CHAPTER 1: PART OF SPEECH

The part of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence.

A. NOUN (Kata Benda)
1. Countable nouns
a. Singular (tunggal)
Example:
I have a book.
I have only one sister.
b. Plural (jamak)
 To make most nouns plural, add –s
Example:
One bird – two birds
One rose – two roses
 Add –es to nouns ending in –sh, -ch, -ss, and –x
Example:
One dish – two dishes
One match – two matches
 If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the “y” to “i” and add –es (if –y is
preceded by a vowel, add only –s: boys, days, keys.)
Example:
One baby – two babies
One city – two cities
 If a noun ends in –fe or –f, change the ending to –ves. (exceptions: beliefs,
chiefs, roofs, cuffs.)
Example:
One knife – two knives
One shelf – two shelves
 The plural form of nouns that end in –o is sometimes –oes and sometimes –os.
Example:
One tomato – two tomatoes
One zoo – two zoos
 Some nouns have irregular plural forms

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 Example:
Child – children Foot – feet
Goose – geese Person – people
Man – men Mouse – mice
Tooth – teeth
 The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
Example:
Deer, fish, sheep, species
 Some nouns that English has borrowed from other language have foreign
plurals.
Example:
One bacterium – two bacteria
One cactus – two cacti
2. Uncountable nouns
Example:
 He has a lot of money
Some nouns included in uncountable nouns as follows:
Beer Chalk Ink Meat Oil Hair

B. PRONOUN (Kata Ganti)

Subject Object Possessive I Possessive II Pronoun + self
(adjective)
I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourself (tunggal)
Yourselves (jamak)
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its its itself

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C. VERB (Kata Kerja)
a. Irregular Verbs
VERB SIMPLE PAST FORM -ING MEANING
FORM
Write Write/writes wrote writing menulis
Buy
Study
Do
Get
Cut
Bring
Drink
Eat
Drink
Fly
Go
Hide
Keep
Sleep
Sweep
Take
Sing
Make

a. Regular Verbs
VERB SIMPLE PAST FORM -ING MEANING
FORM
Study Study/studies Studied Studied Belajar
Work
Stop
Look
Talk
Show

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 Wish
Need
Cook
Open
Close
Accept
Touch

D. ADJECTIVE (Kata Sifat)

Some examples of adjectives:
Smart Diligent Cold Happy
Kind Lazy Cruel Sad
Long Narrow Strong Awesome
Tall Far Clean Angry
High Clever Dirty Hungry
Beautiful Old Difficult Thirsty
Handsome New Shallow Pretty
Short Brave Honest Ugly
Big Young Wide Bad
Thin Busy Cute Hard
Thick Hot Funny Easy

 Adjective + Noun
A beautiful flower
An interesting book
A smart girl
 Noun + To be + Adjective
This flower is beautiful
This book is interesting
Grammar is important

Base Adjective young

+ful Careful

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 +less Careless
+y Greedy
+ous Nervous
+ing Charming
+ed Interested
+al Practical
+able Workable
+ish Childish
+ive Active

E. ADVERB (Kata Keterangan)

Example:
 Last night Bungasang beautifully (menerangkan kata kerja)
 She is very happy (menerangkan kata sifat)
 He did the job quite seriously (menerangkan adverb yang lain)
Based on the function, adverb can divide into five as follows:
1. Adverb of time: now, soon, yesterday, today, etc.
2. Adverb of place: here, there, everywhere, near, etc.
3. Adverb of frequency: never, sometimes, seldom, rarely, etc.
4. Adverb of manner: quickly, seriously, hard, fast, etc.
5. Adverb of degree: almost, rather, quite, etc.

F. CONJUNCTION (Kata Penghubung)

Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together. Without
conjunctions, you’d be forced to express every complex idea in a series of short,
simplistic sentences: I like cooking. I like eating. I don’t like washing dishes
afterward.
I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes afterward. Sophie is clearly
exhausted, yet she insists on dancing till dawn.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal
grammatical rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions
are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

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 I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch. We needed a place to concentrate, so we
packed up our things and went to the library. Jesse didn’t have much money, but
she got by.
2. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some
examples are either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.
Not only am I finished studying for English, but I’m also finished writing my
history essay. I am finished with both my English essay and my history essay.
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses. A
subordinating conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect relationship, a contrast, or
some other kind of relationship between the clauses. Common subordinating
conjunctions are after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as
though, because, before, by the time, even if, even though, if, in order that, in
case, in the event that, lest, now that, once, only, only if, provided that, since,
so, supposing, that, then, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where,
whereas, wherever, whether or not, while. Sometimes an adverb, such as until,
after, or before can function as a conjunction.
I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.
Here, the adverb until functions as a coordinating conjunction to connect two
ideas: I can stay out(the independent clause) and the clock strikes twelve (the
dependent clause). The independent clause could stand alone as a sentence; the
dependent clause depends on the independent clause to make sense.
The subordinating conjunction doesn’t need to go in the middle of the sentence. It
has to be part of the dependent clause, but the dependent clause can come before
the independent clause.
Before he leaves, make sure his room is clean.
If the dependent clause comes first, use a comma before the independent clause.
I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty. Because I was thirsty, I drank a
glass of water.

TASK 1

1. Make 5 (five) examples of sentences and analyze based on the part of speech!

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CHAPTER 2: ARTICLES

Articles are used to indicate whether a noun in a sentence is specific or general. There are two
kinds of articles: indefinite article (a and an) & definite article (the). A speaker uses a with a
singular count noun when s/he is talking about one thing (or person) that is not specific.
1. Indefinite article is used for single noun such as “a book”.
A Book
Car
university
Universe
An Egg
umbrella
hour

We can use indefinite article in condition as follows:

a. For uncountable nouns.
My mother is a teacher.
b. For the general things.
A cat can catch a mouse.
c. For replacing “one”.
I have been waiting for you for an hour.
2. Definite article can use for countable and uncountable nouns depend on the situation.
We can use definite article in condition as follows:
a. For the thing that explained before.
His car hit a tree, you can still see the mark on the tree.
b. For the thing that explained firstly, but that thing explained clearly by another
phrase/some words.
The boy whom you met yesterday is my brother
c. When the speaker and the listener are thinking about some specific thing or person.
A: Where is Rini?
B: She is in the bathroom.
d. For the only one thing.
The earth revolves around the sun

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 e. In front of first, second, etc.
Anton is the first child in the family.
Both definite and indefinite article never used for name of people, name of street, name of
city, name of country, name of university.

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CHAPTER 3: PREPOSITIONS

Preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases, to other words within a
sentence. There are two very important rules to remember when using prepositions.
1. The first rule is that certain prepositions must be used to make the relationships between
words in a sentence clear. Most prepositions are interchangeable but only to a certain
extent.
2. The second rule for using prepositions is that these words must be followed by nouns.
There are two kinds of preposition as follows:
1. Preposition that show the relation between preposition and another words in a sentence.
a. Preposition of place or position.
 Near  Over
 By/beside  Beneath
 On  Underneath
 Under  On top
 In  Around
 Against  Through
 In front of  Among
 Behind  Inside
 Beside  Above
 Between  At the top of
 Below  At the bottom of

b. Preposition of direction.
 He went into the director’s office
 The suspect was running toward the supermarket.
c. Preposition of time.
 He came at 12 o’clock.
 Please come by 12 o’clock.
 The party will be held on Monday.
 He was born on April 20, 1950.
 We have talked for an hour.
 He has been sleeping since 10 o’clock.
 He saw them often during the summer.

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 d. Preposition of way.
 You can go by car.
 We came here in a car.
 He answered my question with a nod
2. Preposition that used in verb or certain adjective.
 Argued with
 Interested in
 According to
 Except for
 In addition to

TASK 1

1. Complete these sentences using the correct preposition!

a. History is the study of events that occurred.........the past.
b. I am a student………at the present time, but I will graduate next month.
c. I was born……….October4, 1982.
d. He lives…….Green Street.
e. I will meet you…….the library.
f. Daddy is happy……his new guitar.
g. He is worried……his life.
h. I was in charge…….the reception.
i. He answered my question…….a nod.
j. You can go……...car.

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CHAPTER 4: WORD ORDER

When we make sentence in English, we normally follow the following order.

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT MANNER PLACE
The boy Studies English Well At school
The maid Cleans The house Thoroughly
John Works hard
Mary Will get married George
to
Pattern 1: subject + to be + noun/pronoun/adjective/adverb.
Example:
 She is smart
 They were here
 Mr. Anto is my father
Pattern 2: subject + ‘linking verb’ + noun/ pronoun/ adverb
Linking verb: sekelompok kata kerja yang fungsinyasebagai to be dalamkalimat yang
menggunakan to be sebagai verb, yaitumenghubungkansubjekdengan kata benda, kata ganti,
kata sifatatau kata keterangan.
Kinds of linking verbs:
Become seem sound taste
Look appear feel
Act grow smell
Example: The bridelooksbeautiful.
S LV Adj
Pattern 3: subject + intransitive verb + (adverb)
Example: Theytalked(very loudly).
S IV Adv.of manner
Pattern 4: subject + transitive verb + object + (adverb)
Example: Ritaboughta new dress(yesterday).
S TV O Adv.of time
Pattern 5a: subject+ transitive verb + indirect object + direct object + (adverb)
Example: Igavehersome flowers(last Saturday).
S TV IO DO Adv.of time

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Pattern 5b: subject + transitive verb + direct object + preposition + indirect object + (adverb)
Example: Igavesome flowerstoher(yesterday).
S TV DO Prep IOAdv.of time
Pattern 6: active voice to passive voice
Example: Bobmailedthe package The packagewas mailedby Bob
S V O S V by-phrase

TASK 1

1. Make some examples for each pattern correctly! Analyze it based on the position!

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CHAPTER 5: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple Present Tense

Nominal Verbal
(+) S + is/am/are + Subj.Complement (+) S + V1 s/es + O/ Adv
(-) S + is/am/are + Not + Subj.Comp (-) S + Do/ Does + Not + V + O/ Adv
(?) Is/am/are + S + Subj.Complement (?) Do/ Does + S + V + O/ Adv

There are three important exceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or esto the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:
· the action is general
· the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
· the action is not only happening now
· the statement is always true

Example:
NOMINAL VERBAL
(+)She is a nurse. (+) They bring some books from library.
(-) She is not a nurse. (-) They do not bring some books from library.
(?) is she a nurse? (?) Do they bring some books from library?
Yes, she is Yes, they do
No, she is not No, they do not

(+) Lia makes a cake for her mother.

(-) Lia does not make a cake for her mother.
(?) Does Lia make a cake for her mother?
Yes, she does
No, she does not

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TASK 1

1. Make a short paragraph about your daily activity and don’t forget to use simple present
tense!
2. Change these sentences using the correct answers!
a. (+) Mr. Anto goes to Surabaya every week.
(-)
(?)
b. (-) they don’t like to eat orange.
(+)
(?)
c. (?) Does she make a cake in the kitchen?
(+)
(-)

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CHAPTER 6: COMPARISON DEGREE

ADJECTIVE/ COMPARISON DEGREE EXAMPLE

ADVERB Positive Comparative Superlative
One syllable As…as More/er + than The + most/est - Laura is as smart
(smart, good, (is used to say as Santi
strong, short, that the two - Laura is smarter
etc.) parts of than Santi
comparison are - Laura is the
equal or the smartest student in
same in some the class
way.)
Two syllable or - Mr. Dani is as
more (beautiful, handsome as his
lazy, handsome, son
etc.) - Mr. Dani is more
handsome than his
son
- Mr. Dani is the
most handsome
person in his
family

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE OF COMPARISON DEGREE

ADJECTIVE POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
ALONE DEGREE DEGREE DEGREE
Good As good as Better than The best
Well As well as Better than The best
Bad As bad as Worse than The worst
Mad As mad as Worse than The worst
Far As far as Farther than The farthest
Little As little as Less than The least
Many As many as More than The most

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Much As much as More than The most
Late As late as Latter than The latest
Near As near as Nearer than The next
Old As old as Older than The oldest/ the eldest

TASK 1

1. Make the possibility sentences from the statements below:

a. Lia is 50 kgs.
b. Doni is 65 kgs.
c. Santi is 50kgs.
d. Andi is 70 kgs.
2. Make a group consisted of 2 students and make dialog using comparison degree!

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CHAPTER 7: SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense is used to talk about activities or situations that began and ended in the
past (e.g., yesterday, last night, two days ago, in 1990). The simple past form ends in –ed for
regular verbs are regular, but many common verbs have irregular past forms.

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
Be Lend
Begin Lay
Bite Leave
Blow Light
Break Lose
Bring Make
Build Mean
Buy Meet
Catch Pay
Choose Read
Come Ride
Dig Ting
Do Rise
Draw Run
Drink Say
Drive See
Eat Send
Fall Shake
Feed Sing
Feel Sit
Find Sleep
Fly Speak
Forget Stand
Forgive Sweep
Get Swim
Give Take
Go Teach
Grow Tell
Hang Think
Have Throw
Hear Understand
Hide Wake
Hold Wear
Keep Win
Know write

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 Simple Past Tense
Nominal Verbal
(+) S + was/were + Subj.Complement (+) S + V2 + O/ Adv
(-) S + was/were + Not + Subj.Comp (-) S + Did + Not + V1 + O/ Adv
(?) was/were + S + Subj.Complement? (?) Did + S + V1 + O/ Adv?

Example:
NOMINAL VERBAL
(+) Mr. Tono was a pilot two years ago. (+) The children went to the zoo yesterday.
(-) Mr. Tono was not a pilot two years ago. (-) The children did not go to the zoo yesterday.
(?) was Mr.Tono a pilot two years ago? (?) Did the children go to the zoo yesterday?
Yes, he was Yes, they did
No, he was not No, they did not

TASK 1

1. Make a recount text about your life experiences! Don’t forget to use simple past tense!

CHAPTER 8: SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

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PATTERN:
Will
VERBAL
(+) S+ will + V1 + O/Adv Tony will go to Bali next month.
(-) S + will + not + V1 + O/Adv Tony will not go to Bali next month.
(?) Will + S + V1 + O/Adv? Will Tony go to Bali next month?
Yes, he will
No, he will not
NOMINAL
(+) S + will + be + SC. She will be happy.
(-) S + will + not + be + SC. She will not be happy.
(?) Will + S + be + SC? Will she be happy?

Be going to
VERBAL
(+) S+ to be + going to + V1 + O/Adv She is going to make a cake.
(-) S + to be + not + going to + V1 + O/Adv She is not going to make a cake.
(?) to be + S + going to + V1 + O/Adv? Is she going to make a cake?
Yes, she is
No, she is not
NOMINAL
(+) S + to be + going to + be + SC. They are going to be a doctor.
(-) S + to be + not + going to + be + SC. They are not going to be a doctor.
(?) To be + S + going to + be + SC? Are they going to be a doctor?

Adverb of time: tomorrow, tonight, next month, etc.

CHAPTER 9: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

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Present continuous tense expresses an activity that is in progress (is occurring, is happening)
right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the sentence. The event
began in the past, is in progress now, and will probably continue into the future.
Pattern
VERBAL

(+) S + to be + Ving + O/Adv

(-) S + to be + not + Ving + O/Adv
(?) To be + S + Ving + O/Adv?

NOMINAL

(+) S + to be + being + SC.

(-) S + to be + not + being + SC.
(?) To be + S + being + SC?

TO BE:
I – am
You
We are
They
She
He is
It

Example:
(+) They are cooking.
(-) They are not cooking.
(?) Are they cooking?
Yes, they are
No, they are not

TASK 1
1. Make a short dialog using present continuous tense!
CHAPTER 10: PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
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Past continuous tense expresses an activity that was in progress (was occurring, was
happening) at a point of time in the past or at the time of another action.
 When the phone rang, I was sleeping. (at that time)
 The phone rang while I was sleeping. (during that time)
 While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV. (when two actions are
in progress at the same time, past continuous can be used in both parts of the sentence)
Pattern
VERBAL

(+) S + to be + Ving + O/Adv

(-) S + to be + not + Ving + O/Adv
(?) To be + S + Ving + O/Adv?

NOMINAL

(+) S + to be + being + SC.

(-) S + to be + not + being + SC.
(?) To be + S + being + SC?

TO BE:
I – was
You
We were
They
She
He was
It
Example:
(+) Bob was eating dinner.
(-) Bob was not eating dinner.
(?) Was Bob eating dinner?
Yes, he was
No, he was not
CHAPTER 11: PRESENT PERFECT & PAST PERFECT

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Present perfect expresses activities or situations that occurred (or did not occur) “before
now,” at some unspecified time in the past. The present perfect expresses activities that were
repeated several or many times in the past. The exact times are unspecified. When the present
perfect is used with since or for, it expresses situations that began in the past and continue to
the present.
Past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. Past participle is used in the present
perfect and past perfect tense. The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the simple
past form: both end in –ed.
Pattern

(+) S + has/have + V3 + O/Adv

(-) S + has/have + not + V3 + O/Adv
(?) Has/have + S + V3 + O/Adv?

Example:
(+) We have finished our work.
(-) We have not finished our work.
(?) have we finished our work?
Yes, we have
No, we have not.
TO BE:
I
You
We have
They
She
He has
It
Past perfect expresses an activity that occurred before another time in the past. This activity
was completed before a particular time in the past.

Pattern
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(+) S + had + V3 + O/Adv
(-) S + had + not + V3 + O/Adv
(?) Had + S + V3 + O/Adv?

Example:
(+) I had eaten.
(-) I had not eaten.
(?) Had I eaten?
Yes, you had
No, you had not
Explanation: I ate at noon. I was not hungry at 1:00 P.M. because I had already eaten before
1:00 P.M.

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