Ceramic in Aerospace

Ceramic in Construction

piezoelectric fibres
Skiing smarter with
Ceramic Science

http://ceramics.org/learn-about-ceramics/
MTLS 4RO3
 Lectures time and location

Tannaz Javadi
• Lectures take place at ETB 230
• Time: Mondays
• 7:00-8:15 pm, 8:30-9:45 pm, 15 min break
• E-mail: tannaz.javadi@gmail.com
• TA: Wenting Li (Renee)
• Office hours: Mondays, 2:00-4:00 pm, JHE 356
• E-mail: liw33@mcmaster.ca
 Evaluation

• Midterm: 30 % (Oct. 21st)

• Seminar and Report: 40 %
o 15% Presentation, 15% Scientific Report, 10% asking question and
evaluating your fiends
• Final: 30 %
 Textbook

• “Physical Ceramics”, Chiang, Birnie, Kingery, Wiley

• “Ceramic Processing and Sintering”, M. N.
Rahaman
 Seminar and Report

Topic selection: Try to schedule it as soon as possible

• Pick a ceramic material of your choice – choose wisely
• Suggestion:
o nothing commonplace
o Pick a cutting edge technology (new material, new process, new
application)
o Pick a recent development in a specific area and use this as a
launching point
• Forward your choice to your instructor for verification and tracking
• Deadline for topic OCT. 7th
• Presentation marked by instructor, TA, and peers.
• Last 2-3 days of class – full day will be devoted to presentations (no
lecture)
• Paper submitted a week before your presentation
 Presentation
• 20 minutes in length & 5 minutes for questions
• HAVE SOME FUN WITH THIS!
• Picture yourself in an industrial ceramics environment
• Why your company should pursue research and development in the
field of your specific ceramic material
• Technical-minded
• Tie in concepts and topics discussed in class
• Discuss the future: technology, developments, applications, etc.
• Need visual aids (can’t be all text) (Pictures, diagrams, CAD or hand
drawn schematics, etc. )

Paper
• Maximum 10 pages (excluding appendices)
• Review papers that included in your presentation
• Supporting documentation is required
• More detail and more technical than presentation
 PRESENTATION MARKING FORMAT
MATLS 4R03 PowerPoint Presentation Marking Sheet

Evaluator:_________________________
Student:_________________________

Design
Clear introduction, body and conclusion present 1 2 3 4 5
PowerPoint elements used well text, graphics, sound, animation where appropriate 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of font choices, colour schemes, sizes and styles 1 2 3 4 5

Content
Information is relevant and interesting 1 2 3 4 5
Students have used creativity 1 2 3 4 5
Sufficient literature review 1 2 3 4 5
Correct punctuation, complete sentences, grammar spelling 1 2 3 4 5

Presentation
The presentation is fluent from beginning to end 1 2 3 4 5
Students demonstrate familiarity with material, process and/or application 1 2 3 4 5
Student makes good eye contact and speaks clearly using appropriate language 1 2 3 4 5
Answering the questions 1 2 3 4 5
 26,000 B.C. History of Ceramics
Early man discovers
that clay, consisting of 6,000 B. C.
mammoth fat and Ceramic firing is first
bone mixed with bone used in Ancient
ash, can be molded Greece. The Greek
and dried in the sun pottery, Pithoi, is
to form a brittle, heat developed and used
resistance material. for storage, burial,
Thus begin CERAMIC and art.
art. 4,000 B. C.
GLASS is discovered
600 A. D. 50 B. C. -50 A. D.
in ancient Egypt.
Porcelain, the first Optical glass
This primitive glass
ceramic composite, (lenses and
consisted of a
is created by mirrors), window
silicate glaze over a
Chinese. This glass and glass
sintered quartz body
durable material is blowing production
and was primarily
made by firing clay begins in Rome and
used for jewelry.
along with feldspar spreads around the
and quartz. world with Roman
Porcelain is used in
electrical insulators,
to dinnerware.
 History of Ceramics
1870’s Refractory materials (able to withstand
extremely high temperatures) are introduced during
the Industrial revolution. Materials made from lime 1877
and MgO are used for everything from bricks for The first example of hig
buildings to lining the inside of steel making furnace.tech materials research is dir
by inventor Thomas Edison.
tests a plethora of ceramics for
ity, for use in his newly discov
bon microphone.
1877, Thomas Edison tests a plethora of ceramic
for resistivity, for use in his newly discovered
carbon microphone

1889, The American Ceramic Society was founded

by Gorton, et. al.. The primary goal of this society
continues to be unlocking the mysteries of high-
tech ceramics

1965
Future 1987 Photo 1960
1965
ceramics Superconducting voltaic Fiber
The development
ceramic oxide cells Optics
voltaic cellswhich co
 Ceramics
• Refractory
• Inorganic
• Non-matallic
• Covalent or Ionic
• Brittle
• Corrosion resistance
• Hard
• Example:
 Metal Oxide (Binary (FeO), Complex (BaTiO3))
 Carbides
 Nitrides
 Silicates
 Ceramics properties

IC packages Thermal insulations

• Thermal conductivity:

• Insulators (Porcelain)
• Electrical conductivity
• Semiconductors (Carbides: SiC)
• Superconductors (Cu2O)

• Mostly brittle Properties

• Wear resistance - high hardness

•Magnetic properties Structure Process

 Types of Bonding
 Covalent – Directional: constrained by the electron orbital configuration
Hybridized
 Diamond: Carbon- 1S2 2S2 2p2 1S2 2(Sp3)

Tetrahedron: 109.5°
Four orbits equally spaced in 3D
Directionality
Shared electrons

 Silica: SiO2
Hybridized
Si- 1S2 2S2 2p6 3S2 3p2 3(Sp3)

O- 1S2 2S2 2p4 Hybridized 2(Sp3)

 Ionic – Nondirectional: electrostatic attraction is equally favorable in all directions

Types of Bonding
Ionic or covalent percent

100

Covalent

50

Ionic

1.7

Difference in electronegativiy
 Crystal Structure
Closed packed lattices:
A sequential stacking of planar
layers of closed packed atoms

FCC: ABCABC layers

HCP: ABABAB layers

 Interstitial sites
• Polyhedral cavities between any two adjoining packed layers of atoms

Octahedral

8 Sides & 6 Vertices

Centered exactly halfway
between the adjacent atoms

Tetrahedral

4 sides & 4 Vertices

Closer to the base plane of
tetrahedron and slightly off the
adjacent atoms.
 Interstitial sites
Number of atoms: 4
FCC Number of octahedral sites: 4
Number of tetrahedral sites: 8 FCC and
HCP lattices
Ratio of octahedral sites to atoms: 4/4→ 1:1 have the
Ratio of tetrahedral sites to atoms: 8/4→ 2:1 same
number
Number of atoms: 2 density of
HCP Number of octahedral sites: 2 octahedral
Number of tetrahedral sites: 4 and
tetrahedral
Ratio of octahedral sites to atoms: 2/2→ 1:1 sites
Ratio of tetrahedral sites to atoms: 4/2→ 2:1
 Stability of Ionic crystal structures

• The energy of the crystal is lower E(ev)

than that of the free atoms by an
amount equal to the energy required
to pull the crystal apart into a set of Repulsive
free atoms.
0 R0
– NaCl is more stable than a
collection of free Na and Cl.
Attractive

R
r

Zi and Zj= Ion charges  Crystal with N ion pairs

e= Electron charge
Ɛo= permittivity of free space
Bij= Empirical constant
Rij= Interatomic seperation
Ro= equilibrium seperation
n has a value of 10
 Stability of Ionic crystal structures
For MX compound
- Zc=Cation valence
- ZA= Anion valence
- Rij= xijRo
- Ro= minimum possible separation (Ro= RA+RC)
- α= Madelung constant= The summation of the
electrostatic interactions
- α>1 for stable crystals

E whole crystals << E corresponding single pairs of ions

Close value of α= polymorphism ---- Zincblende & Wurtzite

α= 1.638 α= 1.641
 Pauling’s Rules
Electrostatic stability
Predict the crystal structure

Geometric stability- Assume ions as hard spheres

1) Coordination of cations with anions

 Cations are usually smaller than anions and

rC/rA is less than unity.
 Cations and anions prefer to have as many
neighboring ions as possible.
 Stable ceramic crystal is when those anions
surrounding a cation are all in contact with
that cation.
 The coordination number depends on the
cation-anion (rC/rA) radius ratio. For a
specified coordination number, there is a
critical or minimum rC/rA ratio, which can be
calculated by geometrical methods.
 Coordination numbers and Geometries

Tetrahedra

Octahedra

W.D. Kingery, H.k. Bowen, and D. R. Uhlmann, “Introduction to ceramics”, 2nd edition, 1976, John wiley & Sons, New York.
 Pauling’s Rules
2) Preserve local charge neutrality

For NaCl
1/6 of the Na cation charge (+1) is allocated to each of the chlorine anions therefore
each chlorine anions should be coordinated with 6 Na cations to satisfy its -1 valence.

3) Coordination polyhedra prefer maximum separation

• Linked by 1. corners, 2. edges, and 3. faces

4) Importance of rule 3 goes up as coordination number gets smaller

and cation valence gets higher.

5) Simple structures preferred over complex ones.