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S E C H: Olubility Quilibrium of Alcium Ydroxide
S E C H: Olubility Quilibrium of Alcium Ydroxide
A.J.A. ESCOTO
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
14 MARCH 2017
MAE CRISTE D. FAJICULAY
ABSTRACT
The experiment aimed to determine the Ksp of calcium hydroxide and explain the effects of
temperature, presence of common and diverse ions, and solvent polarity on the solubility of
sparingly soluble salts. The experiment prepared different suspensions of calcium hydroxide in
different media. The values of solubility and solubility product constant were determined through
the titration data. The effect of temperature was established, at low temperature, solubility
increases and at high temperature, solubility decreases. Also, it was able to determine the
experimental molar solubility and Ksp of calcium hydroxide. Ksp obtained was 3.95 x 10-7, with
69.6% error. The effect of the presence of diverse ions was also established, the addition of diverse
ion tend to increase the solubility of calcium hydroxide. The experiment failed to establish the
effect of presence of common ions and the change in solvent polarity.
The solid state is removed from the The solubility constant product and the
equilibrium constant expression since the molar solubility can be determined from
activity of a pure solid is 1. The solubility equations (2) and (3), respectively.
product constant, Ksp, is the constant for the
equilibrium established between a solid Ksp = [Ca2+] [OH-]2 (5)
solute and is ions in a saturated solution.5
[𝐶𝑎 2+ ] [𝑂𝐻 − ]
𝑠 = 1
= 2
(6)
To calculate the actual solubility of the salt,
the molar solubility, which is defined as the Ksp = [s] [2s]2 (7)
the equilibrium system. Ionic strength can
The Gibbs free energy, ΔG ̊, is related to the greatly influence the ionic atmosphere.
equilibrium constant (Ksp) by Ionic strength, μ, is a measure of the total
concentration of ions in solution.
ΔG ̊ = -RT lnKsp (8)
1
𝜇= ∑ 𝑐 𝑧2 (11)
2 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
where R is the thermodynamic constant (R
= 8.3145 J mol-1 K-1) and T is the absolute
where ci is the concentration of the ith
temperature in Kelvin.10
species and zi is its charge. The sum extends
over all ions in solution.2
To find the Gibbs free energy (ΔG ̊) changes,
this equation is used
The energy balance of intermolecular forces
between solute-solute, solvent-solvent and
ΔG ̊ = ΔH ̊ - TΔS ̊ (9)
solute-solvent molecules controls solubility.
The simple rule is “like dissolves like” and it
where T is the absolute temperature.3 We
is based on the polarity of the systems.9
assume that ∆H° and ∆S° do not change
significantly over small temperature
The purpose of the experiment was to
ranges.5
determine the solubility product constant of
calcium hydroxide and explain the effects of
There are factors affecting the solubility of
temperature, presence of common and
salt in aqueous solutions such as
diverse ions, and solvent polarity on the
temperature, presence of common ions,
solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
presence of diverse ions and change in
solvent polarity.
METHODOLOGY
The van’t Hoff equation (10) describe that
The experiment in determining the molar
equilibrium constants vary with
solubility of calcium hydroxide was done in
temperature such that it depends upon the
various conditions. Also, the experiment
relative magnitudes and the signs of the
used the laboratory technique titration.
standard enthalpy change (∆H°) and
Different media was prepared in each 250-
standard entropy change (∆S°) associated
mL beaker such that
with the equilibrium.3
Raw Data
Trial 1 (in mL) Trial 2 (in mL)
Vana Vtit Vana Vtit
A 25 2.5 20 2.1
B 25 0.9 12.5 0.7
C 25 3.5 25 2.8
D 25 4.3 24 4.3
E 25 2.5 22 2.1
F 25 7.0 22 5.7
Calculation
∆𝐻
5227.8 = −
𝑅
∆H = -43.46 KJ mol-1
∆𝑆
− 32.284 =
𝑅
∆S = -268.41 J mol-1K-1
ΔG ̊ = ΔH ̊ - TΔS ̊
ΔG ̊ = 34.02 KJ mol-1 – (298 K) (3.01 J mol-
1K-1)
ΔG ̊ = 36.53 KJ mol-1
ΔG ̊ = -RT lnKsp
36.53 KJ mol-1 = -(8.3145 J mol-1 K-1)(298K)
lnKsp
Ksp = 3.95 x 10-7