Z SCORE

DISTRIBUTION
PRESENTED BY HARISA
TAJAMMUL
 DEFINITION

•Standardized value  that specifies the

exact location of an X value within a
distribution by describing its distance
from the mean in terms of standard
deviation units
 FORMULA

• To calculate z-score:
z = (x – μ) / σ
For example, let’s say you have a test score of 190. The test has a mean (μ) of
150 and a standard deviation (σ) of 25. Assuming a normal distribution, your z
score would be:
z = (x – μ) / σ
= 190 – 150 / 25 = 1.6.
The z score tells you how many standard deviations from the mean your score
is. In this example, your score is 1.6 standard deviations above the mean.
 IMPORTANT POINTS

•A Z score less than 0 represents an element less than the

mean
•A Z score greater than 0 represents an element greater
than the mean
•A Z score equal to 0 represents an element equal to
mean
 PURPOSE

•Tell where a score lies compared with rest of data above

or below mean
•Adopt scores from various data sets to make scores that
can be compared to one another correctly
•Summarize scores
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
Z-DISTRIBUTION

Presented by:
Aqsa Tajammul
 ADVANTAGES

• Standard or z-scores can be used to compare raw scores that are taken from
different tests especially when the data are at the interval of management.
• It take into account both the mean value and the variability in a set of raw
scores.
• Z-scores are:
1. Easy to compute
2. Easy to assign weights
3. Standard method
 LIMITATIONS/DISADVANTAGES
The main disadvantage of standard scores is that they always assume a
normal distribution. But if this assumption is not met, the scores cannot be
interpreted as a standard proportion of the distribution from which they were
calculated.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION A normal
distribution is an arrangement of a data set in which
most values cluster in the middle of the range and the rest
taper off symmetrically toward either extreme. ... A
graphical representation of a normal distribution is
sometimes called a bell curve because of its flared shape.
 CONTINUE

• It lose meaning of standard deviations

• Need interval data
• Risk losing information
• Risk unintended weights
• Risk confusing candidates.
 HOW TO CALCULATE Z-SCORE

• Calculating the Mean

• Finding the Variance
• Calculating the Standard Deviation
• Calculating Z Scores
 A. CALCULATING THE MEAN

1. Look at your data set.

5 palm trees (sample size)
measurements of trees (7 8 8 7.5 9)
 2. GATHER ALL OF YOUR DATA.

• The mean is the average of all the numbers in your sample.

• To calculate this you will add all the numbers in your sample together, then
divide by the sample size.
• In mathematical notation, n represents the sample size. In the case of our
sample of tree heights, n = 5 since there are 5 numbers in this sample.
 3. ADD ALL THE NUMBERS IN YOUR
SAMPLE TOGETHER.

• using the sample of 5 palm trees, our sample consists of 7, 8, 8, 7.5, and 9.
• 7 + 8 + 8 + 7.5 + 9 = 39.5. This is the sum of all the numbers in your sample.
 4. DIVIDE THE SUM BY YOUR SAMPLE SIZE
(N).
• The sum of tree heights in our sample was 39.5.
• Sample size = 5
• Division:
• 39.5/5 = 7.9.
• The mean tree height is 7.9 feet.
• The population mean is often represented by the symbol μ,
• therefore μ = 7.9
 B. FINDING THE VARIANCE

• The variance is a figure that represents how far your data in your sample is
clustered about the mean.
• This calculation will give you an idea about how far your data is spread out.
• Samples with low variance have data that is clustered closely about the
mean.
• Samples with high variance have data that is spread far from the mean.
• Variance is often used to compare the distributions between two data sets
or samples.
 1. SUBTRACT THE MEAN FROM EACH OF
THE NUMBERS IN YOUR SAMPLE.

• This will give you an idea of how much each number in your sample differs from the
mean.
• In our sample of tree heights (7, 8, 8, 7.5, and 9 feet) the mean was 7.9.
• 7 - 7.9 = -0.9
• 8 - 7.9 = 0.1
• 8 - 7.9 = 0.1
• 7.5 - 7.9 = -0.4
• 9 - 7.9 = 1.1
 2. SQUARE ALL OF THE ANSWERS FROM
THE SUBTRACTIONS

•Square all of these figures:

(-0.9)^2 = 0.81
(0.1)^2 = 0.01
(0.1)^2 = 0.01
(-0.4)^2 = 0.16
(1.1)^2 = 1.21
•The squares from this calculation are: 0.81, 0.01, 0.01, 0.16, and 1.21
 3. ADD THE SQUARED NUMBERS
TOGETHER.
• This calculation is call the “sum of squares”.
• In our sample of tree heights, the squares were as follows: 0.81, 0.01, 0.01,
0.16, and 1.21.
• 0.81 + 0.01 + 0.01 + 0.16 + 1.21 = 2.2
• For our example of tree heights, the sum of squares is 2.2.
 4. DIVIDE THE SUM OF SQUARES BY (N-1).

• Remember, n is your sample size. This step will provide the variance.
• In our sample of tree heights (7, 8, 8, 7.5, and 9 feet), the sum of squares was 2.2
and n = 5.
• n-1=4
• To find the variance,
• SS / n-1= 2.2 / 4.
• 2.2 / 4 = 0.55
• Therefore the variance for this sample of tree heights is 0.55.
CALCULATE Z SCORE AND STANDARD
DIVATION

PRESENTED BY AYESHA GUL

 CALCULATING Z SCORE

• Use the following format to find a z-score: This formula allows you to
calculate a z-score for any data point in your sample.
z=X-μ/σ
X= population
μ ( parameter) = mean
σ ( parameter) = standard deviation
• z-score is a measure of how many standard deviations a data point is away
from the mean.
• X represents the figure you want to examine.
• For example, if you wanted to find out how many standard deviations 7.5
was from the mean in our example of tree heights, you would plug in 7.5 for
X in the equation.
• In the formula, μ stands for the mean. In our sample of tree heights the mean
was 7.9.
• In the formula, σ stands for the standard deviation. In our sample of tree
heights the standard deviation was 0.74
 APPLY FORMULA

• in example given the values of mean population and the standard

deviation
Is
• X = 7.5
• μ = 7.9
• σ = 0.74
Put the value in the formula
• First subtract X =7.5 and μ = 7.9 as
7.5 – 7.9 = -0.4
• We already subtracted the mean from 7.5, and came up with a figure of -0.4.
• Remember, the standard deviation from our sample of tree heights was
0.74.
- 0.4 / 0.74 = - 0.54
• z-score = -0.54.
• This z-score means that 7.5 is -0.54 standard deviations away from the mean
in our sample of tree heights.
• A negative z-score indicates that the data point is less than the mean, and a
positive z-score indicates the data point in question is larger than the mean.
 CALCULATING THE STANDARD DEVIATION
• Find your variance figure You will need to find the standard deviation for
your sample.
• Variance is how spread out your data is from the mean or mathematical
average.
• Standard deviation is a figure that represents how spread out your data is in
your sample.
• In our sample of tree heights, the variance was
• σ² =0.55.
• Take the square root of the variance. This figure is the standard deviation.
• In our sample of tree heights, the variance was 0.55.
• √0.55 = 0.741619848709566.
• You will often get a very large decimal figure when you calculate this step.
It is ok to round to the second or third decimal place for your standard
deviation figure. In this case, you could use 0.74.
• Using a rounded figure, the standard deviation in our sample of tree heights
is 0.74
• Go through finding the mean, variance, and standard deviation again. This
will allow you to make sure you have the correct figure for standard
deviation.
• Write down all the steps you took when you did your calculations.
• This will allow you to see where you made a mistake, if any.
• If you come up with different figures for mean, variance, and standard
deviation during your check, repeat the calculations looking at your
process carefully.