Drilling For Non Technical People

Drilling Overview for
Non-Technical People
Rio de Janeiro Brazil

July 21, 2008
Kyle Eastman
© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

AGENDA
 Safety moment
 Basic petroleum geology
 Well construction basics
 The drilling rig
 “Drilling a Well” Animation
 When thing‟s go wrong
 Frade specific information
 Questions throughout the presentation

Safety Moment
 Video to show “planning can make it possible”

Basic Petroleum Geology

Geology is critical for well design
 During drilling rock characteristics and associated

drilling conditions can change many times,
therefore an understanding of the anticipated
geology is essential for properly designing the well
and then drilling it efficiently and safely.

Types of Rocks
Non-Reservoir: Shale
• Igneous: Rocks formed by solidification of
hot mobile material called magma Sandstone
• Metamorphic: Rocks formed by Limestone
transformation of pre-existing igneous or
Calcareous shale
sedimentary rocks as a result of high
temperature and pressure Anhydrite
Argillaceous Limestone
Reservoir:
• Sedimentary: Rocks formed from Quartz
accumulations of sediment which may
Conglomerate
consist of rock fragments of various sizes,
the remains of animals and plants, the Clay
product of chemical action or Dolomite
evaporation, or a combination of these.
Most petroleum reservoirs are found in Lignite
sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstone,
limestone and dolomite because they
have porosity.
PetroleumProspect
SystemComponents
Elements
Anticlinal Trap
Top Seal Rock
(Impermeable)
Reservoir Rock
Potential
Migration Route
Faults & Fractures
Unconformities Source Rock
Salt Faces and Welds (Organic Rich)
Porous and Permeable Beds
24803
In the example above the source rock is connected to the reservoir by a fault
(migration route). As hydrocarbons are expelled from the source they travel along
permeable paths created by the fault. The oil will them migrate through the
reservoir to the top of the structure due to buoyancy effects where they are trapped
by the overlying impermeable formation (Top Seal)
Well Construction Basics

Well Construction
Well construction is an engineering design process that

starts with a clear understanding of the objectives to be
achieved. As a minimum, the following data are required to
commence the design and planning process
• Well depth
• Location – land, offshore (water depth)
• Geology – lithology, structural features, hazards, stability
• Formation Pressure profile
• Fracture Gradient profile
• Downhole target(s) – vertical or directional well
• Type of well – exploration, delineation, appraisal,
development
• Evaluation requirements – sampling, coring, logging, testing
• Type of fluid and anticipated flow rates

Drilling Fluid
Transport cuttings
to surface
Support & stabilize

the wellbore
Minimize loss
of circulation
Cool & lubricate Control subsurface

the bit pressures

Casing
Any given well requires several strings of

casing, starting with the largest diameter pipe
on top. Subsequent strings of casing are
Conductor
progressively smaller in diameter as they must
pass through the inside of the previous casing.
The diameter of the deepest casing is
generally dictated by the size of the Surface
production tubing required for anticipated
flow rates.
Intermediate
The primary purpose of each casing string is
to isolate one geological regime from the
other and enable further drilling with full
control of anticipated downhole pressure
conditions of the next interval. An Production
understanding of downhole pressure
variations is essential for selecting the
setting depth of each casing.
Cement
Casing Support
Zonal Isolation
Casing bonded with
Properly cemented formation rocks
casing prevents supports its own
communication weight and
between zones load of surface
of differing equipment that is
characteristics to mounted on it
enable drilling
deeper Cement
Low pressure
loss zone Casing Protection
Casing
Some formations
Higher
pressure contain fluids that can
permeable attack casing
zone

Roller Cone Bits
Milled Tooth
Tungsten carbide insert (TCI)

Fixed Cutter Bits
PDC, Polycrystalline Diamond Compact

Diamond Bit Terminology & Features
Crown
Junk Slot Diamond Gauge
Shank
Breaker Slot
API Pin
Connection

Coring Bits
Cutters made from diamonds or PDC
Various profiles depending on formation or rock properties
Numerous sizes to accommodate rock recovery objectives

What is Directional Drilling
Directional wells are deviated from

Vertical (Straight)
Directional wells are drilled with
intention to control :
 inclination (angle)
 azimuth (direction).
Think 3-D when Directional

Why Drill Directional
On Land:
 Surface constraint due

to land owner, natural
event, etc.
 Relief well in blowout

situation
 Horizontal

Why Drill Directional
Offshore:
 Save Cost on Platforms
 Relief well in blowout situation
 Horizontal
 Extended Reach
 Multi-Lateral

The Drilling Rig

Main Systems of a Drilling Rig
 Hoisting
 Rotating
 Circulating
 Power

Hoisting System
CROWN BLOCK
Used for raising and

lowering the drilling
assembly, and for DERRICK
TRAVELING BLOCK
running casing,
completion equipment HOOK
and other tools in and FAST LINE DEAD LINE
out of the hole.

ROTARY TABLE
DRAWWORKS DRILLING LINE

SUPPLY SPOOL
SUBSTRUCTURE
DEAD LINE ANCHOR

Typical Rig Floor Layout
Auxiliary Brake
Console
Drawworks
&
Controls
Rig Floor Rotary Table

Driller’s Console
Gauges read:
• Hook load
• Weight on bit
• Pump pressure
• Pump strokes
• Rotary speed
• Torque
• Mud volume
• Change in mud volume
• Return mud flow
• Alarms and limit
switches can be set for
critical measurements

Driller’s Console – Modern Rig

Rotating System
Rotary Table
or Top Drive
Rotates the
Drill String
The Drill String

acts as the
connecting link
with the bit
The Bit Rotates

to Cut the Rock

Rotating System
A hexagonal or square
pipe, called Kelly, is
connected to the
topmost joint of the
drill string. The rotary
table and Kelly drive
bushing impart
rotation to the drill
string while allowing it
to be moved up or
down.

Rotating System – Top Drive
As an alternative to
the Kelly and rotary
table, most modern
rigs employ a Top
Drive system for
rotating the drill
string. A powerful
electric or hydraulic
motor is suspended
from the travelling
block.

Circulating System
During drilling, fluid is

continuously pumped
down the drill string,
through the bit, and up
the annular space
between the hole and
the drill string. Its
main purpose is to
bring up the cuttings,
cool the bit, maintain
hole stability, and
prevent formation
fluids from entering
the wellbore.
Two Mud Pumps – fully hooked-up
Pulsation dampener
Suction tank
Triplex pumps Suction charge

pumps
Electric motor
High pressure Pump suction line

discharge line

Electric Rig Power System
Most modern rigs are electric. Engines &

Generators
Generally, large diesel
engines are the primary Drawworks
source of power. Electric Motor
power generated by the Rotary

engines is first converted SCR Motor
from AC to DC in the Silicon &

Control
Controlled Rectifier (SCR) System
Motor
unit. DC motors supply power
Mud Pumps
to the drawworks, rotary, and
Motor
pumps. AC power is still used
for auxiliary equipment. Driller’s
Console
More and more AC motors

are taking the place of DC
motors

Types of Drilling Rigs
Platform Semi-Submersible T.L.P.

Land Rig Jack-up Drill Ship

Platform Rig

Jackup Rig
Derrick cantilevered
over stern of hull
Well conductor

Semi-submersible
Semi-submersible Rig Rig
Cajun Express

Drill Ships
Transocean “Discoverer 534”

and “Discoverer Enterprise”
Transocean
“Deepwater Discovery”
(+800ft long)
Inland Barge
Land
Jackup
Semisubmersible
Drillship
Types of
Drilling Rigs

“Drilling a Well” Animation

When Things go Wrong

Brazil – Frade Specific
Information

Brazil Overview
Reserves shown in MMBOE Gross (Net)
Frade Field BM-C-4

Guaraná Prospect
Brazil 120 kms offshore Brazil

Frade
Water Depth 1050-1300 m P10: 128 (60)
P50: 258 (120)
Discovered in 1986 P90: 349 (163)
First oil: GO-36 Forecast

April 2009 Roncador
Rio de Janerio Concession through 2025
Maromba Papa-Terra
P10: 72 (20) P10: 245 (83)
Scale 100 km P50: 127 (34) P50: 334 (113)
P90: 217 (59) P90: 467 (157)
Brazil Reserves Overall

Atlanta 1.098 BBOE Gross
Oliva
74 MMBOE
P10: 244 (45)
P50: 305 (56) 0.374 BBOE CVX Net
© Chevron 2005 DOC ID P90: 382 (70)
Frade Project
Development Overview
 Drilling Program
 3 Stratigraphic Wells
 12 Horizontal Producers
 7 Near Vertical Water Injectors
 FPSO
 Converted VLCC tanker
 1.5 MM bbls storage
 Turret mooring w/ tandem offloading
 Topsides Design Capacities
 Oil: 100 kbpd
 Liquid: 150 kbpd
 Produced H2O: 130 kbpd
 H2O Injection: 150 kbwpd
 Gas: 106 mmscfd
 Transportation
 Oil: Tanker (Suezmax) - GoM
 Gas: Pipeline (BR infrastructure)
 Capex
 2.5 B$ Gross
 1.3 B$ CVX Net
 1st Production Nov-Dec 2008
 30 Months Execution Phase
 Commenced Phase 4 2Q 2006
 Reserves
P1 : 88 MMBO P50: 243 MMBO P90: 328 MMBO

Well Planning
 Stratigraphic Wells
 Detailed wireline logging program
 Extensive coring program
 Data used by reservoir engineers and geologists to

further appraise the field

Seismic Arbitrary Line PGS_NearMid_11_20
MDS1
Stratigraphic Well - MDS1 PSDM07_10-20FinalStack
ESE WNW
Top
N580
MDS1
2000m Basemap
Axial
N570
N560
Oligocene
N545_2
2500m
Core Point
Azul TD
0 meters 500
© Chevron 2005 PSDM
DOC ID Depth
Well Planning
Stratigraphic Well
MUS2
1 Stratigraphic Wells
Max Deviation = 28o

Well Planning
 Injector Wells
 Located on the periphery of the Frade field
 Used for injecting produced water to maintain

reservoir pressure support.

ODI1
ODI1 PSDM07_10-20FinalStack
North South
ODI1
2000m
Basemap
N570
N560
Top
N545_1
Top
N545_2
Oligocene
2500m
Water Injection
Azul Completion
TD
0 meters 500
© Chevron 2005 PSDM
DOC ID Depth
Well Planning
Injector Well
ODI1
7 Injectors MUI1
Max Deviation = 50o MDI1
OUI1
MUI2
N5I1
OUI2

Well Planning
 Producer Wells
 Produce Oil from Frade Field

Production Well - ODP1 PSDM07_10-20FinalStack
NNE SSW
ODP1 Top
N580
2000m ODP1
Basemap
Axial
N570
Lateral Section 1050m
N560
2500m Oligocene
Heel
Toe
Azul
0 meters 1000
PSDM Depth
What do the Frade Wells Look Like
Producer Well
12 Producers
3.5o/100ft BUR
Min Horizontal Length = 784m
Max Horizontal Length = 1130m
Avg Horizontal Length = 973m

PRODUCERS: Subsea Horizontal Well RT to MSL - 25m
w/ Gas Lift & Open-Hole Horizontal Water Depth - 1050 - 1300 m
Gravel Pack (OHHGP) 36" Casing (drill/jet)

m TVD – RT 60m BML
12 wells 800 m to 1100 m horizontal sections m MD – RT 60m BML
17-1/2" / 13-3/8" Int Csg

m TVD – RT 1780m BML
5000 psi
m MD – RT 1800m BML, varies by well
Horizontal Subsea Tree
12-1/4" Hole / 9-5/8" Csg
m TVD – RT 2100-2350m
m MD – RT 2300-2600m
Control 8-1/2" Hole / 5-1/2" 13Cr Screen

Lines Production Flowline m TVD – RT Same as 9-5/8” Csg Point
Gas Supply /
Subsea Wellhead m MD – RT 9-5/8” Csg Point + 800m to
Service Line
1200m
36” Casing Control Lines
TR-
20” Casing (Optional) 2 x 3/8” Chemical Injection
SCSSSV 1 x 1/4” for P/T Sensor Cable
1 x 1/4” for for Variable Orifice Gas Lift
13.3/8” Casing
Valve
PT Gauge 2 x 1/4” SCSSV
MISR
Bundle 1 x 3/8” Methanol injection
5.1/2" Production Tubing Protectors, Encapsulation, & Flat-Packing
Dual Chemical to be Determined
Inj. Sub
Gas Lift Valve FSV 800-1100 m 8-1/2" Hole
10-3/4” x 9 5/8” Casing
5-1/2" Premium Alloy Screen, 13Cr Base Pipe Gravel Packed

Frade Drilling Rigs
Noble Leo Segerius
Drill-ship, built 1981
Working in Brazil for Petrobras
Tentative arrival 2nd August „08
210 day term + 45 day option
US $525k /day
US $900k / day – US$10 / second
S-706
3rd Generation Semi, built 1976
Extensive upgrade commenced
In Singapore, schedule depart Dec „08
Commence operations Mar „09
5 year term (2-yr Ext. by Corporation)
P10 – rig available Oct „10
US $300k /day

Brasco Logistics Base - Niteroi

Frade Support Vessels
 PSV: Platform Supply Vessel
 Supplies deck cargo, diesel, and liquid mud
 TSV: Tug Supply Vessel

 Supplies liquid mud, deck cargo, and maneuvers oil
tankers for FPSO
 MSV: Multi-Services Vessel

 Engineering services to support setting tree on
wireline and manipulating jumpers and flying lead on
sea floor.
 Greater than 52 beds to accommodate work crews.
 Supplies deck cargo and liquid mud for drilling rig

Chouest Vessels
PSV
TSV

Norskan MSV

TSV Photo

MSV Photo
Heli-pad for helicopter
landing
Large Crane for running
Subsea Trees

Acknowledgements
Special thanks to:
 Reinaldo Bruzual
 Rafael Teixeira

Q&A / Discussion Session
?
Drilling Overview for
Non-Technical People
Rio de Janeiro Brazil

July 21, 2008
Kyle Eastman

Back-Up Photo Slides

Station Keeping – Dynamic Positioning Thrusters

Dynamic Positioning Thrusters

ROV Support System
Control cabin,
launch arm, ROV and tether system
tether system, being launched
and ROV on rig
deck
Buoyancy
Thrusters ROV Launch

Typical
ROV
Drilling Equipment – Subsea BOP Stack
BOP on deck Running BOP from rig

Marine Drilling Riser
© Chevron 2005
70ft Riser joint, fitted with syntactic foam buoyancy
DOC ID
Typical Subsea Horizontal Tree

Tension Leg Platform
2,860 ft WD
Shell Auger TLP

Spar Type Drilling & Production Unit
A Deepwater production
facility. Essentially this is a
traditional production
platform, mounted on a
moored cylindrical column.

Genesis Spar - Drilling & Production Unit

Genesis Spar – Float Out

FPSO
Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit
A Deepwater production facility - a
Tanker Ship with production facilities
mounted on the deck.
http://www.fpso.net/
Captain Field - FPSO

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Drilling For Non Technical People

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Drilling Overview for

Rio de Janeiro Brazil

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

 Basic petroleum geology

 Well construction basics

 The drilling rig

 “Drilling a Well” Animation

 When thing‟s go wrong

 Frade specific information

 Questions throughout the presentation

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

 During drilling rock characteristics and associated

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Well construction is an engineering design process that

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Support & stabilize

Cool & lubricate Control subsurface

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Any given well requires several strings of

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Tungsten carbide insert (TCI)

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

PDC, Polycrystalline Diamond Compact

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Junk Slot Diamond Gauge

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Cutters made from diamonds or PDC

Various profiles depending on formation or rock properties

Numerous sizes to accommodate rock recovery objectives

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Directional wells are deviated from

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

 Surface constraint due

 Relief well in blowout

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

 Save Cost on Platforms

 Relief well in blowout situation

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Used for raising and

and other tools in and FAST LINE DEAD LINE

out of the hole.

DRAWWORKS DRILLING LINE

DEAD LINE ANCHOR

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Rig Floor Rotary Table

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

The Drill String

The Bit Rotates

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

During drilling, fluid is

Triplex pumps Suction charge

High pressure Pump suction line

© Chevron 2005 DOC ID

Most modern rigs are electric. Engines &