TOM-II Lab Report

ABDUL REHMAN
2016-ME-544

Submitted To: Sir Umar Ishaq

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TOM-II Lab Report

Contents:

Section-I (Balancing Experiments):

1. To balance a rotating mass with a same mass rotating at equal radii in the Page No. (2)
same plane.
2. To balance a rotating mass with a same mass rotating at different radii in Page No. (6)
the same plane.
3. To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating at same radii in Page No. (10)
the same plane.
4. To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating at different radii Page No. (12)
in the same plane.
5. To balance three rotating masses with a single mass rotating at same radii Page No. (14)
in the same plane.
6. To balance three rotating masses with a single mass rotating at different Page No. (16)
radii in the same plane.
7. To balance a rotating mass with two masses rotating at equal/different radii
Page No. (18)
in the different plane (When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one end of
the planes of balancing masses).
8. To balance a rotating mass with two masses rotating at equal/different radii
Page No. (21)
in the different plane (When the plane of disturbing mass lies in between
the planes of balancing masses).
Section-II (Other Experiments)
9. To obtain the dynamic analysis in terms of Displacement of the slider crank Page No. (27)
and to study the working principle of slider crank mechanism.
10. To study working of Quick return mechanism.
11. To study the cam analysis machine and draw the cam profile with Page No. (31)
the help of displacement diagram.
12. To determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and mechanical Page No. (35)
efficiency of worm and worm-wheel gear.

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Theory of Machines Laboratory f) Ackerman Steering Mechanism

Layout Plan g) Crank & Slotted Lever Mechanism

12) Simply Supported Beam Apparatus
1) Flywheel Apparatus
13) Roof Truss Apparatus
2) Moment of Inertia Apparatus
14) Inverted Gear Train Apparatus
3) Governor Gyroscope Apparatus
15) Simple Gear Train Apparatus
4) Oscilloscope Apparatus
16) Redundant Truss Apparatus
5) Gyroscope Apparatus
17) Edibon Static Apparatus
6) Cam & Tapped Apparatus
18) Inclined Plane Apparatus
7) Balancing Machine for Reciprocating
19) Manual Steering Apparatus
Masses Apparatus
20) Warren Truss Apparatus
8) Balancing Machine for Rotating Masses
21) Fink Truss Apparatus
Apparatus
22) Balancing Machine Apparatus
9) Journal Bearing & Pressure Distribution
23) Clutch Friction Apparatus
Apparatus
24) Worm & Worm Wheel Apparatus
10) Coefficient of Kinetic Friction Apparatus
25) Toggle Joint Apparatus
11) Mechanisms
26) Whirling of Shaft Apparatus
a) Four Bar Mechanism
27) Whirling of Shaft Apparatus
b) Quick Return Mechanism
28) Duplex Screw Jack Apparatus
c) Slider Crank Mechanism
29) Belt & Pulley Apparatus
d) Shaping Machine Mechanism
e) Scotch Yoke Slotted Link Mechanism
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Section-I
(All experiments on Rotating Mass Balancing)

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Experiment No. 1

Objective:

To balance a rotating mass (Disturbing mass) with a same mass (balancing mass) rotating at equal
radii in the same plane.

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration.
2) Add disturbing mass md at an angle θd at radius rd. As a result vibrates a lot.
3) Now Add balancing mass mb at the same radius (rb = rd) at an angle θb.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows the machine is
balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses and angles.

Theory:
Balancing:
Balancing is the process of designing or modifying machinery so that the unbalance is reduced to
an acceptable level and if possible is eliminated entirely.

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Static Balancing:
A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass center of the
system lies on the axis of rotation.
Types of Balancing:
There are main two types of balancing conditions
1) Balancing of rotating masses
2) Balancing of reciprocating masses
Dynamic Balancing:
When several masses rotate in different planes, the centrifugal forces, in addition to being out of
balance, also form couples. A system of rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there does
not exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
Significance:
The process of balancing of rotating masses by using one or more balancing masses at same or
different radii is too much important in various fields of engineering. The very common use is
Wheel alignment of the automobiles. It is our common observation that everyone cannot align the
wheels easily without having proper training. The process is so important that without balanced
wheel one can suffer a lot of danger or the drive is not safe.
Secondly, this technique is used in balancing of heavy rotating masses like that of flywheels so
that the unnecessary vibrations and fluctuations can be avoided. Where it is needed to be within
the shape domain of the part designed, then heavy metals are used as balancing masses being filled
in the drilled holes of the machine parts.
Applications:
1) This apparatus is used:
2) Wheel alignment of auto-mobiles
3) Balancing of amasses in flywheels of machines.
4) Avoiding vibrations in machines and in engines pats like cams and other similar parts etc.
5) Balancing of swing and pendulum like joy riders in the play lands.
6) Balancing of masses in fans casings and other machines like this. A balanced
casing Supposed to be have more quality and hence the cost.

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Formulations:

Observations and Calculations:

Position of balancing mass = 180o of disturbing mass.

Sr. # md rd Θd md rd mb rb Θb mb rb
(lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in)
1.

2.

3.

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Comments:

1) The very first thing is that apparatus itself should be balanced and leveled as of no masses
mounted on it.
2) Care should be taken to properly mount the masses to the wheel. No extended bolt of the
mass should be there which may hinder the rotation of the wheel.
3) Angle of the balancing mass and the disturbing mass should be exactly as 180º m apart in
case of single disturbing mass and single balancing mass.
4) As an innovation in the apparatus, we can add wheels in the apparatus with vertical slots
at different fixed angles, say at a difference of 10 or 15 degrees, rather with circular slots
as are available at present. This may allow us to mount the disturbing and the balancing
masses at any radius of our own choice rather to be restricted at 3, 4 and 5 inches only. As
it was noticed during the experiment that sticking to fixed radius of two or three choices
decreased the versatility of the apparatus.
5) We can also develop magnetic wheels to attach rotating masses at any angle and any radius
as sane happens in real life problems. Them we can set a reference line from which angles
can be measured of disturbing masses.
6) Further, I would like to suggest that by using the magnetic wheels, first masses should be
balanced by hit and trial method then the angle and radius should be justified and verified
through the calculations of the formula rather to calculate first and then simply mount the
masses. This would increase student capability in doing something based upon common.

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Experiment No. 2

Objective:

To balance a rotating mass (Disturbing mass) with a same mass (balancing mass) rotating at
different radii in the same plane.

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration.
2) Add disturbing mass md at an angle θd at radius rd. As as a result machine vibrates a lot.
3) Now Add balancing mass mb at the radius rb at an angle θb.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows the machine is
balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses and angles.

Formulations:

Same as in the Previous Experiment.

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Observations and Calculations:

Position of balancing mass = 180o of disturbing mass.

Sr. # md rd Θd md rd mb rb Θb mb rb
(lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in)

1.

2.

3.

Comments:

1) The very first thing is that apparatus itself should be balanced and leveled as of no masses
mounted on it.
2) Care should be taken to properly mount the masses to the wheel. No extended bolt of the
mass should be there which may hinder the rotation of the wheel.
3) Angle of the balancing mass and the disturbing mass should be exactly as 180º m apart in
case of single disturbing mass and single balancing mass.

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Experiment No. 3

Objective:

To balance two rotating masses (Disturbing mass) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating at
same radii in the same plane.

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration.
2) Add disturbing masses m1, m2 at an angle θ1 and θ2 at radius r1 and r2 respectively (r1= r2).
As a result machine vibrates a lot.
3) Now Add balancing mass mb at the radius rb at an angle θb.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows that the machine
is balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses or angles or both.

Formulations:

Same as in the Previous Experiment.

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Observations and Calculations:

And similarly, other results are as follows:

Sr. # m1 r1 Θ1 m2 r2 Θ2 md rd mb rb Θb mb rb
(lb) (in) (deg) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in)

1.

2.

3.

Comments:

1) In this experiment a same mass is used to balance the two disturbing masses rotating at
the same radius. So, the balancing can be so high if the two disturbing masses are chosen
of high values first. Try to choose the small masses available in the lab to avoid any error
in the results.
2) Care should be taken in mounting the masses that no nut or bolt be overly extended as
they also have masses that can disturb unexpectedly.

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Experiment No. 4

Objective:

To balance two rotating masses (Disturbing mass) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating at
different radii in the same plane.

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration.
2) Add disturbing masses m1, m2 at an angle θ1 and θ2 at radius r1 and r2 respectively. As a
result machine vibrates a lot.
3) Now add balancing mass mb at the radius rb at an angle θb.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows that the machine
is balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses or angles or both.

Formulations:

Same as in the Previous Experiment.

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Observations and Calculations:

And similarly, other results are as follows:

Sr. # m1 r1 Θ1 m2 r2 Θ2 md rd mb rb Θb mb rb
(lb) (in) (deg) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in)

1.

2.

Comments:

1) Care should be taken to properly mount the masses to the wheel. No extended bolt of the
mass should be there which may hinder the rotation of the wheel.
2) Angle of the balancing mass and the disturbing mass should be exactly as 180º m apart in
case of single disturbing mass and single balancing mass.
3) We can also develop magnetic wheels to attach rotating masses at any angle and any
radius as sane happens in real life problems. Them we can set a reference line from which
angles can be measured of disturbing masses.

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Experiment No. 5

Objective:

To balance three rotating masses (Disturbing mass) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating
at same radii in the same plane.

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration.
2) Add disturbing masses m1, m2 and m3 at an angle θ1, θ2 and θ3 at radius r1, r2 and r3
respectively. As a result machine vibrates a lot.
3) Now add balancing mass mb at the radius rb at an angle θb.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows that the machine
is balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses or angles or both.

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Formulations:

Observations and Calculations:

ω = 940 rpm

Sr. # m1 r1 Θ1 m2 r2 Θ2 m3 r3 Θ3 md rd mb rb Θb mb rb
(lb) (in) (deg) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb-in)
1.

2.

Comments:

1) The very first thing is that apparatus itself should be balanced and leveled as of no masses
mounted on it.
2) Care should be taken to properly mount the masses to the wheel. No extended bolt of the
mass should be there which may hinder the rotation of the wheel.
3) Angle of the balancing mass and the disturbing mass should be exactly as 180º m apart in
case of single disturbing mass and single balancing mass.
4) We can also develop magnetic wheels to attach rotating masses at any angle and any
radius as sane happens in real life problems. Them we can set a reference line from which
angles can be measured of disturbing masses.

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Experiment No. 6

Objective:

To balance three rotating masses (Disturbing mass) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating
at different radii in the same plane.

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration.
2) Add disturbing masses m1, m2 and m3 at an angle θ1, θ2 and θ3 at radius r1, r2 and r3
respectively. As a result machine vibrates a lot.
3) Now add balancing mass mb at the radius rb at an angle θb.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows that the machine
is balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses, angles and radii.

Formulations:

Same as in the Previous Experiment.

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Observations and Calculations:

ω = 940 rpm

Sr. # m1 R1 Θ1 m2 r2 Θ2 m3 r3 Θ3 mb rb Θb
(lb) (in) (deg) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb) (in) (deg) (lb) (in) (deg)

1.

2.

3.

Comments:

1) Care should be taken to properly mount the masses to the wheel. No extended bolt of the
mass should be there which may hinder the rotation of the wheel.
2) Angle of the balancing mass and the disturbing mass should be exactly as 180º m apart in
case of single disturbing mass and single balancing mass.
3) As an innovation in the apparatus, we can add wheels in the apparatus with vertical slots
at different fixed angles, say at a difference of 10 or 15 degrees, rather with circular slots
as are available at present. This may allow us to mount the disturbing and the balancing
masses at any radius of our own choice rather to be restricted at 3, 4 and 5 inches only.
As it was noticed during the experiment that sticking to fixed radius of two or
three choices decreased the versatility of the apparatus.
4) We can also develop magnetic wheels to attach rotating masses at any angle and any
radius as sane happens in real life problems. Them we can set a reference line from which
angles can be measured of disturbing masses.

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Experiment No. 7

Objective:

To balance a rotating mass (Disturbing mass) with two masses (balancing mass) rotating at equal
radii in the different plane (When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one end of the planes of
balancing masses).

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration. Then
2) Add disturbing mass m at an angle θ and radius r. As a result machine vibrates a lot.
3) Now add balancing masses m1 and m2 at the same radius (r = r1 = r2) at angles θ1 and θ2 in
different plane.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows that the machine
is balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses and angles.

Formulations:

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Same as in the Previous Experiment.

Observations and Calculations:

Sr. # m r Θ m1 Applied r1 Θ1 m2 Applied r2 Θ2

(lb) (in) (deg) (lb) m1 (in) (deg) (lb) m2 (in) (deg)
(lb) (lb)
1.

2.

Comments:

1) Care should be taken to properly mount the masses to the wheel. No extended bolt of the
mass should be there which may hinder the rotation of the wheel.
2) Angle of the balancing mass and the disturbing mass should be exactly as 180º m apart in
case of single disturbing mass and single balancing mass.
3) As an innovation in the apparatus, we can add wheels in the apparatus with vertical slots
at different fixed angles, say at a difference of 10 or 15 degrees, rather with circular slots
as are available at present. This may allow us to mount the disturbing and the balancing
masses at any radius of our own choice rather to be restricted at 3, 4 and 5 inches only.
As it was noticed during the experiment that sticking to fixed radius of two or
three choices decreased the versatility of the apparatus.

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Experiment No. 8

Objective:

To balance a rotating mass (Disturbing mass) with two masses (balancing mass) rotating at
different radii in the different plane (When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one end of the
planes of balancing masses).

Apparatus:

Balancing apparatus, weights, nuts etc.

Procedure:

1) Initially run the machine without adding any mass to check vibration.
2) Add disturbing mass m at an angle θ and radius r. As a result machine vibrates a lot.
3) Now add balancing masses m1 and m2 at different radii r1 and r2 and at angles θ1 and θ2
respectively in different plane.
4) Again run the machine. There is no vibrations in the system which shows that the machine
is balanced now.
5) Repeat the whole procedure by changing masses and angles.

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Observations and Calculations:

Sr. # m r Θ m1 Applied r1 Θ1 m2 Applied r2 Θ2

(lb) (in) (deg) (lb) m1 (in) (deg) (lb) m2 (in) (deg)
(lb) (lb)
1.

2.

Comments:

1) Care should be taken to properly mount the masses to the wheel. No extended bolt of the
mass should be there which may hinder the rotation of the wheel.
2) Angle of the balancing mass and the disturbing mass should be exactly as 180º m apart in
case of single disturbing mass and single balancing mass.
3) As an innovation in the apparatus, we can add wheels in the apparatus with vertical slots
at different fixed angles, say at a difference of 10 or 15 degrees, rather with circular slots
as are available at present. This may allow us to mount the disturbing and the balancing
masses at any radius of our own choice rather to be restricted at 3, 4 and 5 inches only.
As it was noticed during the experiment that sticking to fixed radius of two or
three choices decreased the versatility of the apparatus.

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Section-II
(All the Other Experiments Performed)

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Experiment No. 9

Objective:

To obtain the dynamic analysis in terms of velocity and acceleration of the slider crank and to
study the working principle of slider crank mechanism.

Apparatus:

1) Slider crank apparatus

2) Meter rod
3) Degree meter showing crank position
4) Graph paper

Procedure:

1) The crank radius and the connecting rod length were decided.
2) The crank was rotated to check the working of the whole assembly.
3) Before taking reading, the crank was turned slowly and the moment of the piston was
watched. The piston slide in one direction, then reverse.
4) The piston where the piston starts to reverse was located.
5) This position was used as the start point.
6) One end of the piston was used as the start point.
7) One end of the piston was used as the maker to measure the piston movement.

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8) For accurate results, small increment of the piston readings was taken.
9) The crank was rotated and the corresponding piston movement was recorded.
10) The reading for every 10 degree of the crank rotation was recorded.
11) The readings were recorded in the table provided.

Theory:

Introduction:

A quick return mechanism is an apparatus that converts circular motion (rotating motion
following a circular path) into reciprocating motion (repetitive back-and-forth linear motion) in
presses and shaping machines, which are utilized to shape stocks of metal into flat surfaces.
Unlike the crank and slider, the forward reciprocating motion is slower rate than the return
stroke. At the bottom of the drive arm, the peg only has to move through a few degrees to sweep
the arm from left to right, but it takes the remainder of the revolution to bring the arm back. This
is why it is called quick return mechanism.
Mechanism:

A mechanism is a combination of rigid bodies which are so shaped and connected that they move
upon each other with definite relative motion.

How a crank slider system works?

It is mainly used to convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion or vice versa. As in the four bar
mechanism, the extended and folded dead center positions are when the crank and the coupler are
collinear. Full rotation of crank is possible if the eccentricity which is less than the difference
between the connecting rod and the crank lengths. The crank length is less than the connecting rod
length.

Constrained motion:

In a kinematic pair, if an element has got only one definite motion relative to the other. This is
known as constrained motion.

There are three types of constrained motion:

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1) Completely constrained motion

2) Incompletely constrained motion
3) Successfully constrained motion

Types of joints:

The following are the types of joints usually found in chain:

1) Binary joint
2) Ternary joint
3) Quaternary joint

Degrees of freedom (dof):

It is the number of independent coordinates required to describe the position of a body.

Link:

A link is defined as a member or combination of members, connecting other members and having
motion relative to them.

Classification of link:

Following are the links generally used in transmission of motion of power.

1) Rigid link:
2) Flexible link:
3) Fluid link:

There are three types of planar rigid body motion.

Translation:

This type of motion occurs when a line in the body remains parallel to its original orientation
throughout the motion. When the paths of motion for any two points on the body are parallel lines,
the motion is called rectilinear motion. If the paths of motion are along curved lines which are
equidistant, the motion is called curvilinear motion.

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Rotation about a fixed axis, all the particles of the body, except those which lies on the axis of
rotation, move along circular paths.

General Plane motion:

When a body is subjected to general plane motion, it undergoes a combination of translation and
rotation. The translation occurs about an axis perpendicular to the reference plane.

Applications of crank and slider mechanism:

1) Reciprocating engine
2) Rotary engine
3) Sewing machine
4) Winch
5) Hand pump
6) Piston motion equation
7) Sun and planet gear
8) Nothing grinder

Formulations:

From theory,

The piston displacement is given by,

The piston velocity is given by,

Where r is the crank radius, L is the length of the link, n is the ratio of the link to the crank radius.

Observations and Calculations:

Experimental Data

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Crank Piston Crank Piston Crank Piston Crank Piston

Reading Movement Reading Movement Reading Movement Reading Movement
(θ) (mm) (θ) (mm) (θ) (mm) (θ) (mm)

Graph:

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Safety Precautions:

1) This error can occur whenever there is distant between the measuring scale and the
indicator that used to obtain a measurement. If the observer’s eye is not squarely aligned
with the pointer and scale, the reading may be too high or low.
2) The observer must stand in front of apparatus while taking readings.
3) Two persons should take one reading to avoid any kind of error.
Comments:

1) This mechanism is composed of three different parts. The crank which is rotating disk, the
slider which slides inside the tube and the connecting rod which joins the parts together.
As the slider moves to the right those connecting rod pushes the wheel around for the first
180 degree of wheel rotation. When the slider begins to move back into the tube, the rod
pulls the wheel round to complete the rotation.
2) As the slider moves to the right the connecting rod pushes the wheel round for the first 180
degree of wheel rotation. When the slider begins to move back into the tube, another
mechanism that has a very wide usage in machine design is the slider crank mechanism.
3) It is mainly used to convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion or vice versa. As in the
four bar mechanism, the extended and folded dead center positions are when the crank and
the coupler are collinear.
4) The graphs we obtained are parabolic for displacement, sine curve for velocity and cosine
curve for acceleration.

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Experiment No. 10

Objective:
To study working of quick return mechanism
Apparatus:
Quick return mechanism

Procedure:
1) Take quick return mechanism.
2) Rotate crank 10 degree to get the slider reading
3) Repeat the experiment for36 readings
4) After taking all reading draw displacement graph.
5) Take shaper mechanism.
6) Rotate crank 10 degree to get the slider reading
7) Repeat the experiment for 36 readings
8) After taking all reading draw displacement graph.
Theory:
Mechanism:
When one of the links of a kinematics chain is fixed, the chain is known as mechanisms. It may be
used for transmitting or transforming motion e.g. engine indicators, typewriter etc.

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Types:
a) Simple mechanism
b) Compound mechanism
Simple Mechanism:
A mechanism with four links is known as simple mechanism.
Compound Mechanism:
The mechanism with more than four links is known as compound mechanism.
Machine:
When a mechanism is required to transmit power or to some particular type of work; it then
becomes a machine. In such cases the links is to be designed to withstand the force (both static and
kinetic safely) A little consideration will show that a mechanism may be regarded as a machine in
which each part is reduced to the simplest form to transmit the required motion.
Inversion:
Sometimes, one of the links in a kinematic chain is fixed. In such a case, we may obtain as many
mechanisms as the links of the kinematic chain. This method of obtaining different mechanisms,
by fixing in turns different links in a kinematic chain, is known as inversion.
Types of kinematic chains:
The most important kinematic chains are those which consist of four lower pairs, each pair being a
sliding pair or a turning pair. The following types of kinematic chain are important from subject
point of view:
1) Four bar chain or quadratic cycle chain
2) Single slider crank chain
3) Double slider crank chain
Four bar chain:
A kinematic chain which consists of four links is known as four bar chain. In four bar chain each
of four pairs is a turning pair. These links may or may not have same length. If link AB is fixed and
a small displacement is given to link AD the resulting displacement of link BC and CD are also
definite. So, this shows that the relative motion is completely constrained. The structure of simple
kinematic chains is derived from simple four bar chain. Sometimes a link is added which will form
a turning pair with existing link and also themselves form a pair.

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Compound kinematic chain:

If a kinematic chain has more than four pairs it is known as Compound kinematic chain.
Working Principle:
The link 1 corresponds to the frame of engine, which is fixed. The link 2 corresponds to the crank;
link 3 corresponds to cross head. As the crank rotates, the cross head reciprocates in the guides.
The arrangement of oscillating cylinder engine mechanism as shown: In this type of mechanism,
link 3 is fixed. As link 2 (crank) rotates, link 1 reciprocates and link 4 oscillates, which is pivoted
to link fixed at A. The link 3 corresponds to connecting rod in reciprocating engine mechanism.

Observations and calculations:

Crank Piston Crank Piston Crank Piston Crank Piston

Reading Movement Reading Movement Reading Movement Reading Movement
(θ) (mm) (θ) (mm) (θ) (mm) (θ) (mm)

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Graph:

Precautions:
1) This error can occur whenever there is distant between the measuring scale and the
indicator that used to obtain a measurement. If the observer’s eye is not squarely aligned
with the pointer and scale, the reading may be too high or low.
2) The observer must stand in front of apparatus while taking readings.
3) Two persons should take one reading to avoid any kind of error.
Comments:
1) Quick-return mechanisms are used in shapers, power-driven saws, and many other
applications where a slower working stroke in comparison to return stroke is desired
2) Readings might not be accurate due to friction in the apparatus
3) In quick return mechanism maximum value is achieved before slider crank.
4) Maximum value at 100 degrees is 114 mm and at 110 is 1.95 in.

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Experiment No. 11

Objective:
To study the cam analysis machine and draw the cam profile with the help of
displacement diagram.
Apparatus:
Cam Analysis Machine, Roller Follower, Convex Cam.

Procedure:
1) Setup the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2) Insert the pen into the penholder and allow it to gently touch the paper wrapped around
the drum.
3) Make the electrical connections between the apparatus, E3MKII Speed controller and the
AC power supply.
4) Fix the cam in the machine and rotate the flywheel to record the displacement diagram
for the cam.
5) Release the pen and turn on the controller with the speed knob at minimum.
6) Gradually increase the cam speed until the bounce speed is captured. The bouncing
speed is at which the cam begins to chatter and a loud banging noise is heard.

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7) Measure the bouncing speed using a tachometer.

8) Repeat the same for the other cam.
Theory:
Cam:
A cam is a shaped piece of metal or plastic fixed to a rotating shaft. A cam mechanism has three
parts: cam, slide and follower. The cam shaft rotates continually, turning the cam. The follower
is a rod that rests on the edge of the turning cam. The follower is free to move upand down, but
is prevented from moving from side to side by a slide or guide, so the follower can only do three
things.
Types of Cam:
Cams can be classified into following types:
1) Disc cam.
2) Convex cam
3) Cylindrical cam
4) Linear cam and some other.
Follower:
A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized type of roller or needle
bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles. Cam followers come in a vast array of different
configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its
mating part; stud style cam followers use a stud while the yoke style has a hole through the
middle.
Types of follower:
Following are some types of followers:
1) Knife edge follower
2) Rolling follower
3) Flat shaped follower etc.
Applications:
1) Pump press.
2) Paper cutting machine.
3) Produces side thrust etc.

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Observations and Calculations:

Radius of cam = 2.5 cm.
Radius of follower = 1.4 cm
Scale: 1cm = 12 degrees.

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Comments:
1) Cam apparatus should be used to make graph automatically other than manually
to minimize the human error.
2) Belts in the apparatus should be free of dust to be frictionless and to get accurate result.
3) Contact between pen nib and graph-paper should be good to attain the perfect graph.
4) Current should not exceed to get accurate result.
5) Flywheel should be frictionless to avoid error.
6) Flywheel should be rotated smoothly to get accurate curve for displacement graph.

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Experiment No. 12

Objective:
To determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and mechanical efficiency of worm and
worm-wheel gear.
Apparatus:
Worm and Worm-Wheel Gear set, hangers, weights etc.

Procedure:
1) First hangers were stabilized on both sides of the gear set.
2) Then it was assured that teeth of the gear and the worms were all right.
3) Then the load was applied on the hanger.
4) The weight was applied on the effort side of the hanger.
5) The load as effort was applied until the load starts to raise up.
6) Mechanical advantage, mechanical efficiency and the velocity ratio was calculated
by using the formula given below.
7) The experiment was repeated.

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Theory:
The worm and worm-wheel gears are the gear set which contain a screw that meshes with a
wheel which is like a spur gear. This configuration allows the determination of rotational speed
and also the torque that is to be transmitted. They are used in guitars, lifts, heavy industries etc.

Mechanical Advantage:
“Measure of the force amplifications” is known as mechanical advantage. It is given as:
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Mechanical Advantage = M.A = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

Velocity Ratio:
"The proportion of separation through any section a machine moves to that part which the
driving part moves amid a similar time" this is known as speed proportion.

Mechanical Efficiency:
“The proportion of the viability with which a mechanical framework performs" is known
as mechanical effectiveness and is given as:
Mechanical advantage
Mechanical Efficiency =
velocity ratio

Advantages:
1) The advantages of using the worm and worm-wheel gear are as follows:
2) Gear can easily be turned by worm, but worm cannot be turned by the gear.
3) Friction between worm and the gear is responsible to hold the worm and the gear in place.
4) Worm and worm gear are used for high ratios like up to 40 or above.
5) Efficiently increase the capability of lifting of the load with a minimum of applied effort.
6) Used in the place where there is constrain due to the reason that space is limited.
7) Worm and worm gear provide good meshing through single and doubling enveloping.

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Observations and Calculations:

Radius of effort drum = R1 = 17.5 mm
Radius of load drum = R2 = 35 mm
Number of starts on worm = s = 1
Number of teeth on the worm-wheel = T = 40
Distance moved by the effort = x = 2𝜋𝑅1𝑠 = 109.95557
2𝜋𝑅2𝑠
Distance moved by the load = y = = 5.4973
𝑇
𝑥
Velocity Ratio = = 20.00285611
𝑦

Sr. No. Applied Applied Mechanical Mechanical

Load Effort Advantage Efficiency
(lb.) (lb.) - %
1.

2.

3.

Comments:
1) Heavy load can be lifted with little effort.
2) There should be less friction, or it should be tried to minimize the losses to avoid the
errors in the result.
3) Double enveloping is best option for the best meshing conditions to deliver the better
load quality.
4) Worm and worm gears are very useful for controlled rotation of high power at
low revolutions per minute rate.

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