision (అపపడ తసకనన నరరయప)

- I am thirsty. I think I will buy a drink.
( నక దహప వసరపద. నన ఒక పనయప కనగల చసరన.)

Offer (ఏదద న ఇవదబవ)

- That looks heavy. I will help you with it.
(అద భరగ కనపసరపద. నన మక సహయప చసరన.)

Promise (పతతజజ చయ)

- Don't worry. I won't tell anyone.
(చపతపచకపడ. నన ఎవరక చపపన.)

Threat (భయపటష)
- If you don't stop I will tell your mother.
(మర ఆపకపత నన మ తలటక చపరన.)

Refusal (తరసకరప)
- She won't listen to anything I say.
(నన చపపదద ఆమ వనద.)

GOING TO

Prior plan (మపదసర పతణళక): The decision was made before the moment of speaking.
- I am going to the beach next weekend with my friends.
(న సనహతలత తరవత వరపతపల బచ క వళతననన.)

Evidence/Signs (సపకతల): When there are signs that something is likely to happen.
- My stomach hurts a lot. I think I am going to throw up.
(న కడప చల బధసరపద. నన వపత చసకబతననటట భవసరననన.)

Interview Phrases and Words:

1. Attentive listener (శతదరగల శశత)

2. Expressive (వవకరకరపచ సదభవప గల)
3. Lead group discussions (బసపద చరచలక దరచతపగల)
4. Confident speaker (ఆతతవశదసప గల వకర)
5. Punctual (సమయనన పటపచ)
6. Multi-tasker (బహళ పనలన చకకబటషగల)
7. Manage projects effectively (పనలన సమరసవపతపగ నరదహపచగల)
8. Delegate responsibility (బధవతలన వవవహరపచగల)
9. Take charge (బధవతల తసకన)
10. Enforce policy (పతణలకన అమల చయ)
8 Other ways to say - Nervous

1. Tense (ఆపదళనగ)
E.g. He was tense with excitement.

2. Uneasy (అసకరవపగ)
E.g. She felt uneasy.

3. Shaky (చదరన)
E.g. She managed a shaky laugh.

4. Jittery (అసహనపగ)
E.g. Caffeine makes me jittery.

5. Agitated (భయపత)
E.g. There is no point getting agitated.

6. Uptight (ఆపదళనత)
E.g. Don't get uptight about the meeting.

7. Jumpy (ససమతపగ లకపడ)

E.g. He was tired and jumpy.

8. Edgy (సహనప కలపయ)

E.g. He became edgy and defensive.

14 Names of dry fruits:

1. Almond Nut - బదప

2. Apricot dried - ఎపడన సమ బదప/ జలదర పపడ
3. Betel-nut - తమలపకల గపజ
4. Cashew nut - జడ పపప
5. Chestnut - చసషనట
6. Coconut - కబబర
7. Cudpahnut - సర పలకల
8. Currant - ఎపడదపక
9. Dates Dried - ఎపడ ఖరతజరప
10. Fig - అతర పపడట
11. Groundnuts, Peanuts- వరశనగ పపప
12. Pine Nuts - చలగజ, పదన కయల
13. Pistachio Nut - పసర
14. Walnuts - అకశటకయ

Interview Phrases and Words:

1. Attentive listener (శతదరగల శశత)

2. Expressive (వవకరకరపచ సదభవప గల)
3. Lead group discussions (బసపద చరచలక దరచతపగల)
4. Confident speaker (ఆతతవశదసప గల వకర)
5. Punctual (సమయనన పటపచ)
6. Multi-tasker (బహళ పనలన చకకబటషగల)
7. Manage projects effectively (పనలన సమరసవపతపగ నరదహపచగల)
8. Delegate responsibility (బధవతలన వవవహరపచగల)
9. Take charge (బధవతల తసకన)
10. Enforce policy (పతణలకన అమల చయ)

8 Other ways to say - Nervous

1. Tense (ఆపదళనగ)
E.g. He was tense with excitement.

2. Uneasy (అసకరవపగ)
E.g. She felt uneasy.

3. Shaky (చదరన)
E.g. She managed a shaky laugh.

4. Jittery (అసహనపగ)
E.g. Caffeine makes me jittery.

5. Agitated (భయపత)
E.g. There is no point getting agitated.

6. Uptight (ఆపదళనత)
E.g. Don't get uptight about the meeting.

7. Jumpy (ససమతపగ లకపడ)

E.g. He was tired and jumpy.

8. Edgy (సహనప కలపయ)

E.g. He became edgy and defensive.

12 Types of Hats:

1. Panama: a man's wide-brimmed hat of straw-like material, originally made from the leaves of a
particular tropical palm tree.
(ఒక పతతవకమదన ఉషరమపడల తట ఆకల నపడ తయర చసన గడడ పదరసపత చసన వసర సత అపచగల , పతధనపగ
పరషల ధరపచ టప)

2. Boater: a stiff hat made of straw with a flat top

(ఒక చదనద న అపచ గల గటష గడడ టప)

3. Trilby: a soft felt hat with a narrow brim and indented crown.
(ఒక సననన అపచ గల కరటప వపట ఒక మసదవద న టప)

4. Top hat: a man's formal hat with a high cylindrical crown.

(సతసపకర కరటపల ఉపడ పరషల అధకరక టప)

5. Mortar board: an academic cap with a stiff, flat, square top and a tassel.
(ఒక గటష, చదనద న, చదరప పదభగపత ఉపడ టప)

6. Beret: a round flattish cap of felt or cloth.

(గపడధన టప)

7. Beanie: a small close-fitting hat worn on the back of the head.

(తల వనక భగపల బగతగ ధరపచ ఒక చనన టప)

8. Bobble hat: a close-fitting knitted hat with a pom-pom at the top.

(ఎగవన ఒక పమ-పమ త బగతగ అలటన టప)

9. Sun hats: a broad-brimmed hat that protects the head and neck from the sun.

10. Sombrero: a type of wide-brimmed hat from Mexico, used to shield from the sun.
(మకలక మరయ నద రత US ల సధరణపగ ధరపచ ఒక వశలపగ ఉపడ గడడ టప)

11. Baseball cap: a cotton cap of a kind originally worn by baseball players, with a large peak and an
adjustable strap at the back.
(ఒక పడవద న అపచత ఉపడ బససబల ఆటగళళ వడ టప)

12. Cowboy hat: a high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat.

(పదద కరటపత ఉపడ పడవద న టప)

12 Hand Gestures:

1. Stoke - వయ
2. Grab - లగ
3. Fiddle - నమతదగ తక
4. Snap - లకకన
5. Pat - తటష
6. Point - చతపపచ
7. Clap - చపపటట కటష
8. Wave - ఊప
9. Press - ఒతర
10. Give thumbs up - సనకలమన తలప
11. Shake - చయ కలప
12. Punch - గదద

17 English titles

I. Common Titles
1. Mr.: for men, regardless of marital status, who do not have another professional or academic title.
(సధరణ [ఏ వసతరల పతతవకపగ గరరపచబడన] పరషలక)

2. Mrs.: for married women who do not have another professional or academic title.
(పళదళన మహళలక)

3. Miss: for girls, unmarried women and (in the UK) married women who continue to use their maiden
name (although "Ms" is often preferred for the last two). In the UK, it is used in schools to address female
teachers, regardless of marital status.
(పళట కన మహళలక)

II. Formal Titles

1. Sir: for men, formally if they have a British knighthood or if they are a baronet. Also used in secondary
schools; most tend not to call male teachers "Mr ___", but rather "Sir".
([సధరణపగ అధకరక పదవలల/ససనలల ఉనన] పరషలన గరవపగ పలచపదక)

2. Ma'am: for women, a term of general respect.

(మహళలన గరవపగ పలచపదక)

3. Lady: for female peers with the rank of baroness, viscountess, countess, and marchioness, or the wives of
men who hold the equivalent titles.

4. Lord: for male barons, viscounts, earls, and marquesses, as well as some of their children.

5. Excellency: a title of honor given to certain high officials, as governors, ambassadors, royalty, nobility,
and Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops, (preceded by his, her, your, etc.).

6. Gentleman: originally a social rank, standing below an esquire and above a yeoman. The term can now
refer to any man of good, courteous conduct.

III. Academic/Professional Titles

1. Dr.: (abbreviation for Doctor) for the holder of a doctoral degree (e.g. PhD, or MD in many countries)
and for medical practitioners

2. Professor: for a person who holds the academic rank of professor in a university or other institution.

3. Chancellor: for the chancellor of a university.

4. Principal: for the head of a school/organisation.

5. President: may apply to a person holding the title of president, or presiding over certain other
governmental bodies.

6. Master: a male schoolteacher.

7. Warden: a person responsible for the supervision of a particular place or activity or for enforcing the
regulations associated with it.

8. Dean: the head of a university faculty or department or of a medical school.

7 Anger Related Words:

1. Peeved (వసగపయన)
E.g. I'm peeved because my friend lost my favorite book.

2. Sore (కపపగ ఉపడ)

E.g. Jack won't talk to Sam. He is sore at him for forgetting his birthday.

3. Ticked off (కపప తపపపచ)

E.g. Because the employees came to work late, their boss was ticked off all day.

4. Steaming (కపదధకరలగ)
E.g. I can't believe I have to work three weeks without a day off. I'm steaming mad.

5. Incensed (ఆగతహపచ)
E.g. The students were incensed because their teacher didn't prepare them for the exam.

6. Enraged (ఆవశపడన)
E.g. The enraged driver shouted at the slower drivers before speeding off.

7. Outraged (ఆగతహపడ)
E.g. Samantha is outraged because a colleague stole her idea and then received a promotion because of it.

Love Expressions

1. Adore (ఆరధపచ): Love someone very much

2. Affection (తవత అభమనప): A tender and warm feeling towards someone; extreme fondness.
3. Amour (తవతమదన పతమ వవవహరప): A lover or very serious love affair, usually a secret.
4. Cherish (పతమ మరయ శతదర వహపచడప): Have great affection and caring for someone.
5. Court (పళట చసకన ఉదదశపత కలసతర ఉపడడప): Another word for dating which refers to the man trying
to convince the woman to marry him.
6. Enchant (ఆకరరపచడప): Attracting someone, or casting a spell over them.
7. Fancy (బలమదన ఇషషప లద పతమ): Have a strong liking or love for someone.
8. Flip over (పరరగ ఆకరరపచబడడప, పడపవడప): To be totally infatuated with someone.
9. Hold dear (చల పతమ కలగ ఉపడడప): To have a lot of affection for someone.
10. Hots for (ఒకరపద కరక కలగ ఉపడడప): Slang expression for - desire for someone.

Idioms with Fruits:

1. Go (or be) bananas: become (or be) mad or extremely silly.

( పచచ లద చల వరతగ పతవరరపచడప .)
E.g. Everyone's beginning to think I'm bananas.

2. A bite at the cherry: an attempt or opportunity to do something.

(ఏదద న చయడనక ఒక పతయతనప లద అవకశప.)
E.g. They all wanted a bite of the cherry.

3. Lemon: an unsatisfactory or feeble person or thing

(అసపతసపరకరమదన లద బలహనమదన వవకర లద వషయప)
E.g. Car-makers cannot afford to create lemons.

4. Peach: an exceptionally good or attractive person or thing.

(అనతహవపగ మపచదద న లద ఆకరరణయమదన వవకర లద వషయప.)
E.g. It was another peach of a day.

5. Apple of your eye: the person who you are very fond of.
(మర చల ఇషషపడ వవకర.)
E.g. Sam is the apple of my eye.

6. Not give a fig: not have the slightest concern about.

(అసలల పటషపచకకపవడప)
E.g. Jack didn't give a fig for Sam's comfort or her state of mind.

7. A plum job: very good job

(దననద న చల బగ చయడప)
E.g. He got a plum job in an insurance company.
Phrases for friends:

1. A friend in need is a friend indeed: a person who helps at a difficult time is a person who you can really
rely on.
(కషష సమయలల సహయపడ వడ నజమదన సనహతడ)
E.g. You are a friend in need, you are, Sam!

2. A man is known by the company he keeps: our character is reflected in our choice of friends.
(ఒక వవకర అతన చటతష ఉననవర దదర గరరపచబడతడ; మన సనహతల ఎపపక మన సదభవనన పతతబపబసరపద.)
E.g. Son, when you go away to school, spend your time with serious people; don't hang around with
people who go to parties all the time. A man is known by the company he keeps.

3. Birds of a feather flock together: people who have the same outlook/tastes/interests will be found in each
other's company.
(ఒకరకమదన ఈకల గల పకల కలసపతయ: ఒకరకమదన సదభవప / అభరచల / ఆసకరలన కలగ ఉనన వవకరల
ఒకరకకర సహచరవపల ఉపటర.)
E.g. These health professionals sure were birds of a feather.

4. To hit it off: to find yourself immediately and naturally friendly with someone
(ఎవరత అయన వపటన సహజపగ సనహపరదకపగ కలసపవడప)
E.g. We had similar ideas about the show, and the two of us hit it off right away.

5. To be joined at the hip: to be inseparable

(వడదయలకపడ కలసపవడప)
E.g. Those two are joined at the hip. They are always together.

6. A shoulder to cry on: someone who listens to your problems.

(కననర కరచడనక భజమవదడప: మ సమసవలన వన వవకర ఉపడడప.)
E.g. He was a fatherly shoulder to cry on when the going was tough.

7. No love lost: disagree with someone

(పతమ తరగపలద: ఒకరత వభదపల ఉపడడప)
E.g. They used to be best friends but they had a huge fight about money. Now there's no love lost between
them

Money Idioms:

1. To bet on the wrong horse: To support a person or an effort that fails

(తపప/ఓడపయ ఎపపక చసకవడప)
E.g. When I voted for him, I was convinced he would win, but I bet on the wrong horse!

2. To make a quick buck: when someone earns a lot of money quickly and easily, often by doing something
which is considered to be dishonest.
(తకకవ సమయపల ఎకకవ డబబ సపపదపచడప)
E.g. They were just in it to make a quick buck.

3. Look like a million dollars: look or feel extremely good

(చల సపతషపగ ఉపడడప)
E.g. You look like a million dollars in that dress, honey!

4. To tighten one's belt: cut one's expenditure

(ఖరచన తగగపచకవడప)
E.g. She said the poor must tighten their belts.
5. To work for peanuts: working for a small amount of money.
(తకకవ వతననక పనచయడప)
E.g. I need a raise! I'm sick of still working for peanuts after three years!

6. To go broke: undergo financial collapse, lose most or all of one's money.

(దవళ తయడప, డబబ పగటషకవడప)
E.g. The company's about to go broke.

7. To be flat broke: not having any money at all

(పరరగ దవళ తయడప)
E.g. I can't help you, I'm flat broke.

People often use abbreviations on chat and WhatsApp. Although, they are not proper English words, people
often use them as it makes typing faster. Here are the full forms of these common abbreviations

వటలప ల లద చట ల మటటడతననపపడ మనప తరచగ సపకపర సపదశల (abbreviations)

ఉపయగసరమ. ఇవ పతతవకపగ ఆపగ ట పదల కవ, కన, తదరగ రయటనక మనప వటన ఉపయగసరప.

కనన చనన పదల మరయ వట అరర ల:

1. LOL: Laugh Out Loud = బగగరగ నవద

2. BRB: Be right back = వపటన తరగ వసరన

3. TTYL: Talk to you later = నత తరదత మటటడతన

4. BTW: by the way = అలగ ; Example: By the way, you were looking good today! ( అలగ, ఈ రజ నవద
బగ కనపసతర ఉపడవ)

5. BFF: Best friend(s) forever = ఎపపటక ఉతరమ సనహతడ; Example: She is my BFF. (ఆమ ఎపపటక న
ఉతరమ సనహతరల)

6. DM: Direct Message = నరగ సపదశనన పపపటప; Example: If you have something important, just DM
me. Don't message anything publically. ( మక నత ఏదద న అతవవసరమదన పన ఉపట నరగ నక సపదశప
పపపపడ, అపదర మపద రయవదద.)

7. IDK: I don't know = నక తలయద

8. IMHO: in my humble opinion = న వనయపరదక అభపపయప పతకరప

9. ROFL: rolling on the floor laughing = కపదపడ దలటపతగ నవదడప

10. w/o: without = లకపడ ; Example: I will be going to the mall w/o my friend. ( నన న సనహతడ
లకపడ మల క వళబ ట తన)

11. XO: hugs and kisses = కగలపతల మరయ మదదల; Example: I will see you later, XO! = నన
మమతలన తరదత చతసరన,కగలపతల మరయ మదదల!

English Idioms: Happiness

1. Having a whale of time: to enjoy yourself very much
(మపచ సమయనన గడపతపడడప)
E.g. We had a whale of a time on holiday.

2. On cloud nine: extremely happy

(బగ ఆనపదపగ ఉపడడప)
E.g. I was on cloud nine once I had completed it.

3. Tickled pink: delighted

(అమతనపదపడడప)
E.g. I was tickled pink when I got his autograph.

4. On top of the world: happy and elated.

(ఆనపదతలహలల ఉపడడప)
E.g. He was interested in her and she felt on top of the world.

5. Happy as a clam: extremely happy

(నతర అపత సపతషపగ ఉపడడప)
E.g. Although the job does not pay very well, she is as happy as a clam there.

6. Buzzing: really happy about something.

(ఉతలహపగ ఉపడడప)
E.g. I'm buzzing for Sam's party on Friday!

7. Over the moon: extremely happy; delighted.

(ఆనపదపల మనగ తలడప)
E.g. They're going on holiday on Wednesday so they're all over the moon.

8. In seventh heaven: very happy; ecstatic.

(సదరగపల ఉననటటగ భవపచడప)
E.g. He was in seventh heaven, so excited.

14 Vegetable names:

1. Sweet potato - చలగడదపప

2. Spring onions - ఉలట కడల

3. Yam - కపద గడడ

4. Fenugreek - మపతల

5. Cucumber - దసకయ

6. Drumsticks - మనగకయ

7. Pumpkin/Squash - గమతడకయ

8. Mustard greens - ఆవ ఆకల

9. Peppermint leaves - మరయల ఆకల

10. Bitter Gourd - కకరకయ

11. Bottle Gourd - సరకయ

12. Colocasia roots - చమదపప, చమగడడ

13. Turnip - వక

14. Broccoli - ఆకపచచ కసపవద, బపకల

10 words from the constitution (రజవపగప):

1. Secular - లకక (మత సపబపధమ లన)

2. Socialist - సమవవద

3. Justice - నవయప

4. Economic - ఆరసక

5. Social - సమజక

6. Political - రజకయ

7. Liberty - సదతపతత ప/ సదచచ

8. Equality - సమనతదప

9. Fraternity - సదరభవప

10. Preamble - పతవశక

రకల పసరకల:

1. Science fiction(వద జజనక కలపన): books about an imagined future, typically dealing with imaginative
concepts such as spaceflight, time travel, and extraterrestrial life

2. Satire(వవపగవప): books that criticize certain people or ideas in a humorous way

3. Drama(నటకప): books that are based on realistic characters dealing with emotional themes

4. Action and Adventure(సహసచరవల): fast-paced books that center on a key character in a dangerous or
risky situation.

5. Romance(శసపగరప): books that are based on love stories

6. Mystery(రహసవ కథల): books about a puzzling crime, especially a murder.

7. Horror(భయనక కథల): books that aim to frighten, scare, or startle its readers or viewers by inducing
feelings of horror and terror

8. Self-help(సదయప సహయక): written with the intention to instruct its readers on solving personal
problems

9. Encyclopedia: a book giving information on many subjects, typically arranged alphabetically.

10. Dictionary: a book that lists the words of a language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their
meaning

11. Comics(హసవ కథల): a periodical containing short funny stories (strips), intended chiefly for children

12. Biography(జవతచరతత ల): an account of someone's life written by someone else.

13. Autobiographies(సదయచరతత ల): an account of a person's life written by that person.

14. Fantasy(కలపత గథ): books that use magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme,
or setting

10 ways to ask someone to wait:

1. Hold on: used for telling someone to stop or wait

(ఆగపడ)

2. Just wait until/till: used for saying that someone should be patient for a moment
(...వరక వచ ఉపడపడ)

3. Hang on/hold on a minute: used for asking someone to wait for a short period of time, especially
someone who you are talking to on the telephone
(ఒకక నమషప ఉపడపడ)

4. Wait a minute/second: used for telling someone to stop and wait for you
(ఒకక నమషప/సకన వచ ఉపడపడ)

5. Just a minute/moment/second: used for asking someone to wait for a short time
(ఒక ఒకక నమషప/కణప/సకన)

6. Let me see/think: used for saying that you need a moment to think about something
(ననన చతడనవదపడ/ఆలచపచనవదపడ)

7. Bear with me/us: used as a polite way of asking someone to be patient while you do or finish something
(ననన కపచప ఉపకపచపడ)

8. Something will have to wait: used for saying that there is no time to do something now and it will have
to be done later
(ఏద ఒకట వచ ఉపడల)

9. All in good time: used for telling someone to wait for something and not try to make you hurry
(అపత తదరలన అవతపద)
10. Not so fast: used when you are telling someone to wait and not be too quick to do something or believe
something
(అపత తపదర వదద)

People often use short forms (abbreviations) on chat on platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook. Please
note that most of these abbreviations should only be used in completely informal situations (with friends
for example). Here are the meanings of some commonly used terms and abbreviations on WhatsApp:
(వవకరల సపకపర పదలన వటలప ఫస బక లల పరరగ అనధకరక పరససతలట సధరణపగ సనహతలత
ఉపయగసరర. అలపట కనన పదల నరదచనల:)
1. GTG / G2G: Got to go
(వళళల)

2. 24/7: It means for all 24 hours of the day, 7 days a week

(అనన వళలట)

3. ASAP: As soon as possible (వలద నపత తదరగ)

4. B/C: Because
(ఎపదకపట)

5. B/W: Between
(మధవన)

6. AKA: Also known as

(ఉరఫ)

7. EOM: End of Message

(మసజ సమపరప)

8. EOD: End of day

(రజ చవర) - can be used in official settings

9. FYI: For your information

(మక తలయడప కసప) - can be used in official settings

10. OMG: Oh my God

(ఓర దవడ)

11. IKR: I know, right?

(నక తలస కద?)

12. Keep Me Posted

(నక చప ర ఉపడ)

13. FOMO: Fear of Missing Out (మరచపతనమనన భయప)

14. TC: Take care

(జగతతరగ ఉపడ)

Interview Vocabulary:
1. Accomplishment (సఫలవప) = something that has been achieved successfully

2. Application (ధరకసర) = a formal request to an authority

3. Proficiency (పపవణవప) = knowledge and skill

4. Skills (నద పణవల) = Proficiency acquired through training or experience

5. Goals (లకవల ) = things you want to accomplish

6. Aptitude (సమరసరప) = a natural talent or ability; quickness in learning

7. Appraisal (అపచన) = an act of assessing something or someone

8. Increment (పపప) = an increase or addition, especially one of a series on a fixed scale

9. Offer letter (పతతపదన లఖ) = A job offer letter is a document provided by the employer to the employee
providing an offer for a job to the employee on selection through recruitment.

10. Appointment letter (నయమక లఖ) = A letter from an organization to someone to say that they have
been given a job.

1. Appreciating someone's photo

(ఒకర ఫటన పతశపసపచడప)

a. That is a terrific photo! Who clicked it?

(ఇద ఒక అదదతమదన ఫట! ఎవర దనన తసర?)

b. Wow! You look stunning. (if the photo is of a female).

వవ! మర అదదతపగ కనపసరననర. (ఫట ఆడవరద అయనపడ).

c. You look amazing. Great picture!

(మర అదదతపగ కనపసరననర. అదదతమదన చతత ప!)

d. Nice shot! You are a very talented photographer.

(మపచగ తసర! మర చల పతతభవపతలద న ఫటగపఫర.)

e. That place looks incredible! Amazing picture!

(ఆ ససలప నమతశకవప కకపడ ఉపద! అదదతమదన చతత ప!)

2. Wishing on someone's birthday

(ఒకర పటషనరజన శభకపకల తలపడప)

a. Wish you a very Happy Birthday! Have a great day, and a great year ahead.

(మక జనతదన శభకపకల! ఒక గపప రజన పపదపడ, మరయ మపద, ఒక గపప సపవతలరప.)
b. If you are late in wishing: Belated birthday wishes. I am sorry that I missed wishing you yesterday.

మర శభకపకల తలపడపల ఆలసవమదత: ఆలసవపగ పటషనరజ శభకపకల. నన ననన శభకపకల

తలపనపదక కమపచపడ.

3. Thanking someone

(ఎవరకదన కసతఙజతల చపపడప)

a. Thank you so much for the wishes!

(శభకపకల చపపనపదక చల ధనవవదల!)

b. Thanks a lot for your compliments!

(మ అభనపదనలక చల ధనవవదల!)

c. Thank you for your support. It means a lot to me.

(మ మదదతక ధనవవదల. అద నక చల అమతలవమదనద)

Other ways to say "I'm going to sleep":

1. I'm off to bed.

(నన పడకపటననన)

2. I'm going to bed.

(నన పడకడనక వళరననన)

3. It's bedtime.
(ఇద నదధపయ సమయప)

4. It's past my bedtime.

(నన పడకన సమయప దటపయపద)

5. I'm going to hit the sack.

(ననపక పడకపటన )

6. I'm going to crash.

(నన పడకపటన)

7. I'm going to hit the hay.

(నన నడప వలసరన)

8. I think I'll retire for the night.

(ననక రతధక సలవ తసకపటన.)

9. I think I'll say goodnight now.

(ననపక ఈ రతధక సలవ తసకపటన)
1. File a return: to file the taxpayer's information, in specified format, about income and tax liability. This
information can be filed on paper or electronically.
(తరగ రవలలన పననల కసప ఆదయ సమచరనన నపపడప)
2. Deduction: reduction of income that is able to be taxed and is commonly a result of expenses
(ఆదయపల పనన శతప పతకరప వధపచ కత)
3. Exemption: amount that taxpayers can claim for themselves, their spouses, and eligible dependents
(పనన నపచ ఉపడ మనహయపప)
4. Refund: money owed to taxpayers when their total tax payments are greater than the total tax. Refunds
are received from the government.
(అదనపగ కటషన పననక వనకక వచచ మతరప)
5. Revenue: the income the nation collects from taxes.
(పననలత దశనక వచచ రబడ)
6. Tariff: a tax on products imported from foreign countries.
(పననశతప)
7. Investment income: includes taxable and tax-exempt interest, dividends and capital gains net income
(పటషబడల నపచ వచచన ఆదయప)
8. Tax evasion: A failure to pay or a deliberate underpayment of taxes.
(పనన ఎగవత)
9. Amount due: money that taxpayers must pay to the government when the total tax is greater than their
total tax payments
(బక ఉనన సమత)
10. Deficit: the result of the government taking in less money than it spends.
(ఖరచ ఆదయప కనన ఎకకవ ఉపడడప)
11. Tax liability
The amount of tax that must be paid.
12. Bonus: Compensation received by an employee for services performed. A bonus is given in addition to
an employee's usual compensation.
13. Income taxes: Taxes on income, both earned (salaries, wages, tips, commissions) and unearned
(interest, dividends). Income taxes can be levied on both individuals (personal income taxes) and
businesses (business and corporate income taxes).
14. Luxury tax: A tax paid on expensive goods and services considered by the government to be
nonessential.
15. Salary: Compensation received by an employee for services performed. A salary is a fixed sum paid for
a specific period of time worked, such as weekly or monthly.

A good graph or chart can show as much as several paragraphs of words.

There are several different types of charts and graphs:

The four most common are probably line graphs, bar graphs and histograms, pie charts, and cartesian
graphs.

1. Bar graphs to show numbers that are independent of each other. Example, data might include things like
the number of people who preferred each of Chinese takeaways, Indian takeaways and fish and chips.

2. A histogram is a specific type of bar chart, where the categories are ranges of numbers. Histograms
therefore show combined continuous data.
3. Pie charts to show you how a whole is divided into different parts. You might, for example, want to show
how a budget had been spent on different items in a particular year.

4. Line graphs to show you how numbers have changed over time. They are used when you have data that
are connected, and to show trends, for example, average night time temperature in each month of the year.

5. Area chart: an area chart is a line chart with the areas below the lines filled with colors. Use a stacked
area chart to display the contribution of each value to a total over time.

6. Cartesian graphs have numbers on both axes, which therefore allow you to show how changes in one
thing affect another. These are widely used in mathematics, and particularly in Algebra.

Some more chart types:

7. Scatter plot: scatter plots are used to plot data points on a horizontal and a vertical axis in the attempt to
show how much one variable is affected by another

8. Bubble chart: a bubble chart is a variation of a scatter chart in which the data points are replaced with
bubbles, and an additional dimension of the data is represented in the size of the bubbles.

9. Water fall chart: a waterfall chart is an ideal way to visualize a starting value, the positive and negative
changes made to that value, and the resulting end value.

Axes

Graphs have two axes, the lines that run across the bottom and up the side. The line along the bottom is
called the horizontal or x-axis, and the line up the side is called the vertical or y-axis.

10. The x-axis may contain categories or numbers. You read it from the bottom left of the graph.

11. The y-axis usually contains numbers, again starting from the bottom left of the graph.

2 Leave application samples

When requesting a formal leave of absence, your letter should include:

i) Request for a leave of absence (సలవ కసప అభవరసన)

ii) The dates you expect to be away from work (పన నపడ దతరపగ ఉపడలన ఆశపచ తదల)
iii) The date you plan to return to work (మర పన చయడనక తరగ రబయ తద)
iv) An offer to provide assistance, if feasible (అవసరమదత సహయప అపదపచ పతతపదన)
v) Thanks for considering your request
(అభవరసనన పరశలసరననపదక ధనవవదల)

SAMPLE 1: SICK LEAVE

Dear Ms. Turner,

I am writing this letter to inform you that I need to take a sick leave from work for five days due to a severe
throat infection. I will need to remain off of work until September 26.

A letter from my doctor is attached. I apologize for any inconvenience due to my absence from work.
I should, however, be able to occasionally check my email and do some work, from home when possible
until I come back to the office. When I return on September 26, I fully intend to do my best to catch up on
any work I missed during my absence.

Feel free to contact me at your convenience should you have any questions or require clarification
regarding my sick leave request. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.

Sincerely,

Name Surname

SAMPLE 2: LONG LEAVE (PERSONAL REASONS)

Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name:

This letter is a formal request for a leave of absence, to follow up on our meeting yesterday. As we
discussed, I would like to request a leave of absence from April 1 through June 30, 20XX. I'd be traveling
to my home town to take care of my ailing father.

I will return to work on July 1, 20XX.

Please let me know if I can provide further information or if you have any questions. I will make sure I
close all my pending tasks before I leave. I would be glad to help with a plan to cover my workload in my
absence. I would also be available to answer questions and provide assistance while I am away.

Thank you very much for your consideration in providing me with this opportunity for personal leave.

Sincerely,

Name Surname

1. Agricultural buildings (వవవసయ భవనల)

i) Barn (గడడపగ)
ii) Chicken coop (కళన ట ఉపచ పతదశప)
iii) Cow-shed (పశవల కటషప )
iv) Farmhouse (పలప వదద ఉపడ భవనప)
v) Granary (ధనవగరప)
vi) Greenhouse (మకకలక వచచన వతరణప కలపపచ గజ భవనప)
vii) Pigpen or sty (పపదల దడడ)
viii) Shed (కటషప)
ix) Slaughterhouse (కబళ)
x) Stable (గరతప శల)

2. Residential buildings (నవస భవనల)

i) Apartment:(అపరషరపట)
ii) Flat: a suite of rooms usually on one floor of an apartment house ( ఒక అపరషరపట యకక ఒక అపతసరల
ఇలట)
iii) Bungalow (బపగళ)
iv) Duplex:(రపడసరల ఉమతడ భవనమ)
v) House (ఇలట)
vi) Villa: luxurious country residence (వలసవపతమదన భవనప)

3. Government buildings (పతభతద భవనల)

i) Consulate (దతవ కరవలయప)

iii) Embassy (రయబర కరవలయప)
iv) Moot hall: A moot hall is a meeting or assembly building, traditionally to decide local issues. ( సమవశ
భవనప)
v) Parliament house (పతతనధల సభ)
vi) Prison (జదల)
vii) Assembly (శసనసభ)

4. Religious buildings (మతపరమదన భవనల)

i) Church (చరచ)
ii) Mosque (మసద)
iii) Imambargah: a congregation hall for Shia commemoration ceremonies, especially those associated with
the Remembrance of Muharram.(మహరతప జజపకరస సమవశ మపదరప)
iv) Monastery (మఠప)
v) Shrine: పణవకతత ప
vi) Synagogue: Jewish house of prayer.(యతద పపరన స భవపత)
vii) Temple (ఆలయప)
viii) Pagoda: an Asian temple; usually a pyramidal tower with an upward curving roof (గపరప)
ix) Gurdwara (గరదదర)

A job application letter, also known as a cover letter, should be sent or uploaded with your résumé when
applying for jobs

What to include in your letter:

The body of a job application letter is divided into three sections: the introduction, which details why the
applicant is writing; the body, which discusses relevant qualifications; and the closing, which thanks the
reader and provides contact information and follow-up details

Follow these strategies to write a strong letter:

1. Get off to a direct start: In your first paragraph, explain simply why you are writing. Mention the job title
and company name, and where you came across the job listing( నరగ చపపయపడ: మ మదట పరలన,
అపటకషన ఎపదక వపసరననర వవరపచపడ. Job title మరయ కపపన పరన పరకనపడ మరయ ఉదవగ
పతకటనన మర ఎకకడ చతసర కడ తలపపడ)

2. Offer something different than what's in your résumé: Your application letter, therefore, doesn't have to
duplicate your résumé. Your language can be a bit more personal than in résumé bullet points — you can
tell a narrative about your work experience and career.( మ రజవమల ఉననదన కనన భననమదనద ఏద ఒకట
తలయజయపడ: మ అపటకషన లటర, మ రజవమల ఉననదనన తరగ చతపనవసరప లద . మ భష రజవమల
ఉననదన కపచప వవకరగతపగ ఉపడల - మర మ పన అనభవప మరయ వసతర గరపచ ఒక కథననన చపపవచచ)
3. Make a good case. Your first goal with this letter is to move on to the next step: an interview. Offer
details about your experience and background that show why you are a good candidate. How have other
jobs prepared you for the position?

4. Close with all the important details. Include a thank you at the end of your letter. You can also share your
contact information. If you'd like, mention how you will follow up

How to send an Email application letter:

If you're sending your cover letter via email, list your name and the job title in the subject line of the email
message. Include your contact information in your email signature, but don't list the employer's contact
information.

రకల పసరకల:

1. Science fiction(వద జజనక కలపన): books about an imagined future, typically dealing with imaginative
concepts such as spaceflight, time travel, and extraterrestrial life

2. Satire(వవపగవప): books that criticize certain people or ideas in a humorous way

3. Drama(నటకప): books that are based on realistic characters dealing with emotional themes

4. Action and Adventure(సహసచరవల): fast-paced books that center on a key character in a dangerous or
risky situation.

5. Romance(శసపగరప): books that are based on love stories

6. Mystery(రహసవ కథల): books about a puzzling crime, especially a murder.

7. Horror(భయనక కథల): books that aim to frighten, scare, or startle its readers or viewers by inducing
feelings of horror and terror

8. Self-help(సదయప సహయక): written with the intention to instruct its readers on solving personal
problems

9. Encyclopedia: a book giving information on many subjects, typically arranged alphabetically.

10. Dictionary: a book that lists the words of a language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their
meaning

11. Comics(హసవ కథల): a periodical containing short funny stories (strips), intended chiefly for children

12. Biography(జవతచరతత ల): an account of someone's life written by someone else.

13. Autobiographies(సదయచరతత ల): an account of a person's life written by that person.

14. Fantasy(కలపత గథ): books that use magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme,
or setting

10 Ways to say 'Hurry Up'!

1. There's no time to lose
(వసధచయడనక సమయప లద)
2. Let's pick up the pace
(మనప వగపగ చయల)
3. Let's go faster
(వగపగ వళదప)
4. Let's speed up
(వగప పపచదప)
5. Come on
(పద, కన)
6. Move along
(కదల)
7. Move it
(కదలచ)
8. Get a move on
(కదలల)
9. Chop-chop
(చక చక)
10. Shake a leg
(కల కదలచ)

10 ways to ask someone to wait:

1. Hold on: used for telling someone to stop or wait

(ఆగపడ)

2. Just wait until/till: used for saying that someone should be patient for a moment
(...వరక వచ ఉపడపడ)

3. Hang on/hold on a minute: used for asking someone to wait for a short period of time, especially
someone who you are talking to on the telephone
(ఒకక నమషప ఉపడపడ)

4. Wait a minute/second: used for telling someone to stop and wait for you
(ఒకక నమషప/సకన వచ ఉపడపడ)

5. Just a minute/moment/second: used for asking someone to wait for a short time
(ఒక ఒకక నమషప/కణప/సకన)

6. Let me see/think: used for saying that you need a moment to think about something
(ననన చతడనవదపడ/ఆలచపచనవదపడ)

7. Bear with me/us: used as a polite way of asking someone to be patient while you do or finish something
(ననన కపచప ఉపకపచపడ)

8. Something will have to wait: used for saying that there is no time to do something now and it will have
to be done later
(ఏద ఒకట వచ ఉపడల)

9. All in good time: used for telling someone to wait for something and not try to make you hurry
(అపత తదరలన అవతపద)
10. Not so fast: used when you are telling someone to wait and not be too quick to do something or believe
something
(అపత తపదర వదద)

Other words for 'Speak':

1. Whisper: speak very softly (గసగసలడ)

2. Mumble: speak softly and unclearly (గణగ)

3. Mention: bring up a topic (పరకన)

4. Reply: answer (సమధనమచచ)

5. Enquire: ask (అడగ)

6. Stutter: speak nervously, repeating sounds (తడబడ)

7. Stammer: speak nervously (నతరగ మటటడ)

8. Shout: speak loudly and angrily (అరసతర మటటడ)

9. Yell: shout (అరచ)

10. Cry: Speak while crying/ shout (అరసతర చపప)

11. Whine: complain in a sad voice (దనపగ చపప)

12. Inform: tell (చపప, తలయజయ)

13. Elaborate: explain in detail (వవరపచ)

14. Pray: speak to God (పపరసపచ)

15. Announce: give information to many people (పతకటపచ)

American vs. British English Phrases:

1. a bag of flour - a pack of flour ( ఒక బవగ పపడ)

2. across the street from - opposite (వధ అవతల నపడ)

3. apartment - flat (అపరషరపట)

4. cafe - coffee shop (కఫ షప)

5. check (at restaurant) - bill (హటల బలట)

6. closet - wardrobe (దసరల అలతర)

7. clothing store - clothes shop (దసరల దకణప)

8. do the dishes - do the washing up (గననల తమడప)

9. elevator - lift (లఫష)

10. fall - autumn (శరదసతవ )

11. go to the movies - go to the cinema (సనమక వళళడప)

People often use short forms (abbreviations) on chat on platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook. Please
note that most of these abbreviations should only be used in completely informal situations (with friends
for example). Here are the meanings of some commonly used terms and abbreviations on WhatsApp:
(వవకరల సపకపర పదలన వటలప ఫస బక లల పరరగ అనధకరక పరససతలట సధరణపగ సనహతలత
ఉపయగసరర. అలపట కనన పదల నరదచనల:)
1. GTG / G2G: Got to go
(వళళల)

2. 24/7: It means for all 24 hours of the day, 7 days a week

(అనన వళలట)

3. ASAP: As soon as possible (వలద నపత తదరగ)

4. B/C: Because
(ఎపదకపట)

5. B/W: Between
(మధవన)

6. AKA: Also known as

(ఉరఫ)

7. EOM: End of Message

(మసజ సమపరప)

8. EOD: End of day

(రజ చవర) - can be used in official settings

9. FYI: For your information

(మక తలయడప కసప) - can be used in official settings

10. OMG: Oh my God

(ఓర దవడ)

11. IKR: I know, right?

(నక తలస కద?)

12. Keep Me Posted

(నక చప ర ఉపడ)
13. FOMO: Fear of Missing Out (మరచపతనమనన భయప)

14. TC: Take care

(జగతతరగ ఉపడ)

While talking to your manager/ employer about appraisals, here are a few phrases that can help

1. What's your opinion on my performance this year?

2. How can I improve my performance?

3. Is there a chance of a salary raise/promotion this year?

4. What new aspects can I expect in my role going forward?

5. I'd love to take up some people management responsibilities as well - do you think I am now in a
position where I can lead a team?

6. I'd urge you to reconsider the rating given that I have gone above and beyond in multiple occasions and
also delivered on stretched targets.

7. Could you suggest a few areas where you think I can do better to take my rating to a higher level in the
coming year.

8. I'd request you to reconsider the raise given to me. I assure you I'd deliver on all the targets that you set
for me.

9. What areas do you think I need to work on?

10. I'd request you to consider the industry standards for my position - I was hired at a much lower base and
would really appreciate if my salary was brought closer to the market standards.

11. I am really glad that you are satisfied with my performance. I am happy with my rating and the hike and
would continue to deliver on my targets going forward as well.

12. I appreciate the trust you have placed in me. I assure you I will continue to work with the same zeal in
the coming years as well.

Temperature vocabulary words:

1. Boiling: at or near boiling point.Ex: boiling water

2. Humid: marked by a relatively high level of water vapour in the atmosphere. ( వతవరణపల తమ) Ex: a
hot and humid day

3. Muggy: unpleasantly warm and humid. (వచచగ మరయ తమత చమట తపపపచల ) Ex: "it was a hot, very
muggy evening"
4. Scorching: very hot, often used in positive contexts. (కలపతనన) Ex: the scorching July sun"

5. Stifling: hot and you can hardly breath. (ఊపర పలచలనపత వడగ) Ex: stifling heat

6. Sweltering: hot and uncomfortable. (ఉకకబసరనన) Ex: a sweltering English summer

7. Blistering: (of heat) intense. (పకకల వచచపత వడగ) Ex: the blistering heat of the desert

8. A sizzler - a very hot day (ఉషగతత వడగ ఉనన రజ)

9. A heat wave - a period of extremely hot weather (వడ వతవరణప)

10. Melting - the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid state. ( వసరవల కరగపయ
వడ)

11. Blazing - sun shinning brightly. ( మపడపయ) Ex: Quite a few people were eating outside in the blazing
sun.

Asking directions:

1. Excuse me! Can you tell me the way to the bank, please?
(కమపచల! దయచస నక బవపకక దర చపపగలర?)

2. Where is the station?

(సషషన ఎకకడ?)

3. Is there a restaurant nearby?

(ఇకకడ దగగరట ఏదద న రసషరపట ఉపద?)

4. Could you direct me to the airport, please?

(దయచస మర ననన వమనశతయప వద ప పపపగలర?)

5. I am looking for this address, would you mind guiding me, please?
(నన ఈ చరనమ కసప చతసరననన, మర దయచస నక మరగనన చతపగలర?)

6. How do I find the nearest hospital?

(నన దగగరట హసపటల న ఎల కనకకవల?)

7. Could you tell me how to get to the bus station?

(బసల సషషన క ఎల వళటల దయచస మర నక చపపగలర?)

8. From where can I get a taxi?

(నక టకల ఎకకడ దరకతపద?)

9. Is the library far from here?

(గతపథలయప ఇకకడ నపచ దతరమ?)

10. Excuse me! Do you know where the post office is?
(కమపచల! పసషఫస ఎకకడ ఉపద మక తలస?)

11. Is there a grocery shop here?

(ఇకకడ కరణ షప ఉపద?)
12. What is the best way to get to the amusement park from here?
(ఇకకడనపచ వనద ఉదవనవననక వళళడనక ఏద మపచ దర?)

13. Do you know where the shopping center is?

(షపపగ కపదధప ఎకకడ ఉపద మక తలస?)

14. Are you from around here?

(మర ఇకకడ వరన?)

15. How far is this address from here?

(ఇకకడనపచ ఈ చరనమ ఎపత దతరప?)

16. I would like to go to the museum, can you help me, please?

Giving directions:

1. Go straight

2. Turn right

3. Turn left

4. Take a U-turn

5. Cross the road

6. Take the first right

7. Cross the bridge

8. At the roundabout, take the first exit

9. Take the second left

10. It's on the corner

11. It's this way

Human sounds:

1. Burp(తధనప) - expel gas from the stomach

2. Belch(తధనప) - expel gas

3. Whisper(గసగసలడ) - to speak very softly.

4. Mumble(గణగ) - to speak softly and unclear, usually in a low voice

5. Stutter(నతరగ పలక) - to speak nervously and repeat sounds(h-h-h-hello)

6. Snore(గరక) - to breathe during sleep with harsh.

7. Snort(మకకత గల వదల) - a cry or noise made to express displeasure.

8. Giggle(సననగ నవద) - To laugh gently or in a high-pitched voice.

9. Puff(గటషగ గల వదల అసపతసపరన తలప) - forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth

10. Pant(రపప) - breathe noisily

11. Hum(సననగ పడ) - sing with closed lips

12. Hiccup(ఎకకళళ) - breathe spasmodically

13. Groan(మతలగ) - an utterance expressing pain

14. Laugh(పదదగ నవద) - the sound of laughing

15. Scream(అరచ) - sharp piercing cry

16. Sniff(వసన చతడటప కసప గల పలచ) - to inhale through the nose especially for smelling

17. Sneeze(తమత) - involuntary expulsion of air from the nose

18. Sigh(నటతషరప) - breathe heavily to show disappointment

19. Slurp(తన లక తగ ధదన) - eat noisily

20. Yawn(ఆవలపచ) - intake of breath through a wide open mouth

21. Cough(దగగ) - exhale abruptly, as when one has a chest cold or congestion

22. Sneer(వకల చయ) - express through a scornful smile

Use of However, whichever, whoever, whatever:

However: in whatever way; regardless of how.

(ఎల అయన)
Ex: You can do it however you like, it really doesn't matter.

However can also be used introduce a statement that contrasts with something that has been said
previously.
([అల] అయన కడ)

Ex: i) The book is expensive; however, it's worth it.

ii) The first part was easy; the second, however, took hours.

Whichever: any one from a limited set

(ఏదయన)
Ex: i) Choose whichever ring you like, it's your birthday
ii) take whichever car you like

Whatever: everything or anything at all, no matter what

(ఏమయన)
Ex: i) please take whatever you want from the fridge if you feel hungry.
ii) whatever happens, we'll meet here tomorrow.

Whenever: at whatever time, every time that

(ఎపపడద న)
Ex: i) you can ask for help whenever you need it.
ii) we can leave whenever you're ready.

Wherever: in whatever place, expressing surprise or confusion.

(ఎకకడద న)
Ex: i) wherever I looked there was something interesting to see.
ii) use red pencil wherever needed.

Whoever: person at all, anyone that

(ఎవరదన)

Ex: i) Whoever comes will be welcomed.

ii) whoever wants it can have it.

Health related phrases:

1. Pass away = Die

(చనపవ)
Ex: His aunt passed away last night

2. Run over = hit by a vehicle

(తకకకపటత వళళ)
Ex: He was run over by a car

3. Come around = gain Conscious

(తరగ సపసహలక వచచ)
Ex: I think he is coming around

4. Throw up - Vomit
(వపత చసకన)
Ex: I feel a little uneasy, I think I am going to throw up

5. Pull through = survive

(జవపచ ఉపడ)
Ex: She is in a critical condition, but the doctors say she'll pull through.

6. Fight from an illness = recover from an illness

(జబబ నపచ కలకన)
Ex: Have a lot of vitamin C to flight the cold and flu.

7. Stuffed up = To not be able to breathe

(ఊపర లకపడ ఉపడ)
Ex: I can't breathe - my nose is all stuffed up

8. Swell up = to get bigger than normal

(ఉబబ)
Ex: My ankle swelled up like a balloon

9. Coming down with = starting to get sick

(జబబపడ)
Ex: I think I'm coming down with a cold

10. Get rid of = To eliminate

(తసవయ)
Ex: You will need an ointment to get rid of that rash

11. Cut down = to reduce

(తగగపచ)
Ex: I'm overweight, the doctors says I need to cut down on fried foods

12. Break out = start suddenly

(బయటక వచచ)
Ex: Pimples are breaking out on my face!

English conversations:

1. Learn to talk about the weather:

i) Beautiful day, isn't it?

(చల మపచరజ కద?)

ii) It looks like it's going to rain.

(వరరప పడల ఉపద)

iii) What do you think about the weather today?

(ఈరజ వతవరణప గరపచ మరమనకపటననర?)

iv) Sun is so bright today.

(ఈరజ సతరవడ పతకశవపతపగ ఉననడ)

V) How cold is it outside?

(బయట ఎపత చలటగ ఉపద?)

2. Learn to talk about events:

i) Did you catch the news today?

(ఈరజ వరరల చతసర?)

ii) What do you think about this strike?

(సమత గరపచ మరమనకపటననర?)

iii) Did you hear about the fire?

(మపటల గరపచ మర వననర?)

iv) What about the match today? Who is going to win?

(ఈరజ మవచ సపగత ఏమదపద? ఎవర గలవబతననర?)

V) Did you see the football match today?

(ఈ రజ ఫట బల మవచ మర చతసర?)

3. Learn to talk about the day:

i) How was your day?
(మ రజ ఎల ఉపద?)

ii) Did anything interesting happen today?

(ఈరజ ఏమదన ఆసకరకరమదన వషయప జరగపద?)

iii) Any plans for the evening?

(సయపతత ప ఏమదన చసవ ఉననయ?)

iv) What are you planning to do after work?

(పన తరదత ఏమ చయలనకపటననర?)

4. Learn to talk in office:

i) Looking forward to the weekend?

(ఈ వరపతప కసప ఎదరచతసరననర?)

ii) How long have you been working here?

(ఇకకడ ఎపతకలప నపడ పన చసరననర?)

iii) You seem busy all day!

(మర ఈరజపత తరక లకపడ ఉననటషననర!)

iV) You can have a cup of coffee, if you are tired.

(మర అలసపయపట, ఒక కపప కఫ తపగవచచ.)

Today, we will learn how to make our English sound better. We will learn words that can be used in place
of simpler words.

For example: "very good" can be replaced with "awesome" or "superb" to make your English sound more
evolved.

1. Very angry = Furious (ఆగతహవపతమదన)

I was furious at him for copying my answer!

2. Very bad = Atrocious (ఘరమదన)

He attempted an atrocious imitation of my English accent

3. Very tired = Exhausted (పరరగ అలసపయన)

I was exhausted after the marathon.

4. Very tasty = Delicious (కమతన)

Your mom cooks delicious food!

5. Very painful = Excruciating (బధపచ)

I had excruciating pain in my ankle after the injury.

6. Very clever = Brilliant (మకకల తలవద న)

Look at his grades! This boy is brilliant!

7. Very serious = Grave (తవత మదన)

The situation at the hospital is grave
8. Very old-fashioned = Archaic (పరతనమదన)
I find his views very archaic.

9. Very cold = Freezing (ఘనభవపచన)

It was freezing in Ladakh.

10. Very scared = Petrified (భయకపపతలద న)

The sighting of the wolf left me petrified.

11. Very happy = Elated (అమతనపదకర)

My mom was elated when I told her about my promotion.

12. Very sad = Devastated (తవత మదన బధత)

She was devastated on hearing the news of her brother's death.

13. Very pretty = Gorgeous (మనహరమదన)

She looked gorgeous in that white dress.

14. Very big = Massive (భర)

Dubai had massive buildings.

15. Very funny = Hysterical (వరత)

The comedy show was hysterical.

16. Very bright = Dazzling (మరమటటగలప)

Look at her ring - the diamonds are dazzling!

17. Very worried = Anxious (ఆతతతతకడన)

She was anxious about her exams

18. Very clean = Spotless / immaculate (మచచలన/సదచచమదన)

Their house was spotless.

19. Perfect/ ideal = Impeccable (ఆదరరవపతమదన/అదదతమదన)

He had impeccable manners

20. In perfect condition = Pristine (చకకచదరన)

The lakes were pristine

21. Very weak = Feeble (దరబలమదన)

After a month long illness, he was too feeble to leave his room

22. Very hungry = Starving / Famished (ఆకలత ఉనన)

Can we order something? I am starving!

23. Very shocking = Appalling (అసహవకరమదన)

Your comments were appalling!

24. Very expensive = Exorbitant (అత ఎకకవ/అనవయకరమదన)

That vase is exorbitant. I cannot afford it.

Misspelt English words:

1. Suprise (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Surprise
I have a surprising news for you
(న దగగర మ కసప ఒక ఆశచరవకరమదన వరర ఉపద)

2. Tommorrow (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Tomorrow

Let's go shopping tomorrow
(రప షపపగ క వళదప)

3. Wierd (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Weird

Do you hear that weird noise?
(మక ఆ వచతత మదన శబదప వనపసరపద?)

4. Accomodation/Acommodation (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Accommodation

We need an accommodation for 6 people
(మక ఆరగరక వసత అవసరప)

5. Beggining (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Beginning

We missed the beginning of the film.
(మమ చతత ప పపరపభనన చతడలకపయమ.)

6. Committment (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Commitment

Thank you for showing such commitment

7. Immediatly (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Immediately

We should leave immediately.
(మమ వపటన వళళల.)

8. Comming (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Coming

Are you coming to the party?
(మర పరషక వసరననర?)

9. Writting (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Writing

I'm writing an essay now.

10. Noticable (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Noticeable

The spot on your shirt is very noticeable.

11. Oportunity (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Opportunity

She had an opportunity to sing on the stage, but she missed it!

12. Posession (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Possession

He took possession over our property.

13. Succesful (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: successful

My father is a successful businessman

14. Writen (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Written

'The Raven'' was written by Edgar Allan Poe

15. Beutiful (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Beautiful

Budapest is the most beautiful city in Europe

16. Definitaly (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Definitely

Our trip was definitely a success.
17. Recomend (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: = Recommend
What local dish do you recommend?

18. Existance (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Existence

The internet is a big part of our everyday existence.

19. Finaly (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Finally

I have finally finished my studies.

20. Knowlege (X) is incorrect. The correct spelling is: Knowledge

Her knowledge of Spanish is impressive

Punctuation marks:

( . ) period, decimal point: We put a period (.) in the end of the sentence.
He is an American.

( : ) colon: Colons are used between two main clauses in cases where the second clause explains or follows
from the first:
We have a motto: live life to the full.

( ! ) exclamation mark: Exclamation marks are usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate
strong feelings or show emphasis
‘Look up there!’ she yelled.

( ? ) question mark: Question mark is used to express doubt or uncertainty about something
Have you seen the film yet?

( ' ) apostrophe, prime: apostrophe is to show that a thing or person belongs or relates to someone or
something
We met at Ben’s party yesterday.

( '' ) Quotation mark: are punctuation marks used in pairs to mark a section of text as speech, a quotation, a
phrase, or an unusual word.
"I hope you will be here," he said.

( () ) parenthesis: Parentheses are a pair of curved marks that are put around words or numbers to indicate
that they are additional, separate, or less important.
The president (and his assistant) traveled by private jet.

( [] ) square bracket\bracket: are mainly used to enclose words added by someone other than the original
writer or speaker, typically in order to clarify the situation:
He [the police officer] can’t prove they did it.

( {} ) brace brackets: Braces are also known as curly brackets "{ }".Braces are mostly used in music or
poetry.
Music chords: [ {c, e, g} {e, g, c2} {g, c2, e2} ]

( < ) less than sign: is used to compare numbers and expressions.It denotes an inequality between two
values
Number 3 is less than number 12, 3<12

( > ) greater than sign: is used to compare numbers and expressions

Number 3 is greater than number 1, 3>1
( $ ) dollar sign: used to indicate a price in dollars
I bought my daughter a new bike for $75

Hello English Lesson 115:If, when యకక ఉపయగప - Zero conditional వకవల

https://helloenglish.com/lesson/0-115/If-when-యకక-ఉపయగప-Zero-conditional-వకవల/Telugu

Today we will learn about Adverbs of Frequency

These adverbs are used to communicate how often something takes place. The order is:

Always (100% of the time) -> Usually > Normally > Often (70-90% of the time) -> Sometimes >
Occasionally (30-50% of the time) -> Seldom, Rarely (5-10% of the time) -> Never (0% of the time)

1. Always (ఎలటపపడ) - something that happens 100% of the time

He always arrives on time

2. Usually - After ''always'' comes ''usually'' for something that happens almost 90% of the time
I usually walk to work.

3. Normally/ Generally (సధరణపగ) - After usually comes, normally/generally - something that happens
almost 80% of the time
What time do you normally get up?

4. Often/ frequently (తరచగ) - then comes frequently, something that happens many times at short
intervals
I often read in bed at night.

5. Sometimes (కననసరట) - something that happens less frequently, only about 50% of the time
I sometimes forget my keys at home.

6. Occasionally (అపపడపపడ) - something that happens just 30% of the time, on certain occasions
They could occasionally be heard laughing.

7. Seldom (అరదగ) - Something that is does not happen often - just approx. 10% of the time
I seldom add salt to my food.

8. Hardly ever/ Rarely (అరదగ) - Something that is very rare to happen

I hardly ever get angry

9. Never (ఎపపడ లద/కద) - something that never happens, this has a frequency of 0%
I never swim.

Polite ways to talk in English:

1. Don't say: I want a burger

Say: I'd like to have a burger
(నన ఒక బరగర తనలనకపటననన)
'I want' sounds like a demand, as if you are commanding the other person. ''I'd like'' is a more polite phrase.
2. Don't say: Send me the report.
Say: Could you send me the report?
(మర నక ఆ నవదక పపపపచగలర?)
To maintain good relationships with coworkers, it’s best not to use imperatives(“Reply to my e-mail,” “Go
to the bank,” etc)
Instead, make requests with the phrases, Could you…? and Could you please…?

3. Don't say: Leave me alone.

Say: Could you give me a minute or sorry, I'm a bit busy right now
(మర నక ఒక నమషప ఇవదపడ లద కమపచపడ, నన పతసరతప కపచప తరక లకపడ ఉననన)
''Leave me alone'' sounds rude if you are in a middle of something or busy doing some work, you should
say ''could you give me a minute''.

4. Don't say: Tell me when you are available

Say: Please, let me know when you're available, I need to talk to you.
(దయచస, మర అపదబటల ఉననపపడ నక తలపపడ, నన మత మటటడల.)
When you are asking someone about their availability or about something, don't use, tell me. Instead you
should say: Please, let me know.

5. Don't say: Your're wrong

Say: I think you might be mistaken
(మర తపప చశరనకపటన)
When you are pointing out someone's mistake, don't say, you're wrong. I think you might be mistaken is a
more humble phrase

6. Don't say: That's a bad idea

Say: I am not sure that's a good idea
(అద ఒక మపచ ఆలచన కదనపసరపద)
When you are not agreeing with someone's idea, instead of saying, that's a bad idea, you should say, I am
not sure that's a good idea

7. Don't say: Your work isn't good

Say: I am not quite satisfied with this work, this needs some improvement
(నన ఈ పనత సపతసపర చపదన, దనక కపత మరగదల అవసరప)
When you are giving feedback to someone about their work, instead of saying ''you're work isn't good, tell
them, I'm not quite satisfied with this work or to be honest, this needs some improvement

''How are you'' replies:

If someone asks ''how are you''?, then there are a few ways to answer this question:

1. I'm fine, thanks! - this is a simple straight formal answer.

I am fine, thank you! What about you?

2. Pretty good - this is a very informal answer, much more casual

I am pretty good, thank you for asking.

3. Not bad - this is a more friendly-sounding answer than "fine".

Not bad, you tell me?

4. Great! - informal enthusiastic answer

I am doing great, thanks!

5. Couldn't be better - when you reply this to how are you, this means, you're currently in a happy state
Couldn't be better! I just got promoted.

6. Can't complain - this term means that nothing is wrong

I can't complain!

7. I've been busy - this answer means, you have had a lot to do in the recent past
I have been busy with things, what about you?

8. Same as always - this is quite casual and should be used with friends or family, only.
Same as always, thank you for asking!

9. Not so great - used for saying that something is not as good as it should be
I am not doing that great!

10. Could have been better - an unhappy response to a question about one's well-being.
I could have been better.

12 Restaurant phrases:

1. I'd like to make a reservation for 2 people for Friday night.

(నన శకతవరప రతధ ఇదదర వవకరలక రజరదషన చయలనకపటననన.)

2. I booked a table for two under the name of Rajesh Verma.

(నన రజష వరత పరత ఇదదర కసప ఒక టబల బక చసన.)

3. I need a table for two, please. I would prefer if we can get one in the no-smoking zone.

(నక ఇదదర కసప ఒక టబల అవసరప. మక ధతమపన నషధ పతదశపల ఒకట ఉపట నన ఇషషపడతన.)

4. I would like to order a portion of the sweet corn soup, please.

(నన, తప మకకజనన సతప యకక ఒక భగప చపపలనకపటననన.)

5. What is the specialty of your restaurant?

(మ రసషరపట యకక పతతవకత ఏమట?)

6. We are looking for some light appetizers. Which ones would you recommend?

(మమ కపచప తలకపట ఆహరప కసప చతసరననమ. మర వటన సఫరస చసరర?)

7. I'd like to have a portion of the vegetarian fried rice, please.

(నన ఒక శఖహర వయపచన అనన భగప తసకవటప ఇషషపడతన)

8. Does this dish have any seafood in it?

( ఈ వపటకప ఏదద న సమదధ ఆహరనన కలగ ఉపద?)

9. I would like to start with a portion of the tomato soup, please.

(నన ఒక భగప టమట సతప త పపరపభప చయలనకపటననన .)

10. Please allow us a few more minutes while we decide what to order for the main course.

(దయచస మక మరకనన నమషల సమయప ఇవదపడ, మమ పతధన కరల కసప ఏమ చపపల నరరయపచకన
లప.)

11. I am afraid my noodles are under-cooked. Could you look into this, please?

(నన అనకపటననన, న నతడలల పరరగ ఉడకలద. మర దయచస ఇదపట చతసరర?)

12. Could you get me the check, please?

(మర దయచస న బలట తసరర?)

14 Facebook Vocabulary words:

1. Status: ససత/ పరససత - 'Status' message is used to indicate the condition that someone is in at a given time
or how one is feeling, or what one is doing.

2. Comment: వవఖవ

3. Share: ఏదద న వషయనన ఇతరలత పపచకవడప లద చపపడప

4. Ping: ఎవరకదన మసజ చయడప

5. Dislike: అయషష పడటప

6. Feed/ News feed: అపశల జబత

7. Update: తలయజయడప (verb)

8. Upload: To put data or images onto something (ఫటస మదలద న వటన పటషడప)

9. Emoticon / Emoji: a representation of a facial expression such as :) :( (smileys)

(మఖ కవళకల దదర భవనన చపప చతత ప)
10. Viral: an image, video, advertisement, etc., that is circulated rapidly on the Internet ( వడయ లద ఏదద న
పతకటన ఇపటరనట ల తదరతగతన వవపపచడప)

11. Subscribe: సభవతదప తసకవడప

12. Meme: this is the name of a picture that also has writing or a message on the picture; these are often
shared on Facebook (often abbreviated FB); this term also means any idea, style or action which spreads
through mimicry.
(చతత ప త కడన మసజ)
13. Tag: a label attached to someone or something for the purpose of identification or to give other
information. On Facebook, photos are 'tagged' to identify the people in them.
(సమచరనన తలప చనన వకవప)
14. Trending: Becoming popular
(అపతట మటటడకపటనన వషయప)

Ways to say Thank you:

1. Thank you
(ధనవవదల)
When you want to say thank you to someone, instead of just saying thank you, use these phrases:

Thank you very much.

Thanks a lot!
It's very much appreciated.
I appreciate it.
Many thanks.
Thanks for your help.

2. That's very kind of you

(మక చల రణపడ ఉపటన)
When you want to tell someone, how kind they are to help you, use these phrases:

That's very nice of you

That's so kind of you
Your're very generous
You're very kind
You helped me a lot, thank you

3. Thank you for a nice day

(ఒక మపచ రజక ధనవవదల)
When you want to thank someone for a day well spent, use these phrases:

Thank you, I had a nice time today

I had a lot of fun today, thanks!
I enjoyed myself today, thank you

7 things to say at an interview:

1. I am hard working, and diligent. I do whatever it takes to get the job done, sometimes working 12-hour
days if a deadline demands so.
(నన కషషపడ శతదదగ పన చసరన. పన పరర చయడనక ఏమదన చసరన, కననసరట గడవ దగగరదత 12 గపటలపటద న
పన చసరన.)
2. I am usually really organized, and plan my day well. In most situations, I am able to deliver on time by
effectively managing usual hours at work.
(నన సధరణపగ చల పదదతగ ఉపటన, న రజన పతణళక బదదపగ గడపతన. ఎకకవసరట , సధరణ పన
వళలన సమరసవపతపగ ఉపయగపచ సమయనక పన జరగల చయగలగన.)
3. When it comes to stretched targets, or certain organizational challenges that need extra hours, I am
always willing to step in.
(అదనప లకవలన లద కనన సపససగత సవళక ట అదనప పన గపటల అవసరమదనపపడ, నన ఎపపడ
మపదపటన.)
4. I am very hard working. I do whatever it takes to get the job done, and do not shy away from putting in
extra hours if needed.
(నన కషషపడ పనచసరన. పన పరర చయడనక ఏమదన చసరన, అదనప పన గపటల చయడప నపచ
తపపపచకన.)
5. I build great relationships with my peers as well as with the customers. My interpersonal skills come in
useful in my roles as a sales associate.
(నన న సహదవగలత, కనగలదరలత మపచ సపబపధల కలగ ఉపటన . వవకరలత మటటడగల న
నద పణవప న సలల అసలసయట ఉదవగనక పనకసరపద. )
6. I am adept at handling chaotic situations. I am organized, and can help bring order to chaos.
(నన అసరవవసరమదన పరససలన నరదహపచడపల పపవణవడన. నన పదదతగ ఉపటన, గపదరగళ పరససతలన ఒక
కలకక తసకరవడపల సహయపడగలన.)
7. I am quite creative, and can really shine when it comes to thinking outside the box.
(నన చల ససజనతతక మరయ సదతరమదన ఆలచనలన చయడపల నజపగ పతకశపచగలన.)

5 Ways to ask for directions from someone:

1. Hey, could you please tell me the way to Gandhi circle? I am new to this city and unable to locate it.

హ, మర దయచస నక మహతత గపధ సరకలక మరగప చపపగలర? నన ఈ నగరనక కతర అపదక దనన
గరరపచ లకపతననన.)

2. Hello, could you please guide me to this address?

(హల, మర దయచస నక ఈ చరనమక మరగనరదశప చయగలర?)

3. Hi Neha, this is Rajiv. Thank you for your invite yesterday. I wanted to know the directions for the
venue. Could you explain the same to my cousin?

(హయ నహ, ఇద రజవ. ననన మ ఆహదననక ధనవవదల. నన వదకక దశనరదశల తలసకవలనకననన.

మర న సదరనక వటన వవరసరర?)

4. Hey, I think I have taken a wrong turn. I am near the Oberai mall. Could you guide me to your place
from here?

(హ, నన ఒక తపప మలప తసకననననకపటననన. నన ఒబరయ మల దగగర ఉననన. మర ఇకకడ

నపడ నక మ ససననక మరగనరదశప చయగలర?)

5. Hello Ajay, I am on my way to your office. Could you tell me a few landmarks as I am not well aware
with the area?

(హల అజయ, నన మ ఆఫసక వచచ మరగపల ఉననన. నన ఈ పపపతప గరపచ బగ తలసకన లన కబటష
మర నక కనన ఆనవళట తలయజయగలర?)

Ways to make a request:

1. Could you do me a favor?

(దయచస నక సహయప చయగలర?)
When you want to request someone for something, instead of saying "could you do me a favor", you should
say:

Would you help me please?

Would you do me a favor?
Please help me, I need a favor from you!
Can you assist me?
Can I ask you for a favor?
Will you help me with this problem?
Can you do something for me?
Would you assist me?
2. Will you help me with this problem?
(నక ఈ సమసవత మర సహయప చసరర?)
When you want someone to help you with a problem, you should use these phrases:

I need your help with this matter?

I need your help of this question?
Can you help me solve this problem?
Can you help me in the matter?
I'm stuck on the problem, can you help me please?
Can you help me with this problem?
Can you help me in this matter?

3. Say it once more please

(దయచస దనన మరసర చపపపడ)
When you want someone to repeat what they just said, use these phrases:

Repeat it once more please.

Please repeat that again
Could you please say it once again?
Please repeat what you said
Could you please repeat it once again?

4. Is there a bathroom here?

(ఇకకడ బతతతమ ఉపద?)
When you want to ask someone for a washroom nearby, then you should use these phrases:

Where is the toilet?

Where is the restroom?
Is there a public restroom here I can use?
Where can I find a toilet?
Is there a restroom here?
Where is the bathroom?
Is there a toilet here?

Excuses for being late:

1. Sorry I'm late

(ఆలసవమదనపదక కమపచల)

2. I overslept
(నక మలకవ రలద)

3. My alarm didn't go off

(న అలరప మగలద)

4. I had to wait ages for a bus

(నన బసల కసప ఒక కలప వచ చతడలల వచచపద)

5. The bus was late

(బసల లటగ వచచపద)

6. The traffic was terrible

(టపఫక భయపకరపగ ఉపడపద)
7. I couldn't find a parking spot
(నక పరకపగ చయటనక ససలప దరకలద)

8. I got lost while coming here

(నన దరతపపన)

9. I was tied up in a meeting

(నక మటపగ ల ఆలసవమయపద)

10. I just lost track of time

(నక సమయప తలయలద)

11. My Car broke down

(న కర ఆగపయపద)

12. The Weather was bad

(వతవరణప బగ లద)

Ways to give bad news:

1. I'm afraid I have got some bad news for you..

2. I'm sorry I have got a bit of bad news to tell you...

3. I really don't know how to say it but...

4. I'm sorry to have to say this, but...

5. I really feel bad to have to say this, but...

6. I regret to inform you that...

7. I tried .... but ....

8. Unfortunately....

9. Due to [talk about the problem]....

10. Unfortunately there are some problems with....

11. Something else has come up...

12. Because of....

13. It's not possible because....

14. I know this isn't what you wanted to hear but I hope that...

15. I am so sorry but.....

16. I had really hoped to.... but.....

17. I have some distressing news.

18. I have some disappointing news for you..

Ways to ask for an information:

1. Can you tell me..?

(మర నక చపపగలర?)

2. Could you tell me..?

(దయచస నక చపపగలర?)

3. I'd like to know..

(నన తలసకవలనకననన)

4. Do you know..?
(మక తలస?)

5. Do you have any idea...?

(మక ఏమదన ఆలచన ఉపద?)

6. Could anyone tell me..? (use this phrase when asking a group of people)
(నక దయచస ఎవరదన చపపగలర?)

7. Would you happen to know...?

(మక ఏమదన తలస ఉపద?)

8. I don't suppose you (would) know..?

(మక బహశ తలయదన నన అనకపటన)

9. I was wondering....
(నన అనకపటననన)

10. I'm calling to find out...(use this phrase on the telephone)

(నన ..... తలసకవడనక కల చసరననన)

11. Do you happen to know...?

(మకమదన తలస ఉపద?)

12. Could you find out....?

(మర దయచస తలసకగలర?)

13. Could you give me some idea of...?

(మర దయచస ..... గరపచ నకమదన ఆలచన ఇవదగలర?)

14. I'm interested in...

(నన .... ల ఆసకరగ ఉననన)

15. I'm looking for....

(నన .... కసప చతసరననన)
16. Have you got an idea of..?
(మక .... గరపచ ఏమదన ఆలచన ఉపద?)

17. Don't suppose you (would) know..?

(మక బహశ తలయదన అనకపటన)

18. I wonder if you could tell me..?

(మర నక చపపగలరమనన నన అనకపటననన)

19. I wonder if someone could tell me...?

(ఎవరదన నక చపపగలరమనన నన అనకపటననన)

Today, we learn few informal ways to say 'goodbye' to someone:

1. So long.. I said so long and left!

(తరదత కలసరన)

2. Bye, See you later

(ఉపటన, తరదత కలసరన)

3. Be seein' you.. I am sure we will be seeing you again!

(మళళ కలసరన)

4. Bye-Bye - Bye-Bye, see you soon!

(ఉపటన, తదరల కలసరన!)

5. Adios - Until we meet again, Adios!

(మళళ కలసదక, సలవ)

6. Be good.
(మపచగ ఉపడపడ)

7. Catch you. - Catch you, later. Bye!

(మళళ కలసరన, ఉపటన)

8. See you again

(మళళ కలసరన)

9. See you around

(కలసతర ఉపటన)

10. See you soon

(తదరల ననన కలసరన)

11. Bye for now

(ఇపపటక సలవ)

12. Au-Revoir - goodbye, until we meet again

Here's hoping it is 'au revoir' and not goodbye"
(మళళ కలసదక సలవ)

13. Come whenever you can

(ఎపపడ రగలగత అపపడ రపడ)
14. Hasta La vista - goodbye, see you later
hasta la vista and good luck
(ఉపటన, మళళ కలసరన, శభమసర)

15. Drop in again

(మళళ వచచ వళళపడ)

16. Be careful
(జగతతరగ ఉపడపడ)

17. See you tomorrow

(రప కలసరన)

18. We'll see you

(మమ ననన కలసరమ)

19. Hurry back

(తదరగ వచచయపడ)

20. Auf Wiedersehen - until we meet again.

(మళళ కలసదక)

21. Come again

(మరసర రపడ)

22. Aloha
(నమసర)

23. Adieu
(సలవ)

24. Bon Voyage - used to express good wishes to someone about to set off on a journey. Good luck and bon
voyage!
(శభయతత )

25. Glad you came

(మర వచచనపదక సపతషసరననన)

26. God be with you

(భగవపతడ మత ఉపడ గక)

27. Have a nice day

(శభదనప)

28. Have a safe టశప

(శభయతత )

29. It's been fun

(సరదగ ఉపడపద)

30. See you some more

(మమతలన మరకపచప కలసతర ఉపటన)
31. Bye, dear
(ఉపటన, నసరప)

Antonyms are words that are opposite to each other. Here are a few words:

1. Above × Below (పదన × కతపద)

2. Add × Subtract (జడపచ × తసవయ)
3. All × None (అనన × ఏద కద/లద)
4. Alone × Together (ఒపటరగ × కలప)
5. Always × Never (ఎలటపపడ × ఎపపడ కద/లద)
6. Back × Front (వనక x మపద)
7. Before × After (మపద × తరవత)
8. Begin × End (పపరపభప × మగపప)
9. Big × Little (పదద × చనన)
10. Cold × Hot (చలటన × వడ)
11. Cool × Warm (చలటన × వచచన)
12. Dark × Light (చకట × వలతర)
13. Difficult × Easy (కషషప × సలవ)
14. Dry × Wet (పడ × తడ)
15. Early × Late (తపదరగ × ఆలసవపగ)
16. East × West (తతరప × పడమర)
17. Empty × Full (ఖళ × నపడ)
18. Enter × Exit (పతవశపచ × నషకసమపచ)
19. Even × Odd (సర × బస)
20. Fact × Fiction (నజప × కలపతప)
21. Private × Public (వవకరగత × సమజ/పతజ సపబపధత)
22. Play × Work (ఆడ × పనచయ)
23. Part × Whole (ఒక భగప × మతరప)
24. Over × Under (పదన × కపద)
25. Open × Close (తరచ × మతసవయ)
26. On × Off (పపరపభపచ × ఆపవయ)
27. North × South (ఉతరరప × దకణప)
28. Near × far (దగగర x దతరప)
29. Most × Least (అతవపత ఎకకవ × అతవపత తకకవ)
30. Loud × Quiet (బగగరగ x మలటగ)
31. First × Last (మదటద x చవరద)
32. Get × Give (పపద x ఇచచ)
33. Tie × Untie (బగపచ x ఊడదయ)
34. High × Low (అధక x తకకవ)
35. Inside × Outside (లపల x బయట)
36. Jolly × Serious (ఆనపదపగ x గపభరపగ)
37. Know × Guess (తలస ఉపడ x ఊహపచ)
38. Leave × Stay (వళటపవ x ఉపడ)
39. Push × Pull (నటష x లగ)
40. Question × Answer
41. Raise × Lower
42. Right × Wrong
43. Sad × Happy
44. Sit × Stand
45. Sweet × Sour
46. There × Here
47. Thick × Thin
48. Lock × Unlock
49. Throw × Catch
50. Safe × Dangerous

Contraction words

1. Are not = aren't

2. Cannot = can't
3. Could not = couldn't
4. Did not = didn't
5. Do not = don't
6. Does not = doesn't
7. Had not = hadn't
8. Have not = haven't
9. He is = he's
10. He will = he'll
11. He would = he'd
12. He had = he'd
13. Here is = here's
14. I am = I'm
15. We are = we're
16. We have = we've
17. We will = we'll
18. We had = we'd
19. Were not = weren't
20. Where is = where's
21. Who is = who's
22. Who will = who'll
23. Would not =wouldn't
24. You are = your're
25. You have = you've

Today, we will learn about phrases that one should use while agreeing or disagreeing with something.

Phrases to use - to agree

1. That's right!
(అద సరదపద)

2. Definitely!
(తపపకపడ)

3. Exactly!
(సరగగ, ఖచచతపగ)

4. So do I
(నన కడ అద [అనకపట]ననర)

5. No doubt about it.

(దనల ఏ సపదహప లద)

6. We're in accord
(మమ సమతతపగన ఉననర)

7. Our thoughts are parallel

(మన ఆలచనల ఒకల ఉననయ)

8. That's just what I was thinking.

(నన ఆలచపచద కడ సరగగ అద)

9. I could not have said it any better

(నన అపతకనన ఏప మరగగ చపపగలలగవడన కద)

10. I think you are totally right about that.

(దన గరపచ మర పరరగ సర అనకపటననర)

11. You got it.

(మర దనన సధపచర)

12. Absolutely!
(ఖచచతపగ)

13. I agree with you.

(నన మత ఏకభవసరననన)

14. You're so right.

(మర పరరగ సర)

Phrases to use - to disagree

1. I agree with you to a point, but..

(నన మత కపతవరక ఏకభవసరన, కన..)

2. I understand what you are saying, however...

(మర చపరననద నన అరసప చసకననన, అయనపపటక...)

3. I see what you are saying, but..

(మరప చపరననర నన చతడగలన, కన..)

4. I am afraid, I don't agree...

(నన చపతసరననన, నన అపగకరపచన...)

5. I'm sorry but, I just can't agree...

(నన వచరసరననన కన, ననసల అపగకరపచలన)

6. Sorry, but I really can't agree to that...

(కమపచల, కన నన దనక నజపగ అపగకరపచలన...)
7. Hmm.. I wonder if it's true that...
(హ.. అద నజమమ అన నననకపటననన...)

8. I don't think that's such a good idea...

(అదపత మపచ ఆలచన కదన నననకపటననన...)
Ways to Apologise:

# Sorry!
(కమపచపడ)
Pardon.
I beg your pardon.
I am terribly sorry
I am sorry
I am really sorry
I am awfully sorry
Excuse me
Excuse me, please

# I didn't mean that

(నన పరపట పడడన.)

My mistake
I was mistaken.
I messed up.
I made an error.

# Just a moment, please.

(దయచస కదదసప ఉపడపడ)

Wait one minute

This will take a second
This will take a minute
Please wait for a second
Hold on for a second
Excuse me a moment

# Am I disturbing you?
(నన మమతలన ఇబబపద పడతననన?)

Is this a good time?

Are you busy?
Am I intruding?
Am I bothering you?

# That's my fault
(అద న తపప.)
Sorry, I wasn't paying attention
Sorry, I was negligent
It's my fault.
It was careless of me.
I'm to blame
I did that, sorry.
I did it, sorry.

Antonyms are words that are opposite to each other. Here are a few words:

1. Above × Below (పదన × కతపద)

2. Add × Subtract (జడపచ × తసవయ)
3. All × None (అనన × ఏద కద/లద)
4. Alone × Together (ఒపటరగ × కలప)
5. Always × Never (ఎలటపపడ × ఎపపడ కద/లద)
6. Back × Front (వనక x మపద)
7. Before × After (మపద × తరవత)
8. Begin × End (పపరపభప × మగపప)
9. Big × Little (పదద × చనన)
10. Cold × Hot (చలటన × వడ)
11. Cool × Warm (చలటన × వచచన)
12. Dark × Light (చకట × వలతర)
13. Difficult × Easy (కషషప × సలవ)
14. Dry × Wet (పడ × తడ)
15. Early × Late (తపదరగ × ఆలసవపగ)
16. East × West (తతరప × పడమర)
17. Empty × Full (ఖళ × నపడ)
18. Enter × Exit (పతవశపచ × నషకసమపచ)
19. Even × Odd (సర × బస)
20. Fact × Fiction (నజప × కలపతప)
21. Private × Public (వవకరగత × సమజ/పతజ సపబపధత)
22. Play × Work (ఆడ × పనచయ)
23. Part × Whole (ఒక భగప × మతరప)
24. Over × Under (పదన × కపద)
25. Open × Close (తరచ × మతసవయ)
26. On × Off (పపరపభపచ × ఆపవయ)
27. North × South (ఉతరరప × దకణప)
28. Near × far (దగగర x దతరప)
29. Most × Least (అతవపత ఎకకవ × అతవపత తకకవ)
30. Loud × Quiet (బగగరగ x మలటగ)
31. First × Last (మదటద x చవరద)
32. Get × Give (పపద x ఇచచ)
33. Tie × Untie (బగపచ x ఊడదయ)
34. High × Low (అధక x తకకవ)
35. Inside × Outside (లపల x బయట)
36. Jolly × Serious (ఆనపదపగ x గపభరపగ)
37. Know × Guess (తలస ఉపడ x ఊహపచ)
38. Leave × Stay (వళటపవ x ఉపడ)
39. Push × Pull (నటష x లగ)
40. Question × Answer
41. Raise × Lower
42. Right × Wrong
43. Sad × Happy
44. Sit × Stand
45. Sweet × Sour
46. There × Here
47. Thick × Thin
48. Lock × Unlock
49. Throw × Catch
50. Safe × Dangerous

9 WhatsApp messages to say Sorry:

1. I regret the delay in reaching your place, there was a lot of traffic today.

(నన మ చటక చరకవడపల ఆలసవప అయనపదక చపతసరననన, ఈ రజ చల టపఫక ఉపడపద)

2. Forgive me for being so rude. I was very upset at that time.

(చల మరటగ పతవరరపచనపదక ననన కమపచపడ. ఆ సమయపల నన చల కలతగ ఉపడన.)

3. I apologize for all the trouble. My train was running late by an hour.

(నన ఇబబపద అపతటక చపతసరననన. న రదల ఒక గపట ఆలసవపగ నడసతర ఉపడపద.)

4. I am sorry if I hurt you in any manner. I did not intend to.

(నన మమతలన ఏ వధపగ అయన బధపచ ఉపట ననన కమపచపడ. నన అల చయలన భవపచలద.)

5. I am ashamed to say that I lied to you. I am really sorry.

(నన మక అబదదమడన అన చపపటనక సగగ పడతననన. నన నజపగ వచరసరననన.)

6. I am sorry for not being able to make it to the party. I wouldn't have missed it had it not been an
emergency.

(నన పరషక రలకపతననపదక వచరసరననన. ఇద ఒక అతవవసర పరససత, కకపట నన తపపవడన కద.)

7. My apologies for misinterpreting things.

(పరససతలన తపపగ అరసప చసకననపదక న కమపణల.)

8. I still feel guilty about what I said yesterday. Please forgive me.

(నన ననన చపపన దన గరపచ ఇపపటక దషగ భవసరననన. ననన కమపచపడ.)

9. I am extremely sorry for the inconvenience. I am at a party right now. Can I call you back?

(నన అసకరవనక చల వచరసరననన. నన పతసరతప ఒక పరషల ఉననన. నన మక తరగ కల చయవచచ?)

Key words to remember: Regret, Guilt, Apology, Forgive, Ashamed, Sorry

Interjections are used to convey emotions.

1. Ahem - The sound of someone clearing their throat and means “attention” or “listen”
Ahem...Can I point something out, here?

2. Aah - to express joy, or surprise

Aah! isn't that wonderful?

3. Boo - Used to scare someone or to voice disapproval

Boo! You went to the park without me!

4. Eh - used to express inquiry, surprise, or to seek agreement.

Eh? What's this?
5. Eww - used to express disgust or distaste.
Eww, that smells horrible!

6. Hmm - thinking or hesitating or to express uncertainty

hmm, interesting idea

7. Jeez - used to show surprise or annoyance.

Jeez! It's not fair!

8. Ooh-la-la - A slightly comical way to refer to something as fancy or special

Ooh la la, look at that dress!

9. Oops - Used to apologize

Oops! I am sorry.

10. Phew - expressing relief

Phew! The assignment is over.

11. Whoa - used to express surprise or interest, or to command attention.

Whoa, that's huge!

12. Yahoo - Expresses joy or happiness

You mean we were accepted for the reality show? yahoo!

13. Yeah - a very strong agreement or approval

Yeah! I will do it.

14. Yoo-hoo - used to get someone’s attention.

Yoo-hoo! Do I look pretty in this dress?

15. Cheerio - used to say goodbye.

It’s time for me to go. Cheerio!

16. Good grief - an exclamation of surprise or alarm.

Good grief! Why are you wearing shorts in the winter?

17. Grrr! - shows anger or annoyance.

Grrr! I’m going to get back at him for that.

18. Humph/ Hmph - used to express doubt or dissatisfaction.

Humph, he probably cheated to make such good grades.

19. Oh dear! - shows worry

Oh dear! I don’t know what to do about this mess.

20. Well Duh! / Duh! - used in response to something said that is too obvious to need to be mentioned
Well, duh! I told you he was lying!

21. Yowza! - used to express approval, excitement, or enthusiasm.

Yowza! That is a beautiful gown.

22. Bah! - Shows dispapointment

Bah! That was a total waste of time.
23. Alas! - Sadness
Alas! We lost the match.
24. All hail - used as a greeting or to welcome someone
All hail the new kids on the block

25. Bravo - Used to praise someone!

You won the race! Bravo!

26. Ouch - Used to express pain

Ouch! That hurt!

Phrases on secrets:

1. Keep it under wraps.

(దనన దచ ఉపచపడ.)

2. My lips are sealed

(న నర మతససర)

3. Don't spill the beans

(నజనన బయటపటషవదద)

4. Don't let the cat out of the bag

(నజనన బయటక రనవదద)

5. Behind closed doors

(రహసవపగ)

6. Give the game away

(రహసవనన బయట పటషడప)

7. Keep it under your hat

(దనన దచ ఉపచ)

8. Mum's the word

(దనన దచ ఉపచల)

9. On the quiet
(అద రహసవపగ ఉపద)

10. In strict confidence

(పరర రహసవపగ)

11. Be as quiet as a mouse

12. On the sly

13. Don't dish the dirt

14. Take the lid off

15. To be a dark horse

16. Off the record

17. Poker face

18. To bite/hold your tongue

Phrases on secrets:

1. Keep it under wraps.

(దనన దచ ఉపచపడ.)

2. My lips are sealed

(న నర మతససర)

3. Don't spill the beans

(నజనన బయటపటషవదద)

4. Don't let the cat out of the bag

(నజనన బయటక రనవదద)

5. Behind closed doors

(రహసవపగ)

6. Give the game away

(రహసవనన బయట పటషడప)

7. Keep it under your hat

(దనన దచ ఉపచ)

8. Mum's the word

(దనన దచ ఉపచల)

9. On the quiet
(అద రహసవపగ ఉపద)

10. In strict confidence

(పరర రహసవపగ)

11. Be as quiet as a mouse

12. On the sly

13. Don't dish the dirt

14. Take the lid off

15. To be a dark horse

16. Off the record

17. Poker face

18. To bite/hold your tongue

Phrases on secrets:

1. Keep it under wraps.

(దనన దచ ఉపచపడ.)

2. My lips are sealed

(న నర మతససర)

3. Don't spill the beans

(నజనన బయటపటషవదద)

4. Don't let the cat out of the bag

(నజనన బయటక రనవదద)

5. Behind closed doors

(రహసవపగ)

6. Give the game away

(రహసవనన బయట పటషడప)

7. Keep it under your hat

(దనన దచ ఉపచ)

8. Mum's the word

(దనన దచ ఉపచల)

9. On the quiet
(అద రహసవపగ ఉపద)

10. In strict confidence

(పరర రహసవపగ)

11. Be as quiet as a mouse

12. On the sly

13. Don't dish the dirt

14. Take the lid off

15. To be a dark horse

16. Off the record

17. Poker face

18. To bite/hold your tongue

Shapes:

1. Circle - simple closed shape

2. Triangle - shape that has three sides

3. Rectangle - shape that has 4 sides

4. Square - shape that has 4 equal sides

5. Rhombus - a flat shape with 4 equal straight sides

6. Parallelogram - 4-sided flat shape with straight sides where opposite sides are parallel.

7. Trapezoid - 4-sided flat shape with straight sides that has a pair of opposite sides parallel.

8. Pentagon - shape that has 5 sides

9. Hexagon - shape that has 6 sides

10. Octagon - shape that has 8 sides

11. Star

12. Oval - a shape that is like a circle but is wider in one direction

13. Hemisphere - half of a sphere

14. Heptagon - a seven-sided polygon

15. Nonagon - a nine-sided polygon

16. Decagon - a polygon with 10 sides and 10 angles

17. Lens - shape that has two circular arcs joined to each other

18. Crescent - curved shape that's thicker in the middle

19. Arches - curved shape

20. Cuboid - shape that has 6 faces

21. Cylinder - shape that has two parallel (usually circular) bases connected by a curved surface.

22. Sphere - rounded geometrical shape

23. Cone - a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base to a point

24. Frustum - the portion of a cone which remains after its upper part has been cut off

Mathematical symbols:

1. Multiplication ( x )

2. Subtraction ( - )

3. Addition ( )

4. Equals ( = )

5. Division ( ÷ )
6. Is greater than ( > )

7. Is less than ( < )

8. Is not equal to ( ≠ )

9. Is similar to ( ~ )

10. Is congruent to ( ≅ )

11. Infinity (∞)

12. Implies ( ⇒ )

13. Theta ( θ )

14. Empty set ( Ø )

15. Triangle ( Δ )

16. Integral ( ∫ )

17. The intersection of two sets ( ∩ )

18. Union of two sets ( ∪ )

19. Factorial ( ! )

20. Percent ( % )

21. Right angle ( ∟)

22. Angle ( ∠ )

23. Sum of ( ∑ )

24. Braces (grouping) ( { } )

25. Brackets ( [ ] )

26. Parentheses ( ( ) )

27. Therefore ( ∴ )

28. Square root of ( √a )

29. Perpendicular ( ⊥ )

30. Exists ( ∃ )

Use of 'At':

1. Used to point out specific time:

(నరదషష సమయప సతచపచడనక)
i) At 9'0 clock.
ii) At night
iii) At dinner time

2. Used to indicate a place:

(ససలనన సతచపచడనక)
i) At the clubhouse
ii) At the stadium

3. Used to indicate an email address:

(ఇమయల చరనమన సతచపచడనక)
i) Email me at abc@defg.com.

4. Used to indicate an activity:

(ఏదద న పనన సతచపచడనక)
i) At drawing of a portrait.

Use of 'In':

1. Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year:

(ఏదద న సధరణ సమయనన తలపడనక)
i) In the morning
ii) In the evening
iii) In the winter

2. Used to indicate a location or place:

(ససలనన సతచపచడనక)
i) In a hotel.
ii) In California.

3. Used to indicate a shape, color, or size:

(ఆకరప, రపగ లద పరమణప సతచపచడనక)
i) painting is mostly in blue.
ii) students stood in a circle.
iii) the jacket comes in four different sizes.

Use of 'On':

1. Used to express a surface of something:

(ఏదద న ఉపరతలనన తలపడనక)
i) On table
ii) On my desk

2. Used to specify days and dates:

(తదల లద దనల తలపడనక)
i) On Wednesday
ii) On Sunday morning

3. Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer:

(ఏదద న యపతత ప లద పరకరనన సతచపచడనక)
i) He is on the phone right now.
ii) My favorite movie will be on TV tonight.
Personality related words:

Today, we will learn about different types of personality and other words that are related to them.

1. Intelligent
(తలవ గల)

i) Gifted
ii) Brainy
iii) Genius
iv) Clever
v) Bright

2. Lazy
(సమరగ ఉపడ)

i) Idle
ii) Sluggish
iii) Indolent
iv) Slothful

3. Hardworking
(కషషపడ)

i) Diligent
ii) Determined
iii) Meticulous
iv) Thorough

4. Unfriendly
(పతతకలమదన)

i) Mean
ii) Frosty
iii) Cold
iv) Distant
v) Surly

5. Friendly
(అనకలమదన)

i) Gracious
ii) Affable
iii) Sociable
iv) Welcoming

6. Shy
(సగగపడ)

i) Reserved
ii) Bashful
iii) Inhibited
iv) Withdrawn
v) Timid
7. Dull
(నరసపగ)

i) Boring
ii) Tedious
iii) Unexciting

8. Funny
(తమషగ)

i) Witty
ii) Hilarious
iii) Humorous
iv) Comical

9. Stupid
(తలవ తకకవ)

i) Silly
ii) Idiot
iii) Dumb
iv) Thick

Action verbs:

1. March - కవత చయ

2. Run - పరగతర

3. Walk - నడచ

4. Crawl - పక

5. Tiptoe - కల వళళపద నడచ

6. Drag - లగ

7. Push - నటష

8. Jump - దతక

9. Leap - గపత

10. Hop - కపట

11. Skip - వదలవయ

12. Hit - కటష

13. Stretch - సగదయ

14. Put down - కతపద ఉపచ

15. Carry - మయ

16. Hold - పటషకన

17. Pick up - ఎతరకన

18. Bend - వపగ

19. Squat - మకలదపడ వయ

20. Sit - కరచన

21. Lean - ఆనకన

22. Dive - అడడపగ దతక

23. Punch - గదద

24. Kick - తనన

25. Catch - పటషకన

26. Throw - వసర

27. Pull - లగ

28. Slap/ hit - కటష

29. Lift - పదకతర

Moods:

1. Contented - తసపరగ

2. Glad - ఆనపదపగ

3. Joyful - సపతషపగ

4. Dejected - నరతలహపగ

5. Heartbroken - గపడపగల

6. Demoralized -

7. Antsy - అసహనపగ

8. Agitated - ఆపదళనగ

9. Disturbed - కలత చపద

10. Irritated - చకకగ

11. Mad - పచచగ

12. Annoyed - కపపగ

13. Anxious - ఆతసతగ

14. Panic-stricken - భయపదళనలత

15. Terrified - భయపత

16. Trapped - చకకకననటటగ

17. Flustered - కలతత

18. Baffled - కలవరపత

19. Restless - అవరమపగ

20. Uneasy - అసకరవపగ

21. Amazed - అదదతపగ

22. Incredulous - నమతలన వధపగ

23. Mellow - కమలపగ

24. Upset

25. Shocked

26. Eager - ఆసకరగ

27. Energetic - ఉతలహపగ

Congratulatory messages:

1. You've done it! Congratulations on your great achievement!

2. Congratulations! You've run the course and passed the exams! There is no secret of success. It is the
result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure. Well done!

3. Congratulations on all that you have accomplished! Everything is possible when you just believe in
yourself.

4. Congratulations for passing the exam! Your patience and persistence has finally paid off.

5. Congratulations on your momentous achievement!

6. So proud of you for this great achievement in examination!

7. It's the day when you've had everything to do and you've done it! Nice work!
Modal Verbs:

1. May:

i) To make requests (formal) (అధకరకపగ అభవరసపచడప) - May I sit down?

ii) To give permission (formal) (అధకరకపగ అనమతవదడప) - You may sit down.
iii) To show possibility (అవకశప ఉపదన తలపడప) - It's starting to get cloudy - it may rain soon.

2. Can:

i) To make requests (informal) (అనధకరకపగ అభవరసపచడప) - Can I sit down?

ii) To give permission (informal) (అనధకరకపగ అనమతవదడప) - You can sit down.
iii) To express possibility (in general) (సధరణపగ ఉపడ అవకశనన తలయజయడప) - It can rain sometime.

3. Could:

i) To make requests (polite) (మరవదపరదకపగ అభవరసపచడప) - Could I sit down?

ii) To express possibility (weaker than "may") (అవకశనన తలపడప, may కనన తకకవ అవకశనక
ఉపయగసరప) - It could rain but it is not common in this part of the country

4. Would:

i) To make requests (polite) (మరవదపరదకపగ అభవరసపచడప) - Would you mind if I sit down?
ii) To express possibility (stronger than "may") (జరగతపదన తలయజయడప, may కనన ఎకకవ అవకశనక
ఉపయగసరప) - It would rain if you go to that part of the country

5. Must:

i) To show obligation (full) (తపపనసరన తలపడప) - You must tell the police the truth
ii) To express logical conclusions (stronger than should) ( దననద న నరర రపచ చపపడప, should కనన గటషగ) - He
left an hour ago, so he must be there already

6. Should:

i) To show obligation (partial) (ఏదద న అవసరమన తలపడప) - You should tell your friends the truth
ii) To express logical conclusions (weaker than must) ( దననద న నరర రపచ చపపడప, must కనన తకకవగ) - He
left an hour ago, I believe he should be there already.

7. Ought to:

i) To show obligation (partial & less common) - You ought to tell your friends the truth

8. Might:

i) To express possibility (weaker than "may") - It's not very cloudy yet, but it might rain

9. Will:

i) To show future (actions/ states/ Intentions) - Look at the sky! It will rain soon

Dairy Products:
 1. Cottage cheese - ఓ రకమదన పల ఉతపతర

2. Buttermilk - మజజగ

3. Whipped cream - చలకన మగడ

4. Yogurt - పరగ

5. Ice Cream - ఐస కతమ

6. Milk - పల

7. Milkshake - పలత కలప చస పనయప

8. Skimmed milk - వననతసన పల

9. Custard - ఓ రకమదన పల తప వపటకప

10. Sour cream - పలటన మగడ

11. Dipping sauce - సస

12. Butter - వనన

Traffic signs to follow:

1. Stop - ఆగమ
2. No Entry - పతవశప లద
3. Give way - దర ఇవదపడ
4. One- way - ఒక వద ప దర మతత మ
5. No straight ahead - నరగ మరగప లద
6. No vehicles in both directions - రపడ మరగలల వహనల వళళలవ
7. All motor vehicles prohibited - మటర వహనల నషదరప
8. No Motorcycles - దదచకత మటర వహనల నషదరప
9. No Bicycles - సద కళళ నషదరప
10. No Pedestrians - నడకదరల నషదరప
11. No Heavy vehicles - భర వహనల నషదరప
12. No left turn - ఎడమవద పక వళళరద
13. No right turn - కడవద పక వళళరద
14. No U-turn - వనకక తరగరద
15. No overtaking - ఇతర వహనలన దటరద
16. Speed limit - వగ పరమత
17. Weight limit - బరవ పరమత
18. Length Limit - పడవ పరమత
19. Height Limit - ఎతర పరమత
20. No parking - వహనల నలపరద
21. Horn Prohibited - ధదనల చయరద
22. No bullock carts - ఎదదల బపడట రకడద
23. Left curve - ఎడమ మలప
24. RIght curve - కడ మలప
25. Roundabout ahead - మపద గపడధన కడల ఉపద
26. Traffic signals ahead - మపద టపఫక సగనల ఉపద
27. Level crossing with Barrier ahead - మపద గటత కడన పటషల లద ఇతరలన దట మరగప ఉపద
28. Level crossing without Barrier ahead - మపద గట లన పటషల లద ఇతరలన దట మరగప ఉపద
29. Uneven road - గపతల దర
30. Narrow Bridge - ఇరకదన వపతన

Names of Pulses:

1. Green Gram - పసర పపప

2. Red Lentil - ఎరత కపదపపప

3. Red Gram, Pigeon pea - కపద పపప

4. Black lentils, Black gram - మనపపపప

5. Chickpeas - బఠనల

6. Black-eyed peas, cowpeas - అలసపదల

7. Sago - సగగబయవప

8. Kidney Beans, Beans - రజత

9. Moth dal, Turkish gram - పసల

10. Bengal Gram - శనగల

11. Horse Gram - ఉలవల

12. Cluster Beans - చకకడ గపజల