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Prelim & Ref 2
Prelim & Ref 2
SEPTEMBER 2018
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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SIERPINSKI CARPET MICROSTRIP FRACTAL
ANTENNA FOR MULTIBAND WIRELESS APPLICATIONS
SUBMITTED TO
SEPTEMBER 2018
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DECLARATION
I, Anieyie Ekoi EDEM, hereby declare and that this master’s dissertation entitled: “Design and
Analysis of Sierpinski Carpet Microstrip Fractal Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applications”
was written by me and it is the correct record of my research work. It has not been presented for
a degree in another institution. I will not present it, or cause it to be presented, for a degree in
another institution. All sources of information have been appropriately acknowledged using
Signed……………….Date……………….
Anieyie Ekoi EDEM
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CERTIFICATION
This dissertation entitled “Design and Analysis of Sierpinski Carpet Microstrip Fractal
meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Masters of Engineering (MEng) of
the University of Uyo. This work has made original contribution to knowledge. It should be
(a) Supervisor
Signature…………………………………………………… Date…………………
Name: Dr. Akaninyene Obot Rank: Senior Lecturer
Department/Faculty: Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering/Engineering
(b) Co-Supervisor
Signature…………………………………………………… Date…………………
Name: Dr. Kufre Udofia Rank: Senior Lecturer
Department/Faculty: Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering/Engineering
(c) Internal Examiner
Signature…………………………………………………… Date…………………
Name: Rank: Senior Lecturer
Department/Faculty:
(d) Head of Department and Chief Examiner
Signature…………………………………………………… Date…………………
Name: Dr. Mrs Constance Kalu Rank: Associate Professor
Department/Faculty: Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering/Engineering
(e) External Examiner
Signature…………………………………………………… Date…………………
Name: Rank:
Department/Faculty:
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DEDICATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge in a special way my supervisors, Dr. Akaninyene Obot and co-
supervisor, Dr. Kufre Udofia for their patience, corrections and guide throughout this work. A
special thank you goes to Engr. Jimoh Afolayan, Dr. Kingsley Udofia, Engr Nseobong Okpura,
Engr Bliss Utibe, Engr Ifiok Asuquo, and all the lecturers in the department for their
encouragement throughout the programme. May God reward you all, Amen.
My appreciations also go to Dr. Simeon Ozumba, the Head of Department, Dr. Mrs
Constance Kalu and also my mentor Prof. Linus Asuquo for providing the assistance I needed to
I thank my wonderful wife, Engr. Mrs Eno Anieyie for her support, advice and
encouragement throughout the programme. May God almighty richly reward you in Jesus name,
Amen. My gratitude also goes to my Pastors, Pastor and Dr. Mrs Ezekiel Atang for their relentless
Finally, I give all the glory to God for his mercies, provision and sustenance throughout
the programme.
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ABSTRACT
In modern wireless communication system, there is an increased demand for integrated,
multiband, larger gain and low profile antennas to support a wide range of multiple wireless
applications. This challenge has triggered off antenna researches in diverse directions. One of
such areas is the application of fractal shapes in antenna geometry to develop multiband antennas.
This dissertation presents the design and simulation of Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna (SCFA)
for multiband wireless applications. The proposed antenna is achieved by first designing a
rectangular microstrip antenna (RMSA) with a centre frequency of 2.45 GHz on a Flame retardant
four (FR4) epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of 4.2. The patch dimensions and the feeder
were obtained using the transmission line model. The proposed antenna was fractalized up to the
second iteration by creating slots in the patch using a simulation software. The SCFA was fed
with a quarter wave edge fed microstrip line to achieve a good impedance matching with the
microstrip line feed. The designed antenna was simulated in Computer simulation technology
(CST) microwave software by optimizing the width of the microstrip feed and its location so that
the antenna can operate in multiple bands between 2 to 14 GHz. The results obtained were
compared in terms of return loss, gain, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and directivity. The
simulation results obtained for the designed antenna were 2.45 GHz, 4.29 GHz, 4.85 GHz, 7.31
GHz, 8.63 GHz, 9.98 GHz, 10.71 GHz, 11.36 GHz and 12.07 GHz. All the frequencies were
achieved within the desired bands with return losses less than -10 dB. The simulation results have
proven that the designed antenna can be used for multiband applications such as wireless local
area network (WLAN), S band, C band, X band and Ku band.
[ 291 words]
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.1 Antennas 7
2.1.1 Types of Antenna 8
2.1.1.1 Aperture antennas 8
2.1.1.2 Wire antennas 9
2.1.1.3 Reflector antennas 9
2.2 Antenna Parameters 10
2.2.1 Radiation Pattern 10
2.2.2 Directivity and Gain 11
2.2.3 Return Loss 11
2.2.4 Bandwidth 12
2.2.5 Polarization 12
2.2.6 Antenna Efficiency and Quality Factor 13
2.3 Microstrip Antennas 13
2.3.1 Advantages Patch Antennas 15
2.3.2 Disadvantages of Patch Antennas 15
2.4 Feeding Techniques to Microstrip Antennas 16
2.4.1 The Microstrip Feed line 16
2.4.2 Coaxial line Feed 17
2.4.3 Aperture Coupling 18
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2.4.4 Proximity Coupled Feed 19
2.5 Methods of Analysis of MSA 20
2.5.1 Transmission Line model 20
2.5.2 Cavity Model 24
2.5.3 Full Wave Model 25
2.6 Fractal Antennas 25
2.6.1 Features of Fractal Antennas 26
2.6.2 Classification of Fractal Antennas 27
2.6.3 Types of Fractal Antennas 28
2.6.3.1 Sierpinski carpet 28
2.6.3.2 Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna 28
2.6.3.3 Koch curve 29
2.6.3.4 Minkowski Curve and Minkowski Island 30
2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of Fractal Antennas 32
2.8 Application of Fractal Antenna 32
2.9 Fractal Dimensions 33
2.10 Iterated Function System 34
2.11 Review of Related Works 35
2.11.1 Wideband High Gain Fractal Antenna for Wireless Applications 36
2.11.2 Fractal Antenna Design for Multiple Applications 37
2.11.3 Design and Development of Sierpinski Carpet Microstrip Fractal
Antenna for Multiband Applications 37
2.11.4 Analysis and Design of Triple Band Compact Microstrip Patch
Antenna with Fractal Elements for Wireless Applications 38
2.11.5 Design and Analysis of Minkowski Fractal Antenna using Microstrip
Feed 39
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5.4 Contribution to Knowledge 79
5.5 Recommendations 80
5.6 Suggestions for Further Studies 80
REFERENCES 82
APPENDICES 86
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LIST OF TABLES
2.3 Minkowski antenna result with constant length and variable width 40
2.4 Minkowski antenna result with constant width and variable length 40
3.1 Design dimensions of 2.45 GHz single band edge fed RMSA 51
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LIST OF FIGURES
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2.25 Return loss versus frequency curve for 0th - 2nd iteration of the antenna 39
4.3 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 2.45 GHz for 0th iteration
in E plane 61
4.4 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 2.45 GHz for 0th iteration
in H plane 61
4.8 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 4.35 GHz for 1st iteration
in E plane 64
4.9 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 4.35 GHz for 1st iteration
in H plane 65
4.10 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 7.793 GHz for 1st iteration
in E plane 65
4.11 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 7.793 GHz for 1st iteration
in H plane 66
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4.12 3 D gain of proposed antenna at 2.45 GHz for 1st iteration 66
4.17 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 8.634 GHz for 2nd iteration
in E plane 70
4.18 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 8.634 GHz for 2nd iteration
in H plane 70
4.19 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 9.98 GHz for 2nd iteration
in E plane 71
4.20 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 9.98 GHz for 2nd iteration
in H plane 71
4.21 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 10.706 GHz for 2nd iteration
in E plane 72
4.22 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 10.706 GHz for 2nd iteration
in H plane 72
4.23 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 13.341 GHz for 2nd iteration
in E plane 73
4.24 Directivity plot of designed antenna at 13.341 GHz for 2nd iteration
in H plane 73
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title Page
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Meaning
EM Electromagnetic
TL Transmission Line
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