THE KEY HOUSING AGENCIES URBAN LAND USE MAP COLORS

AGENCY FUNCTION CATEGORY COLOR

HUDCC An office mandated to coordinate and supervise the government’s housing agencies. It is also
tasked in monitoring the performance of the housing sector, and involved in policy formations. RESIDENTIAL
Housing and Urban YELLOW
The highest policy-making and coordinating office on shelter programs. By dwelling type
Development Coordinating
Council (EO90)
COMMERCIAL
RED
The National Housing Authority is the sole government agency engaged in direct shelter production Wholesale, Retail (Gen. Merchandise), Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.)
NHA
focused on providing housing assistance to the lowest 30% of urban income-earners through slum
National Housing Authority
upgrading, squatter relocation, development of sites and services, and construction of core housing
units. INDUSTRIAL
VIOLET
Undertakes programs for the improvement of blighted urban areas and provides technical Manufacturing, Fabricating, Assembly, Industries, etc.
assistance for private developers undertaking low-cost housing projects.
INSTITUTIONAL
BLUE
HGC mobilizes all necessary resources to broaden the capital base for the effective delivery of Schools, Church, Protective Services, Government Buildings, etc.
HGC
housing and other related services, primarily for the low-income earners through a viable system of
Home Guaranty Corporation
credit insurance, mortgage guarantee, and securities.
(formerly HIGC) PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS
GREEN
HLURB is the sole regulatory for housing and land development. Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club, etc.
HLURB
Housing and Land Use Ensures rational land use for the equitable distribution and enjoyment of development benefits.
Regulatory Board Charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in low-cost housing through
INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES
(formerly Human Settlement liberalization of development standards, simplification of regulations, and decentralization of GRAY
Railroad, Land Transport, Water Transport, Air Transport, etc.
Regulatory Commission) approvals for permits and licenses.
Extends comprehensive and productive planning assistance to provinces, cities, and municipalities
toward the formulation of Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs). BUILT-UP AREAS
YELLOW
A national government agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land Cluster of at least 10 structures or if activity occupies sizable land
use development and real estate and housing regulation. These roles are done via a triad of
strategies namely, policy development, planning and regulation.
AGRICULTURE
LIGHT GREEN
NHMFC is the major government home mortgage institution. Cropland, Riceland, etc.
NHMFC
National Home Mortgage Initial main function is to a viable home mortgage market, utilizing long-term funds principally
Finance Corporation provided by the Social Security System, the Government Service Insurance System, and the Home
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
Development mutual Fund to purchase mortgages originated by both public and private institutions LIGHT VIOLET
that are within government-approved guidelines. Piggery, Poultry
Charged with the development of a system that will attract private institutional funds into long-term
housing mortgages. FOREST
DARK GREEN
HDMF focuses on the administration of a nationwide provident fund for the government’s housing Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed, National Parks
HDMF
program, and formulates other investment strategies relative to housing as well as improve its
Home Development Mutual
collection efficiency. MINING/QUARRYING BROWN
Fund
(more commonly known as the Pag-Ibig Fund)
GRASSLAND/PASTURE OLIVE GREEN

SHFC The lead agency to undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal SWAMPLAND/MARSHES AQUA
sectors in the low-income bracket and shall take charge of developing and administering social
Social Housing Finance
housing program schemes, particularly the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the
Corporation (EO273) OTHER LAND USE APPROPRIATE
Amortization Support and Developmental Financing Programs of the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund
(AKPF) Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill, Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc. COLORS

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FIVE POINTS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE IMAGE OF A CITY ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
By Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret) by Kevin Lynch by Constantinos Apostolou (CA) Dioxadis

POINTS DESCRIPTION A collective image – map or impressions – map of a city, a collective picture of what people TYPE DESCRIPTION
extract from the physical reality of a city.
Reinforced concrete stilts that lifted the bulk of the NATURE the natural physical environment
Pilotis There are five basic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:
structure off the ground
Pathways, Districts, Edges, Landmarks and Nodes.
An individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs
Non-supporting walls that could be designed as the These five elements of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual survey of the form (oxygen, nutrition), sensation and perception (five
Free Facade MAN
architect wished of a city. They are the skeletal elements of city form. senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security,
sense of belonging), moral values.
The floor space was free to configure into rooms ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
Open Floor Plan
without concern for supporting walls.
Major and minor routes of circulation a group of individuals sharing the same
to move about, the city has a network of major SOCIETY
culture, values, norms, mores, and traditions
Ribbon Windows Long strips of ribbon windows that allow routes and a neighborhood network of minor
(Uninterrupted Views) unencumbered views of the large surrounding yard PATHWAYS routes; a building has several main routes which
people use to get to it or from it. An urban buildings, the built component – housing,
To compensate for the green area consumed by the highway network is a network of pathways for a hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial
Roof Garden SHELLS
building and replacing it on the roof whole city. establishments, recreational facilities, industrial
buildings, etc.
A ramp rising from ground level to the third floor roof terrace allows for an architectural promenade through the
structure. The white tubular railing recalls the industrial "ocean-liner" aesthetic that Le Corbusier much admired.
A city is composed of component neighborhoods
The driveway around the ground floor, with its semicircular path, measures the exact turning radius of a or districts; its center, uptown,
1927 Citroën automobile. links within the settlement and
midtowns, its in-town residential with other settlements, transportation
NETWORKS
areas, train yards, factory systems, communication systems, water supply
Focuses on the physical improvement of the public DISTRICTS areas, suburbs, college systems, power and electrical systems, etc.
URBAN DESIGN
environment campuses, etc. Sometimes they are
considerably mixed in character and
Focuses on the management of private development do not have distinct limits like the midtown in
URBAN PLANNING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
through established planning methods and programs Manhattan.
The termination of a district is its HAMLET
edge. Some districts have no distinct edges at a neighborhood, a small village
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN all but gradually taper off and blend into another
EDGES
district. When two districts are joined at an edge
COMMUNITY
they form a seam. A narrow park may be a
The most pronounced elements of Urban Design. a town
joining seam for two urban neighborhoods.
BUILDINGS They shape and articulate space by forming the street
wall of the city CITY
The prominent visual features of
Living rooms of the city. Makes high quality life in the an urban area
the city; some are very large and are
PUBLIC SPACE city. Forms the stage and backdrop to the drama of
life. Plazas, squares & neighborhood parks. seen at great distances; some are
METROPOLIS
LANDMARKS very small and can only be seen up close (street
the capital or chief city of a country or region; a very large and busy city
Connections between cities and places. Designed by clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park).
their physical dimension and character, size, scale Landmarks help in orienting people
STREETS and the character of the buildings that line them. in the city and help identify an area. CONURBATION
Ranges from grand avenues, intimate pedestrian A composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
streets. A center of activity; distinguished from
Connects the parts of the cities and help shape them. a landmark by virtue of its active
MEGALOPOLIS
Balance between transportation systems is what NODES function; it is a distinct hub of
TRANSPORTATION Merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million
helps define the quality and character of cities. They activity. Times Square in New York City is
include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks. both a landmark and a node. or more, a 20th century phenomenon.

©2015 Page 94
DEGREE OF INCLINATION SLOPE AND LAND USE MONSOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
SLOPE DESCRIPTION SLOPE DESCRIPTION MONSOON: LARGE SCALE SEASONAL CURRENTS
0 - 3% Broad to level to nearly level or flat < 1% Do not drain well Northeast (NE) Monsson
3 - 5% Gently sloping with land sloping in one general direction < 4% Usable for all kinds of activities Winter Monsoon
AMIHAN Appears in October
Gently undulating and rolling; land sloping in more than one 4% to 10% Suitable for movement and informal activities
5 - 8% (A-NE-NA) Attains maximum strength in January
general direction >10% Can be actively used only for hill sports or free play Gradually weakens in March
Disappears in April
Moderately undulating and gently rolling land sloping in more Approaches the limit that an ordinary loaded vehicle can
8 - 15% 17%
than one direction climb for any sstained period
Southwest (SW) Monsoon
15 - 18% Steeply undulating and rolling land sloping in many directions Normal limit of climb for pedestrians without resorting to Summer Monsoon
20% to 25% Apears early May
>18% Very steeply sloping and rolling land in many directions stairs HABAGAT
(HA-SW-MO) Maximum flows during August
Permitted Angle of Slope > 50% May require terracing or cribbling Disappears gradually in October
TYPE OF LAND USE
MINIMUM MAXIMUM SOLAR CONTROL DEVICES Persists from November to December

Streets and Drives 8% 1:12 1% 1:100 N & S – Horizontal AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN BUILDINGS
Segmental shaped shading mask
Parking Areas 5% 1:20 1% 1:100
Overhangs, Canopy, Light Shelf, Positive pressure (+)
Main Footpaths (Bitumen) 8% 1:12 5% 1:20 Lovers, Shutters & Awnings Air enters through openings located in the

Main Ramp on Footpath (Short) 14% 1:07

# # WINDWARD positive pressure zone and lower level
E & W – Vertical openings
Enrance Area 4% 1:25 1% 1:100 Sectoral shaped shading mask The direction upwind from the point of refernce
Fins & Lovers
Minor Footpaths 14% 1:07 5% 1:20 Negative pressure (-)
Air exits through openings located at the
Terrace (Paved) 2% 1:50 1% 1:100
# # NE – NW, SE – SW – Eggcrate LEEWARD negative pressure zon and at higher level
Lawns 5% 1:20 1% 1:100 Composite of the Vertical and openings
Horizontal The direction downwind (or downward) from the
Mown Grass Banks 33% 1:03 point of reference
Planted Slopes 50% 1:02 OTHER DESIGN FACTORS (Examples) WIND SHADOWS
Ramps for Vehicles 5% 1:20 8% 1:12 Beside the Building Palm Tree Well-Foliage
Approximately 2 times the Height of the tree (2H)
PEDESTRIAN RAMPS Relatively Safe Coconut Tree Tree

Playgrounds 4% 1:25 15% 1:06 Shallow Roots Acacia Row is 4 times the Height of the tree (4H) can
Sitting Areas 1% 1:100 4% 1:25 Hilltop Protruding Eaves / Balcony have a wind shadow of 3 times it’s height (3H)
A Row of Closely
Paved Playlots 50% 1:02 2% 1:50 Coastal Area Roof Deck Spaced Tree
Row is 8 times the Height of the tree (8H) can
ENTRANCE RAMPS Heavy Forested Area Steep Gable Roof have a wind shadow of 6 times it’s height (6H)

Pedestrian 1% 1:100 4% 1:25 100% Ventilation Jalousie

Grassed Playlots 50% 1:02 4% 1:25 For Tropical Awning

Lawn 1% 1:100 25% 1:04 95% Ventilation Louvers with 150mm blades

©2015 Page 95
CITY CLASSIFICATION Major Theories In URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES

The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories: STRUCTURE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION

Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or
HIGHLY as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
CONCENTRIC ZONE
URBANIZED five hundred million pesos ( 500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
certified by the city treasurer. THEORY E. W. Burgess out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
INDEPENDENT
(Monocentric) (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
CITIES There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are referred to as Invasion/ Succession
located in Metro Manila. Theory”).

High-density residential, commercial, and

Cities of this type are independent of the province, and as such their charters ban industrial uses radiate out from the central
INDEPENDENT residents from voting for provincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
major transportation routes. More expensive
COMPONENT 150,000 and annual income of at least 350 million pesos ( 350,000,000) SECTOR THEORY Homer Hoyt housing also radiates out from the CBD
CITIES based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer. – Towards large open spaces and higher
There are five such cities: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.

Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in Cities tend to grow around not one but several
COMPONENT which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the Chauncy Harris distinct nuclei.
boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which MULTIPLE NUCLEI Certain land uses group together to take
CITIES and
it used to be a municipality. THEORY advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
Edward Ullman universities), specializations, co-
(Polycentric)
“The Nature of Cities” dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) often applied to cities with more than one CBD

LEGISLATIVE
AREA BODIES The preceding three theories apply primarily to
LGU POPULATION INCOME cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
(Square Kilometers) (create, merge, abolish, or INVERSE CONCENTRIC
Friedrich Engels cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different
alter boundaries of LGU) ZONE THEORY patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
20M for the last
two (2) consecutive Congress
PROVINCE 2,000 250,000
years based on 1991
constant prices It explains the reasons behind the distribution
Walter Christaller patterns, size, and number of cities and towns
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
100M for the last (Developed)
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
two (2) consecutive Paul Peterson
CITY 100 150,000 Congress East Anglia, UK) conclusion that people gather together in cities
years based on 2000 (Advanced in “City Limits0) to share goods and ideas.
constant prices

2.5M for the last

Congress
MUNICIPALITY 50 25,000 two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
years based on 1991 The center of the city contains the agora
Assembly (market place), theaters, and temples. Public
constant prices GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL / rooms surround the city’s public arena.
HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamus of Miletus
5,000 (Metro Manila Congress / ARMM The plan can be laid out uniformly over any
and Highly Urbanized Regional Assembly (i.e. The City of Priene)
kind of terrain since it is based on angles and
BARANGAY NONE Cities) NONE Sangguniang measurements
2,000 (rest of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
country) Panglunsod

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MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES

THEORY DESCRIPTION THEORY THEORY

In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the scientific

Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that
method. It serves the same role in planning theory. The rationalist model of the planning (6)
capture the public imagination. Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wright’s
process generally contains the following steps. UTOPIANISM
(1) Broadacre City, and Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works.
• Goals and objectives are set.
SYNOPTIC • Policy alternatives are identified.
RATIONALISM • The policy alternatives are evaluated – vis-à-vis effectiveness (in attaining the goals and Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should be used are
objectives), efficiency, and constraints – using scientific conceptual models and evaluation (7) known, but the ends that should be achieved by these techniques are not. Such a situation
techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis). METHODISM would be making a population projection just to have it handy when it is needed. Methodism
• The selected policy alternative is implemented. views planning techniques as ends into themselves.

This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of Muddling Through
(2) – is a practical response to rationalism. Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and
more of a mixture of intuition and experience. Major policy changes are best made in little URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES
INCREMENTALISM increments over long periods of time. Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually
occurs in most planning offices on a daily basis. The entrance of a new population and / or facilities in an already occupied area.
A term referring to the process by which social groups or activities which are better adapted
INVASION
to a given environment than are its existing inhabitants or activities enter and eventually
(3) Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific technique.
dominate it.
Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-to-face contacts,
TRANSACTIVE
interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning. Transactivism is roughly behavioralist-style
PLANNING planning. CENTRALIZATION An increase in population at a certain geographic center

Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning contained in rationalism. BLOCK-BOOSTING “Forcing” the old population out of the area because of social or racial differences
Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a particular client or
group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged and/or politically unorganized or
underrepresented). Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting the market for previously run-
• Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that there is no one down areas.
(4) public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners have no choice but to become The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent
ADVOCACY non-objective advocates for specific interests and groups. GENTRIFICATION people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents.
PLANNING • Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered around so-called The buying and renovating of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by
“organizations.” Alinsky’s organizations develop where people feel powerless. These wealthier individuals, which in effect improves property values but also can displace low-
organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky largely sees as political organizers) to identify income families and small businesses.
problems, develop an awareness of these problems, and generate action.
• Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view of planning. He
felt that to be effective, planners must become actively involved in the political process.
PSALM 139:16
In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism hates hierarchical NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering professional planners. It argues that Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed.
(5) planning is most effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning
And in Your book they all were written,
RADICAL committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems.
The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-reliance. Much of The days fashioned for me,
PLANNING
the radical planning literature that I have personally read is based on Marxist interpretations When as yet there were none of them
and theories.

©2015 Page 97
 The SEERS : Pioneer Thinkers in Urban Planning from
HISTORY OF PLANNING 1880 - 1945 THEORIES & PRACTICES

THE ANGLO AMERICAN TRADITION

Father of City Planning
Garden City of Tomorrow Most Influential Hippodamus of Miletus
City of Miletus - First Planned City
EBENEZER HOWARD
Three Magnets Town, Country, Town & Country Vienna – First University Town
(1850-1928)
Reform Movement
The Neighborhood Unit Towns divided in to wards of 5,000 INDUSTRIAL Robert Owens
Ideal City, New Lanark
REVOLUTION
Letchworth (1920) First Garden City; N. Hertfordshire Tony Garnier Une Cite Industrielle

RAYMOND UNWIN The Hampstead Garden Suburb (1905) Golders Green, NW London Ebenezer Howard Garden City (Conceptualization)
(1863-1940)
Letchworth
BARRY PARKER Wythenshawe (1930) Third Garden City; City of Manchester Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker
GARDEN CITIES (First Developed Garden City)
(1867-1947)
Welwyn
Nothing Gained by Overcrowding Very Influential Pamphlet (1912) Louis de Soisson
(Second Garden City)

CLARENCE PERRY New York Regional Plan (1920) One milestones of the 20th Century Father of American City Planning
CITY BEAUTIFUL
(1872-1944) Daniel Burnham Chicago, Cleveland, San Francisco, Manila
The Neighborhood Unit MOVEMENT & Baguio
CLARENCE STEIN
(1882-1975) Radburn, New Jersey
Lucio Costa (Planner)
H. ALKER STRIP Brasilia, Brazil
(1883-1954) Town Planning and Traffic Oscar Niemeyer (Architect)

SIR LESLIE PATRICK Greater London Plan (1944) Albert Myer (Original Planner) Chandigarh, India
Lewis Mumford Super Blocks 800 x 1200
ABERCROMBIE Human Ecology Le Corbusier (Took Over)
The Culture of Cities NEW CAPITALS
(1879)
Cities In Evolution (1915) Became almost the Bible of regional
PATRICK GEDDES planning movement Canberra, Australia
Walter Griffin (Planner)
(1854-1932) Suburban Decentralization City Beautiful Movement

New Delhi, India

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Broadacre City A home in an acre of land Sir Edward Lutyens (Planner)
Low Garden City Type Density
(1869-1959)
Mile High Tower 100,000 people The Cities of Tomorrow

THE EUROPEAN TRADITION CITY TOWERS Le Corbusier Unite d’ Habitation, Marseilles, France

ARTURO SORIA Y MATA Linear City Le Contemporaine

TONY GARNIER Cite Industrielle (industrial City) Broadacres (1 Family in very acre of land)
Frank Lloyd Wright
EARNST MAY Trabantenstadte (Satellite Towns) Mile High Tower

Unite d’ Habitation (1946-1952) Marseilles, France Arturo Soria y Mata Linear City
CHARLE EDOUARD RADICAL IDEAS
Chandigarf (1950-1957) Capital City of Punjab Paolo Soleri Arcology
JEANNERET
(LE CORBUSIER) City of Tomorrow (1922) Kiyonuro Kikutake Floating City
(1877-1965) Two important books
The Radiant City Clarence Perry & Clarence Stein Neighborhood Unit

©2015 Page 98
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
ERA CITIES DESCRIPTION ERA CITIES DESCRIPTION
Outposts were left all over Europe where growth
The PLOW and rectilinear farming Decline of Roman Power revolved
ANCIENT TIMES
Circular and Radiocentric Planning For herding and eventually for defense Feudalism Affected urban design of most towns

Neolithic Cities Sienna and Constantinople Signified the rise of the church
Early settlement in Israel (9000 BC) MEDIEVAL AGES
Jericho Coastal Port Towns Grew from military fortifications
3 Hectares; 3,000 people
7000 – 9000 BC Early Settlement in Turkey (7000 BC)
Catal Hoyuk 13 hectares; 10,000 people
Mercantilist Cities
Early settlement in Cyprus (5000 BC) Population Concentrations created by world trade
Khirokitia First documented settlements with streets
Florence, Paris, Venice and travel
Cities in the Fertile Crescent 15TH Century France Display of Power
Became a major element in Town Planning &
Eridu Oldest City Arts & Architecture Urban Design
2000 – 4000 BC
Damascus Oldest continually inhabited city THE RENAISSANCE Geometrical Form Cities
Babylon Largest city with 80,000 inhabitants & BAROQUE PERIOD Vienna City of Culture & Arts; First University Town
Cities along the Nile Valley Karlsruhe, Germany Landscape architecture showcased palaces and
3000 BC Thebes and Memphis Monumental Architecture Versailles, France gardens

Tel-El-Amarna Typical Egyptian City Taken after the “buog” (Military Town) and
Medieval Organic City “fauborg” (Citizen’s Town) of Medieval Age
Indus Valley (Present Day Pakistan)
2500 BC Administrative & Religious Centers with 40,000
Mohenjo-Daro & Harrapa inhabitants; advanced civilization taken from the French bastide (eventually referred
Medieval Bastide to as “new towns”)
Yellow River Valley of China
1900 BC
Anyang Largest city of the Yellow River King Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3
The Spanish “Laws of the Indies”
types: Pueblo (Civil), Presidio (Military), Mission
800 BC Beijing Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) SETTLEMENTS IN Town (Religious)
Zapotecs, Mextecs, Aztecs Mesoamerican Cities built AMERICA The English Renaissance The European Planned City
BC to AD
Teotijuacan & Dzibilchatun Largest Cities By James Oglethorpe
Savannah The world’s largest officially recognized historical
Greek Classical Cities spread to Aegean Region district
Acropolis Most Famous Charleston, Annapolis, Williamsburg Col. Francis Nicholson
700 BC Sparta & Athens The Largest Cities (100,000 – 150,000) The Speculators Town Developments were driven by speculations
By William Penn, built between Delaware &
Neopolis and Paleopolis New and Old Cities Philadelphia School Kill
Miletus (by Hippodamus) 3 Sections: Artisan, Farmers, Military THE INDUSTRIAL The Machine Age Change from Manpower to Assembly Lines
Agora Public Market Place REVOLUTION Reform Movements & Specialists 2 School of thought

Roman Classical Cities Greek forms with different scale New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England 800 – 1200 persons
400 BC New Harmony, Indiana by Owens Jr.
Republican Forum Owenite Communities Brook Farm, Massachusettes, by New England Pl.
Icarus, Red River, Texas by Cabet
Imperial Forum Une Cite Industrielle By tony Garnier

©2015 Page 99
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND ELEMENTS

©2015 Page 100

STREET PATTER TYPES Criteria For
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
by Ian Bentley, et. al

Relates to the way that a design

affects where people can go and
cannot go within a city district
PERMEABILITY Urban designer must consider this
first because it involves pedestrian
and vehicle circulation within the city
district as a whole

The range of users that a place

provides
VARIETY
i.e. housing, shopping, employment,
recreation and so forth

Relates to the ease with which

LEGIBILITY people can understand the spatial
layout of a place

Describes building and outdoor

spaces the design of which does not
ROBUSTNESS limit users to a single fixed use but,
rather, supports many different
purposes and activities

VISUAL The way in which the design

physically can make people aware
APPROPRIATENESS of the choices the place provides

Involves ways to increase the

choice of sense experience that
users can enjoy (experiences of
RICHNESS touch, sound, light, taste, and so
forth)

Refers to design that encourage

people to put their own mark on the
PERSONALIZATION places where they live and work

©2015 Page 101

FRONTAGE TYPES WIND EXPOSURE CATEGORY
EXPOSURE DESCRIPTION

Large city centers with at least 50 percent of

the buildings having a height in excess of 70
feet (21 336 mm). Use of this exposure
category shall be limited to those areas for
which terrain representative of Exposure A
prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of
A at least 0.5 mile (0.8 km) or 10 times the height
of the building or other structure, whichever is
greater. Possible channeling effects or
increased velocity pressures due to the building
or structure being located in the wake of
adjacent buildings shall be taken into account.

Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or

other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single-family
B dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be
assumed unless the site meets the definition of
another type exposure.

Open terrain with scattered obstructions,

including surface undulations or other
irregularities, having heights generally less than
30 feet (9144 mm) extending more than 1,500
feet (457 m) from the building site in any
quadrant. This exposure shall also apply to any
C building located within Exposure B type terrain
where the building is directly adjacent to open
areas of Exposure C type terrain in any
quadrant for a distance of more than 600 feet
(183 m). This category includes flat open
country, grasslands and shorelines in hurricane
prone regions.

Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind

flowing over open water (excluding shorelines
in hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at
least 1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines in Exposure
D include inland waterways, the Great Lakes,
and coastal areas of California, Oregon,
D Washington and Alaska. This exposure shall
apply only to those buildings and other
structures exposed to the wind coming from
over the water. Exposure D extends inland from
the shoreline a distance of 1500 feet (457 m) or
10 times the height of the building or structure,
whichever is greater.

©2015 Page 102

BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERS EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES
The way a fabric burns depends partly on its fiber content. The Table below describes typical burning
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE RICHTER SCALE
characteristics of fibers, ranking them from the most to least hazardous.
Fabrics that are a
NATURAL CELLULOSIC FIBERS blend of two or more I Felt by almost no one.
Generally not felt, but
Burn with a yellow flame, light smoke, and have glowing embers. fibers do not burn in the 2.5
Cotton/Linen II Felt by very few people. recorded on seismometers.
Cellulosic fibers do not melt or draw away from flames. same way as either fiber.
MANUFACTURED CELLULOSIC FIBERS Sometimes, blends are more Tremor noticed by many,
dangerous than either fiber. For III but they often do not realize
Can burn quickly when ignited, but they behave somewhat differently as they burn. example, fabrics of 50 percent it is an earthquake.
cotton and 50 percent polyester
Burn similarly to cotton and linen, except they may shrink up and Felt indoors by many. Feels
Rayon / tend to burn longer than a
become tighter. IV like a truck has struck the
Lyocell similar fabric of either cotton or 3.5 Felt by many people.
building.
polyester.
Burns with a rapid flame and melts when burning. May melt and Felt by nearly everyone;
pull away from small flames without igniting. Melted area may many people awakened.
Acetate The way a fabric is V
drip off clothing carrying flames with it. When flames have died Swaying trees and poles
out, the hot, molten plastic residue is difficult to remove. made (knit, weave, may be observed.
SYNTHETICS lace, etc.) affects Felt by all; many people run
May catch fire quickly or shrink from the flame initially, but ultimately, they will sputter, how it burns. VI outdoors. Furniture moved;
flame, and melt to the skin or the flaming melt will drop to the floor. Heavy close structures ignite slight damage occurs.
Some local damage may
Burns similarly to acetate, except that it burns with a very heavy with difficulty and burn more Everyone run outdoors. 4.5
occur.
Acrylic slowly than light, thin, or
dense black smoke. It drips excessively. Poorly built structures
open fabrics. VII
considerably damaged;
Nylon
In general, summer weight slight damage elsewhere.
Polyester Burn slowly and melt when burning. May melt and pull away
clothing is more likely to
from small flames without igniting. Melted area may drip off
Spandex catch fire than winter weight Specially designed
clothing carrying flames with it but not to the extent of acetate
Lastol fabrics. However, heavy VIII structures damaged slightly,
and acrylic.
weight fabrics burn longer others collapse.
Olefin
when ignited, because there 6.0 A destructive earthquake.
PROTEIN FIBERS is more flammable material All buildings considerably
present. damaged, many shift off
Difficult to ignite. They may self-extinguish, but this varies depending on the closeness of IX
Fabrics with more of the fiber foundation. Noticeable
the weave or knit (fabric density) and other finish treatments. cracks in ground.
surface area exposed to air
Wool have more oxygen available Many structures destroyed.
Burn slowly and are difficult to ignite. May self extinguish to support burning and X 7.0 A major earthquake.
Silk Ground is badly cracked.
therefore burn more easily.
FLAME RESISTANT FABRICS Thus, thin, gauzy fabrics, Almost all structure fall.
lace, or brushed fabrics can XI Bridges wrecked. Very wide 8.0
Difficult to ignite; burn slowly and go out when the source of the flame is removed. cracks in ground.
be very flammable. AND Great earthquakes.
Modacrylic Burn very slowly with melting. May melt and pull away from Fabrics with a napped or Total Destruction, waves UP
small flames without igniting. Self extinguishes. XII
Saran brushed surface of fine fibers seen on ground.
can catch fire easily because
of the greater amount of fiber The Modified Mercalli Scale is The Richter Scale measures the
surface exposed to oxygen somewhat subjective, because the motion of the ground 100 km (60 mi) from
Aramid in the air. apparent intensity of an earthquake the earthquake’s epicenter, or the location
Char but do not burn depends on how far away from its center on the earth’s surface directly above where
Novoloid
the observer is located. Rating intensities the earthquake occurred. The rating scale
Vinyon from I to XII, it describes and rates is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on the
earthquakes in terms of human reactions scale represents a tenfold increase in the
and observations. motion of the ground.

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METRO MANILA MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
CITY/ POPULATION AREA DENSITY INCORPORATED
MUNICIPALITY as of 2010 (sq. km.) (per sq. km.) (City)
Manila 1,652,171 38.55 42,858 1571
Caloocan 1,489,040 55.80 26,685 1962
Las Piñas 552,573 32.69 16,903 1997
Makati 529,039 21.57 24,527 1995
Malabon 353,337 15.71 22,491 2001
Mandaluyong 328,699 21.26 15,461 1994
Marikina 424,150 21.52 19,710 1996
Muntinlupa 459,941 39.75 11,571 1995
Navotas 249,131 10.77 23,132 2007
Parañaque 588,126 47.69 12,332 1998
Pasay 392,869 13.97 28,122 1947
Pasig 669,773 31.00 21,606 1995
Pateros 64,147 2.25 28,510 Municipality
Quezon City 2,761,720 166.20 16,619 1939
San Juan 121,430 5.95 20,408 2007
Taguig 644,473 53.67 12,008 2004
Valenzuela 575,356 47.02 12,236 1998

WIND LOADS
ZONE SPEED

I (NE) 250 kph

II (NW) 200 kph

III (SW) 125 kph

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TEN MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
POPULATION
RANK CITY DESCRIPTION
(2010)
Former capital of the country (1948–1976). Largest city in Metro Manila in population and land area. Hosts the House of Representatives of the Philippines at the Batasang
1 Quezon City 2,761,720
Pambansa Complex and the metropolis' largest source of water, the La Mesa Reservoir.

Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically centered on the walled city of Intramuros, by the mouth of the Pasig River. Host to the seat of
2 Manila 1,652,171
the chief executive, the Malacañang Palace. By far the most densely populated city in the country.
Historic city where Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan held many of its meetings in secrecy. Much of its territory was ceded to form Quezon City, resulting in the formation of two non-
3 Caloocan 1,489,040 contiguous sections under the city's jurisdiction. Caloocan is the third most densely populated city in the country, lying immediately north of the city of Manila. It serves as an industrial and
residential area inside Metro Manila.

The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area and is also known as "the City of Royalties"
4 Davao City 1,449,296 because of home of some of the prestigious kings and queens in flora and faunas like the durian and the Philippine. It is also the Eco Adventure Capital in the Philippines. The City Mayors
Foundation ranks Davao as the 87th fastest growing city in the world and the only Philippine city to make it in top 100 in the year 2011

Popularly nicknamed as "The Queen City of the South". First capital of the country. Capital of the province of Cebu and regional center of Region VII. Most
5 Cebu City 866,171 populous city in the Visayas. Core of Metro. Cebu City has been honored as the 8th Asian City of the Future owing to its expansive business districts, premier entertainment destinations, and
its pristine waters which attracts tourists worldwide. The city is home to the most popular Sinulogfestival celebrated every January which attracts tourists and Filipinos alike.

Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city government as "Ciudad Latina de Asia" for its substantial Spanish-Derived Creole-speaking population
6 Zamboanga City 807,129 called "Zamboangueño", the largest in the world. Former capital of the Moro Province and of the undivided province of Zamboanga. Former regional center of Zamboanga Peninsula. Former
Republic (1899–1903) under the leadership of President General.
Nicknamed "City in the Sky" for its location on the hills immediately east of Metro Manila. Well-known pilgrimage and tourist center, being host to a Marian shrine and the Hinulugang
7 Antipolo 677,741
Taktak National Park. Most populous city in Luzon outside of Metro Manila.
Hosts most of the Ortigas Center. Part of the province of Rizal until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Formerly hosted the capitol and other government buildings of that
8 Pasig 669,773
province.

9 Taguig 644,473 Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was part of Rizal Province until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Lies on the western shores of Laguna de Bay.

Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous for its whitewater rafting or kayaking adventures, that has been one of the tourism activities being promoted in the
10 Cagayan de Oro 602,088
Cagayan. Regional center of Northern Mindanao. Provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental.

HABAKKUK 3:17-19
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
A HYMN OF FAITH

17 Though the fig tree may not blossom, Nor fruit be on the vines;

Though the labor of the olive may fail, And the fields yield no food;
Though the flock may be cut off from the fold,
And there be no herd in the stalls— 18 Yet I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my salvation.
19 The Lord God is my strength; He will make my feet like deer’s feet,

And He will make me walk on my high hills.

To the Chief Musician. With my stringed instruments.

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