Experiment # 1 Basic signals (Unit step, unit impulse, ramp, exponential, sine and

cosine).
OBJECTIVES:

To represent basic signals (Unit step, unit impulse, ramp, exponential, sine and cosine).
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

MATLAB software.

THEORY

Signal can be a function of time, distance, position, temperature, pressure, etc.

Singularity function is an important classification of non-periodic signals.
1 unit-impulse function: - The unit- impulse function is defined as

δ (t) = 1, t = 0
0, t ≠ 0
The equations and indicate that the area of the impulse function is unity and this area is
confined to an infinitesimal interval on the t-axis and concentrated at t=0.The unit
impulse function is very useful in continuous-time system response providing
fundamental information about the system characteristics. In discrete-time domain, the
unit –impluse signals called a unit-sample signal. It is defined as

δ (n) = 1, n=0
0, n≠0
2 unit-step function: - The integral of the impulse function δ(t)gives,

δ(t)dt =1, t > 0

0, t < 0
Since, the area of the impulse function is all concentrated at t=0, for any value of t < 0 the
integral becomes zero and for t > 0, the value of the integral is unity. The integral of the
impulse function is also a singularity function and called the unity-step function and is
represented as:
u(t) = 0, t < 0
1, t >0
The value at t = 0 is taken to be finite and in most cases it is unspecified. The discrete-
time unit-step signal is defined as
u(n) =0, n < 0
=1, n ≥ 0

3 Unit-ramp function:-The unit-ramp function, r(t) can be obtained by integrating the

unit-impluse function twice or integrating the unit-step function once. In discrete time
system it is represented as follows:

ur(n)= n, n ≥ 0
0, n < 0

EE-427-E Page 1
Experiment # 1 Basic signals (Unit step, unit impulse, ramp, exponential, sine and
cosine).
WAVEFORMS:

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Experiment # 1 Basic signals (Unit step, unit impulse, ramp, exponential, sine and
cosine).

PROGRAM:

% Program for the generation of unit impulse signal

clc; clear all; close all;
t= —2:1:2; y=[zeros(l,2) ,ones(l,l) ,zeros(l,2)];
subplot(2,2,l); stem(t,y); ylabel (‘Amplitude’);
xlabel(‘(a) n-->’);

% Program for the generation of unit step sequence

n=input(‘enter the N value’)

t= 0:1:n-l; yl=ones(l,n); subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,yl); ylabel(‘Amplitude’)
xlabel(‘(b) n-->’);

% Program for the generation of ramp sequence

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Experiment # 1 Basic signals (Unit step, unit impulse, ramp, exponential, sine and
cosine).
nl=input(‘enter the length of ramp sequence’);
t=0: nl; subplot(2,2,3); stem(t,t); ylabel(‘Amplitude’) ;
xlabel(‘(c) n—->’);

% Program for the generation of exponential sequence

n2=input(‘enter the length of exponential sequence’);t=0:n2;

a=input(‘Enter the a value’); y2=exp(a*t); subplot(2,2,4)
stem(t,y2); ylabel(‘Amplitude-->’);
xlabel(‘(d) n--->’);

% Program for the generation of sine sequence

t= 0:0.0l:pi;
y=sin(2*pi*t); figure(2);
subplot(2,l,l); plot(t,y); ylabel(‘Amplitude-—>’);
xlabel( ‘(a) n--->’);

% Program for the generation of cosine sequence

t=0:0.0l:pi; y=cos(2*pi*t);
subplot(2,l,2); plot(t,y); ylabel(‘Amplitude——>’);
xlabel(‘(b) n-->’);

RESULT/CONCLUSION: Observation and results: Paste the required waveforms

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Experiment # 1 Basic signals (Unit step, unit impulse, ramp, exponential, sine and
cosine).
Questions:

1. How many parameters a signal can have?

Ans:

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2. Define signal. How it is different from message and information?

Ans:

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3. Define unit step, unit impulse, ramp, sine, cosine and exponential signal.
Ans:

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Experiment # 1 Basic signals (Unit step, unit impulse, ramp, exponential, sine and
cosine).
Laboratory Grading System

Laboratory Total Marks = 25

Evaluation of Experiments

Outcome Basis Maximum Mark Given Marks Obtained

Questions Answered 10

Accuracy of Data Obtained 2

Promptness 3

Lab Sheet 5

Attendance 5

TOTAL 25

Faculty Signature:

Note: Experiment should be accomplished on a 2-hour session only; failure to complete or

submit on the deadline will reflect deductions on above “Promptness” Outcome Basis.

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