Networking Binder

POWER OF 2’S TABLE
21 = 2 29 = 512
22 = 4 210 = 1,024
23 = 8 211 = 2,048
24 = 16 212 = 4,096
25 = 32 213 = 8,192
26 = 64 214 = 16,384
27 = 128 215 = 32,768
28 = 256 216 = 65,536
DEFAULT SUBNET MASK
Class Format Default Subnet Mask

A network.host.host.host 255.0.0.0
B network.network.host.host 255.255.0.0
C network.host.host.host 255.255.255.0
BINARY MATH TABLE
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SUBNET MASK TABLE
Binary Decimal
00000000 0
10000000 128
11000000 192
11100000 224
11110000 240
11111000 248
11111100 252
SUBNET CALCUALTION TABLE (2 X )
Host Bits Borrowed 2x Number of Subnets Created

1 21 2
2 22 4
3 23 8
4 24 16
5 25 32
6 26 64
7 27 128
8 28 256
9 29 512
10 210 1,024
11 211 2,048
12 212 4,096
SUBNET HOSTS & ADDRESSES CALCUALTION TABLE (2 X )
Host Bits Left 2h Hosts / Subnet (2h – 2) Addresses / Subnet (2h)

1 21 0 2
2 22 1 4
3 23 6 8
4 24 14 16
5 25 30 32
6 26 62 64
7 27 126 128
8 28 254 256
9 29 510 512
10 210 1,022 1,024
11 211 2,046 2,048
12 212 4,094 4,096
CLASS C POSSIBLE SUB NET MASKS
Binary (N.N.N.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.N.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 20 = 1 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.N.N.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 21 = 2 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.N.N.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 22 = 4 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.N.N.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 23 = 8 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.N.N.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 24 = 16 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.N.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 25 = 32 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.N.N.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 26 = 64 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2
CLASS B POSSIBLE SUBNET MASKS
Binary (N.N.H.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2x) Block Size (2y) # Hosts (2y - 2)
N.N.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 /16 20 = 1 216 = 65,536 216 – 2 = 65,534
N.N.10000000.00000000 255.255.128.0 /17 21 = 2 215 = 32,768 215 – 2 = 32,766
N.N.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 /18 22 = 4 214 = 16,384 214 – 2 = 1,.382
N.N.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.0 /19 23 = 8 213 = 8,192 213 – 2 = 8,190
N.N.11110000.00000000 255.255.240.0 /20 24 = 16 212 = 4,096 212 – 2 = 4,094
N.N.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0 /21 25 = 32 211 = 2,048 211 - 2 = 2,046
N.N.11111100.00000000 255.255.252.0 /22 26 = 64 210 = 1,024 210 – 2 = 1,022
N.N.11111110.00000000 255.255.254.0 /23 27 = 128 29 = 512 29 – 2 = 510
N.N.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 28 = 256 28 = 256 28 – 2 = 254
N.N.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 29 = 512 27 = 128 27 – 2 = 126
N.N.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 210 = 1,024 26 = 64 26 – 2 = 62
N.N.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 211 = 2,048 25 = 32 25 – 2 = 30
N.N.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 212 = 4,096 24 = 16 24 – 2 = 14
N.N.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 213 = 8,192 23 = 8 23 – 2 = 6
N.N.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 214 = 16,384 22 = 4 22 – 2 = 2
CLASS A POSSIBLE SUBNET MASKS
x y y
Binary (N.H.H.H) Decimal CIDR # Subnets (2 ) Block Size (2 ) # Hosts (2 - 2)
0 22 22
N.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0 /8 2 =1 2 = 16,777,216 2 – 2 = 16,777,214
1 23 23
N.10000000.00000000.00000000 255.128.0.0 /9 2 =2 2 = 8,388,608 2 – 2 = 8,388,606
2 22 22
N.11000000.00000000.00000000 255.192.0.0 /10 2 =4 2 = 4,194,304 2 – 2 = 4,194,302
3 21 21
N.11100000.00000000.00000000 255.224.0.0 /11 2 =8 2 = 2,097,152 2 – 2 = 2,097,150
4 20 20
N.11110000.00000000.00000000 255.240.0.0 /12 2 = 16 2 = 1,048,576 2 – 2 = 1,048,574
5 19 19
N.11111000.00000000.00000000 255.248.0.0 /13 2 = 32 2 = 524,288 2 – 2 = 524,286
6 18 18
N.11111100.00000000.00000000 255.252.0.0 /14 2 = 64 2 = 262,144 2 – 2 = 262,142
7 17 17
N.11111110.00000000.00000000 255.254.0.0 /15 2 = 128 2 = 131,072 2 – 2 = 131,070
8 16 16
N.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 /16 2 = 256 2 = 65,536 2 – 2 = 65,534
9 15 15
N.11111111.10000000.00000000 255.255.128.0 /17 2 = 512 2 = 32,768 2 – 2 = 32,766
10 14 14
N.11111111.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 /18 2 = 1,024 2 = 16,384 2 – 2 = 1,.382
11 13 13
N.11111111.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.0 /19 2 = 2,048 2 = 8,192 2 – 2 = 8,190
12 12 12
N.11111111.11110000.00000000 255.255.240.0 /20 2 = 4,096 2 = 4,096 2 – 2 = 4,094
13 11 11
N.11111111.11111000.00000000 255.255.248.0 /21 2 = 8,192 2 = 2,048 2 - 2 = 2,046
14 10 10
N.11111111.11111100.00000000 255.255.252.0 /22 2 = 16,384 2 = 1,024 2 – 2 = 1,022
15 9 9
N.11111111.11111110.00000000 255.255.254.0 /23 2 = 32,768 2 = 512 2 – 2 = 510
16 8 8
N.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24 2 = 65,536 2 = 256 2 – 2 = 254
17 7 7
N.11111111.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128 /25 2 = 131,072 2 = 128 2 – 2 = 126
18 6 6
N.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26 2 = 262,144 2 = 64 2 – 2 = 62
19 5 5
N.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224 /27 2 = 524,288 2 = 32 2 – 2 = 30
20 4 4
N.11111111.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240 /28 2 = 1,048,576 2 = 16 2 – 2 = 14
21 3 3
N.11111111.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248 /29 2 = 2,097,152 2 =8 2 –2=6
22 2 2
N.11111111.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252 /30 2 = 4,194,304 2 =4 2 –2=2
Understanding IPv4 Addresses
• An IP Address is a logical address used in order to
uniquely identify a device on an IP network.
• It’s a Network Layer Address
• There are Two Versions:
– IP version 4 (IPv4)
– IP version 6 (IPv6)
• This course focuses on IPv4 Addresses
• Made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divided into a network portion and a
host portion with the help of a subnet mask.
– The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits).
– Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot).
– For this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted decimal format.
• An IP address is broken down into two parts:

– Network Address
• Uniquely identifies each network
– Your Street Name: 7682 Wilshire Drive
– Host Address
• Uniquely identifies each machine on a network
– Your House Address: 4682 Wilshire Drive
• Network Address + Host Address = IP Address

• 4682 + Wilshire Drive = 4682 Wilshire Drive
• Each device on a network is assigned an IP address,
subnet mask and default gateway:
– IP Address: Unique logical address assigned to each device on a network.
– Subnet mask: Used by the device to determine what subnet it’s on.
– Default Gateway: The router’s IP address that allows the device to
communicate outside it’s local subnet.
IP Address Anatomy
Basics of Binary Math
• Lecture Goals
– Convert Binary to Decimal
– Convert Decimal to Binary
Basic of Binary Math
• Why is it important?
– We need to know basic binary math to
perform subnetting
• Remember This
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255
What is the binary 11111111 in decimal?
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Decimal 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255 Decimal
Add the number where there is a “1”.

Add zero, when there is a “0”.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Decimal 128 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 170 Decimal

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Decimal 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 231 Decimal

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Decimal 128 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 131 Decimal

What is 192 in binary?
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 11000000
Decimal 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 192 Decimal
Start adding the numbers from left to right until you achieve the decimal amount you
are looking for!
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 = 11001010
Decimal 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 202 Decimal
are looking for!
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 = 00110110
Decimal 0 + 0 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 54 Decimal
are looking for!
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 = 01001100
Decimal 0 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 76 Decimal
are looking for!
IP Address Conversion Process
192. 168. 32. 4 Dotted Decimal

11000000. 10101000. 00100000. 00000100 Binary
1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet
Whether you are given an IP address in dotted decimal or binary format, follow the
respective process above for each octet one-by-one until you have completed the
process.
Note: Use your Windows calculator in Programmer mode to make the process
faster!
BINARY MATH WORKSHEET
CONVERSION CHART
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
1. CONVERT 11110000 TO DECIMAL
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
5. CONVERT 240 TO BINARY
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary =
Decimal + + + + + + + =
9. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY
192.168.98.18
10. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY:
01000010.11010010.11000110.11000101
BINARY MATH WORKSHEET ANSWER KEY
CONVERSION CHART
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 =
Decimal 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 240 Decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 =
Decimal 128 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 153 Decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 =
Decimal 0 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 107 Decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 =
Decimal 128 + 0 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 179 Decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 11110000 Binary
Decimal 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 10100011 Binary
Decimal 128 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 = 01011110 Binary
Decimal 0 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 =
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 11100001 Binary
Decimal 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 =
9. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY
192.168.98.18
 192 = 11000000
 168 = 10101000
 98 = 01100010
 18 = 00010010
Binary Format: 11000000. 10101000. 01100010. 00010010
10. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY:
01000010.11010010.11000110.11000101
 01000010 = 66
 11010010 = 210
 11000110 = 198
 11000101 = 197
Dotted Decimal Format: 66.210.198.197

IP Address Classes
Class Leading Network Remaining Number of Hosts Per Default
Bits Bits Bits Networks Network Subnet Mask
Class A 0 (1-126) 8 24 128 (27) 16,777,216 (224) 255.0.0.0
Class B 10 (128-191) 16 15 16,384 (214) 65,536(216) 255.255.0.0
Class C 110 (192-223) 24 8 2,097,152 (221) 256(28) 255.255.255.0
Class D 1110 (224-239) Not Not Not Not Not

(multicast) Defined Defined Defined Defined Defined
Class E 1111 (240-254) Not Not Not Not Not

(reserved) Defined Defined Defined Defined Defined
IP Address Classes (Simplified)
Class Network Bits Host Bits Address Range

A 8 24 1.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
B 16 16 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
C 24 8 192.0.0.0 – 233.255.255.255
Network and Host Bits
IP Addresses & Subnet Masks
Default Subnet Masks
• The Subnet Mask tells you which portion of the IP address identifies
the network and which portion of the address identifies the host.
• Below are default Class A, B and C Subnet Masks.

Let’s Practice
• What class are the following IP Addresses?
– IP Address: 9.10.40.15
– Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0
– IP Address: 135.240.110.100
– Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0
– IP Address: 200.200.10.5
– Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
CIDR Notation
• “Slash” Notation tells you how many bits are associated
with Subnet Mask
• It’s a shortcut way of telling us what the Subnet Mask is:
/8 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
/8 = 255.0.0.0
• 192.168.1.0 /24 = 255.255.255.0

• 10.1.0.0 /16 = 255.255.0.0
Understanding the Power of 2
• We use the power of 2 in IP addressing

and subnetting.
• It’s important to memorize the power of 2.
21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16
25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 28 = 256
29 = 512 210 = 1,024 211 = 2,048 212 = 4,096
Public versus Private IP Addresses
Public IP Addresses Private IP Addresses

• Original Design of Internet • “Unregistered” – Free for Use by
• Used “Registered” Public IP Anybody!
Addresses • Cannot be Used or Routed on a
• By Early 1990’s, the World was Public Network
Running out of Public IP Addresses • Used Within Organizations’ Private
• Private IP Addresses & Network Internal Networks
Address Translation (NAT) were • Utilizes NAT to “Speak” to Public
Born! Networks, aka the Internet!
Private IP Address Ranges
Class IP Address Range Network ID(s) (CIDR Notation) Number of Addresses
A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 10.0.0.0 /8 16,777,216 IP Addresses
• 1 Private Class A Network Per Network ID
B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.0.0 / 16 65,534 IP Addresses
• 16 Private Class B Networks Per Network ID
C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.0 /24 254 IP Addresses
• 256 Private Class C Networks Per Network ID
Why Subnet?
• Using default Class A, B and C subnets (called Classful IP
Addressing) is inefficient:
– Wastes unused IP Addresses (Public IP Addresses)
• Allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within

a single Class A, B, or C network.
– break a major network down into multiple smaller sub-networks,
i.e. subnets!
• Allows for more efficient routing via router summarization.

Fixed Length Subnetting
• We will begin learning about fixed length
subnetting, known as a fixed-length subnet
mask (FLSM)
Process of Subnetting
• We borrow host bits to create more sub-
networks (subnets) from a Class A, B, or C
network.
• When you borrow hosts bits:

– You create additional sub-networks, i.e. subnets
– You also decrease the amount of host IP
addresses available to use
How to Create Subnets
• Borrow bits from the host portion of an IP
address
– Each bit we borrow is equal to 21 Subnets
• Borrow 1 Bit = 21 = 2
• Borrow 2 Bits = 22 = 4
• Borrow 2 Bits = 23 = 8
• Etc.
Creating Subnets Visualized
Subnetting Questions
• To Create a Subnet, Answer the Following
Questions:
– How many subnets are needed?
– How many hosts do you need per subnet?
Class C Possible Subnets
Class B Possible Sunets
Class A Possible Subnets
Subnet Calculation Table (2h)
Subnet Hosts & Addresses Calculation
Table (2h)
Class C Example #1
• Details & Requirements
– Network Address: 192.168.1.0 Subnet #1 #2
– Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
– Requires 2 Subnets Network Address 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128
• How many host bit do we need to borrow? First Host IP 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.129
– 1 host bit, 21 = 2 Subnets
• How many addresses hosts per subnet?

Last Host IP 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.254
– 7 host bits left, 27 = 128 Addresses / Subnet
– 27 - 1= 126 Addresses / Subnet Broadcast Address 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.255
• What are the valid subnets?

– 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.1.128
• New Subnet Mask?

– 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
– 255.255.255.128 or /25
Network Simplified View
Network Detailed View

Class C Example #2
– Network Address: 192.168.1.0 Subnet Network /Subnet Host IP Broadcast
Address Addresses Address
– Requires 4 Subnets
1 192.168.1.0 1 thru 62 192.168.1.63
• How many host bit do we need to borrow?
– 2 host bit, 22 = 4 Subnets 2 192.168.1.64 65 thru 126 192.168.1.127
• How many addresses hosts per subnet? 3 192.168.1.128 129 thru 190 192.168.1.191
– 26 - 2= 62 Addresses / Subnet
4 192.168.1.192 193 thru 254 192.168.1.255
– 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.64, 192.168.1.128,
192.168.1.192

– 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
– 255.255.255.192 or /26
Network Simplified & Detail Views
Class C Example #3
– Network Address: 192.168.1.0 Subnet Network Host IP Broadcast
– Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 or /24
Address Addresses Address
– Requires 22 hosts / Subnet
1 192.168.1.0 1 thru 30 192.168.1.31
• How many host bit do we need to borrow?
– 3 host bits, 23 = 8 Subnets 2 192.168.1.32 33 thru 62 192.168.1.63
• How many addresses hosts per subnet? 3 192.168.1.64 65 thru 94 192.168.1.95

– 25 - 2= 30 Addresses / Subnet 4 192.168.1.96 97 thru 126 192.168.1.127
• What are the valid subnets? 5 192.168.1.128 129 thru 128 192.168.1.159
– .0, .32, .64, .96…….. .224
6 192.168.1.160 161 thru 190 192.168.1.191
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
– 255.255.255.224 or /27 7 192.168.1.192 193 thru 222 192.168.1.223
8 192.168.1.224 225 thru 254 192.168.1.255

Subnetting Class C Networks Practice Worksheet
1. You are given a 192.168.1.0 /24 Class C Network:
a. What is the default subnet mask?
b. You need to subnet it into 16 sub-networks, how many host bits do you need to borrow?
c. How many host bits will be left?
d. What is your new subnet mask?
e. How many hosts available per subnet?

2. You are given a 199.10.0.0 /24 Network:
a. What class is this network?
f. Complete the Table Below:

Subnet Network Address Host Range Broadcast Address
Subnetting Class C Networks Practice Worksheet
1. You are given a 192.168.1.0 /24 Class C Network:

255.255.255.0 or /24
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
24 = 16, which means we need to borrow 4 bits

8 – 4 = 4 host bit left

11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240 or /28

2h – 2 = 24 – 2 = 16 - 2 = 14 Hosts / Subnets
2. You are given a 199.10.0.0 /24 Network:
a. What class is this network?

Class C Network (N.N.N.H)
Need to borrow 3 Hosts Bits

8 – 3 = 5 Host Bits Left

11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 or 255.255.255.224 or /27

Block Size: 32
Hosts: 30 Hosts / Subnet
f. Complete the Table Below:

Subnet Network Address Host Range Broadcast Address
1 199.10.0.0 1 thru 30 199.10.0.31
2 199.10.0.32 33 thru 62 199.10.0.63
3 199.10.0.64 65 thru 94 199.10.0.95
4 199.10.0.96 97 thru 126 199.10.0.127
5 199.10.0.128 129 thru 158 199.10.0.159
6 199.10.0.160 161 thru 190 199.10.0.191
7 199.10.0.192 193 thru 222 199.10.0.223
8 199.10.0.224 225 thru 254 199.10.0.255
Subnetting Class B Networks
• The exact same process as before…
• Except we begin subnetting in the 3rd octet!
Class B Example #1

Last Host IP 136.18.127.254 136.18.255.254
– 15 host bits left, 215 = 32,768 Addresses /
Subnet Broadcast Address 136.18.127.255 136.18.255.255
– 215 - 2= 32,766 Addresses / Subnet

– 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
– 255.255.128.0 or /17

– Equation: 256 – Subnet Mask = 256 – 128 = 128
– 0 and 128 in 3rd Octet:
• 136.18.0.0 & 136.18.128.0
Class B Example #2
Details & Requirements
• Network Address: 155.14.0.0 Subnet Network /Subnet Host IP Broadcast
• Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 Address Addresses Address
• Requires 4 Subnets
1 155.14.0.0 155.14.0.1 to .63.254 155.14.63.255
How many host bit do we need to borrow?
• 2 host bit, 22 = 4 Subnets
2 155.14.64.0 155.14.64.1 to .127.254 155.14.127.255
How many addresses hosts per subnet?
• 14 host bits left, 214 = 16,384 Addresses / Subnet 3 155.14.128.0 155.14.128.1 to .191.254 155.14.191.255
• 214 - 2= 16,382 Addresses / Subnet
4 155.14.192.0 155.14.192.1 to .255.254 155.14.255.255
New Subnet Mask?
• 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
• 255.255.192.0 or /18
What are the valid subnets?

• Equation: 256 – Subnet Mask = 256 – 192 = 64
• 0, 64, 128 and 192 in 3rd Octet:
• 155.14.0.0, 155.14.64.0, 155.14.128.0, 155.14.192.0
Class B Example #3
• Requires 8,000 Hosts Per Subnet
1 155.14.0.0 155.14.0.1 to .31.254 155.14.31.255
• 13 host bits Required, 213 = 8,192 Addresses /
Subnet 2 155.14.32.0 155.14.32.1 to .63.254 155.14.63.255
3 155.14.64.0 155.14. to 155.14.
• 3 host bit, 23 = 8 Subnets 4 155.14.96.0 155.14. to 155.14.
New Subnet Mask?
• 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 5 155.14.128.0 155.14. to 155.14.
• 255.255.224.0 or /19
6 155.14.160.0 155.14. to 155.14.
7 155.14.192.0 155.14. to 155.14.
• 0, 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224 in 3rd Octet
8 155.14.224.0 155.14. to 155.14.255.255

Class B Example #3
• Requires 8,000 Hosts Per Subnet
1 155.14.0.0 155.14.0.1 to .31.254 155.14.31.255
• 13 host bits Required, 213 = 8,192 Addresses /
Subnet 2 155.14.32.0 155.14.32.1 to .63.254 155.14.63.255
3 155.14.64.0 155.14.64.1 to .95.254 155.14. 95.255
• 3 host bit, 23 = 8 Subnets 4 155.14.96.0 155.14.96.1 to .127.254 155.14.127.255
New Subnet Mask?
• 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 5 155.14.128.0 155.14.128.1 to .159.254 155.14.159.255
• 255.255.224.0 or /19
6 155.14.160.0 155.14.160.1 to .191.254 155.14.191.255
7 155.14.192.0 155.14.192.1 to .223.254 155.14.223.255
• 0, 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224 in 3rd Octet
8 155.14.224.0 155.14.224.1 to .255.254 155.14.255.255

Subnetting Class B Networks Practice Worksheet
1. You are given a 172.20.10.0 /16 Class B Network:
b. You need to subnet it into 64 sub-networks, how many host bits do you need to
borrow?

2. What is the subnet address and broadcast address of the following Class B Subnetted IP
Address: 172.14.50.10 /18
a. How many host bits were borrowed to create subnets and how many subnets were
created?
b. How many host bits remain and what is the address block size per subnet?
c. What is the subnet mask in dotted decimal format?
d. What are the valid subnets?
e. What is the subnet & broadcast address of 172.14.50.10 /18?
Subnet Subnet Address Host Range Broadcast Address

1 172.14. 172.14. 172.14.
2 172.14. 172.14. 172.14.
3 172.14. 172.14. 172.14.
4 172.14. 172.14. 172.14.
Subnetting Class B Networks Practice Worksheet
1. You are given a 172.20.10.0 /16 Class B Network:

255.255.0.0 or 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
b. You need to subnet it into 64 sub-networks, how many host bits do you need to
borrow?
26 = 64, so we need to borrow 6 host bits to create 64 subnets

16 – 6 = 10 Host Bits Remain

11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 = 255.255.252.0

210 – 2 = 1,022 Usable Hosts Address / Subnet
2. What is the subnet address and broadcast address of the following Class B Subnetted IP
Address: 172.14.50.10 /18  172.14.0.0 /16
a. How many host bits were borrowed to create subnets and how many subnets were
created?
2 host bits were borrowed. 22 = 4 subnets created
b. How many host bits remain and what is the address block size per subnet?
16 – 2 = 14 host bits remain. 214 = 16,384 Address Block Size / Subnet
c. What is the subnet mask in dotted decimal format?

11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 = 255.255.192.0
d. What are the valid subnets?

256 – 192 = 64 3rd Octet Block Size
Subnets: 0, 64, 128 and 192
e. What is the subnet & broadcast address of 172.14.50.10 /18?

Subnet Address: 172.14.0.0 and Broadcast Address: 172.14.63.255
Subnet Subnet Address Host Range Broadcast Address

1 172.14.0.0 172.14.0.1 to 63.254 172.14.63.255
2 172.14.64.0 172.14.64.1 to 127.254 172.14.127.255
3 172.14.128.0 172.14.128.1 to 191.254 172.14.191.255
4 172.14.192.0 172.14.192.1 to 255.254 172.14.255.255
Subnetting Class A Networks
• The exact same process as before…
• Except we begin subnetting in the 2nd octet!
Class A Example #1

Last Host IP 15.0.255.254 15.1.255.254
– 16 host bits left, 216 = 65,536 Addresses /
Subnet Broadcast Address 15.0.255.255 15.1.255.255
– 216 - 2= 65,534 Addresses / Subnet

– 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
– 255.255.0.0 or /16

– Equation: 256 – Subnet Mask = 256 – 255 = 1
– 0 to 255 in 3rd Octet:
Class A Example #2
• Network Address: 15.0.0.0 Subnet Subnet Host IP Broadcast
• Requires 4096 Subnets
1 15.0.0.0 15.0.0.1 to 15.0.15.254 15.0.15.255
• 12 host bit, 212 = 4,096 Subnets
2 15.0.16.0 15.0.16.1 to 15.0.31.254 15.0.31.255
• 12 host bits left, 212 = 4,096 Addresses / Subnet 3 15.0.32.0 15.0.32.1 to 15.0.47.254 15.0.47.255
• 212 - 2= 4,094 Hosts / Subnet
New Subnet Mask? ↓

• 11111111. 11111111.11110000.00000000
• 255.255.240.0 or /20
16 15.0.240.0 15.0.240.1 to 15.0.255.254 15.0.255.255
What are the valid subnets? 17 15.1.0.0 15.1.0.1 to 15.1.15.254 15.1.15.255

• 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 18 15.1.16.0 15.1.16.1 to 15.1.31.254 15.1.31.255
192, 208, 224, 240 in 3rd Octet  Increment 1 in 2nd
Octet and repeat sequence in 3rd Octet.
19 15.1.32.0 15.1.32.1 to 15.1.63.254 15.1.63.255
Introducing Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
1 Non-Subnetted Network
1 2
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
192.168.100.0 /25, 2 Subnets, 126 hosts / Subnet 192.168.1.100 /28, 16 Subnets, 14 Hosts / Subnet
Subnet ID Subnet Address Host Address Range Broadcast Address Subnet ID Subnet Address Host Address Range Broadcast Address
1 192.168.100.0 192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.126 192.168.100.127 1 192.168.100.0 192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.14 192.168.100.15
2 192.168.100.128 192.168.100.129 - 192.168.100.254 192.168.100.255 2 192.168.100.16 192.168.100.17 - 192.168.100.30 192.168.100.31
3 192.168.100.32 192.168.100.33 - 192.168.100.46 192.168.100.47
192.168.1.100 /26, 4 Subnets, 62 Hosts / Subnet 4 192.168.100.48 192.168.100.49 - 192.168.100.62 192.168.100.63
Subnet ID Subnet Address Host Address Range Broadcast Address 5 192.168.100.64 192.168.100.65 - 192.168.100.78 192.168.100.79
1 192.168.100.0 192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.62 192.168.100.63 6 192.168.100.80 192.168.100.81 - 192.168.100.94 192.168.100.95
2 192.168.100.64 192.168.100.65 - 192.168.100.126 192.168.100.127 7 192.168.100.96 192.168.100.97 - 192.168.100.110 192.168.100.111
3 192.168.100.128 192.168.100.129 - 192.168.100.190 192.168.100.191 8 192.168.100.112 192.168.100.113 - 192.168.100.126 192.168.100.127
4 192.168.100.192 192.168.100.193 - 192.168.100.254 192.168.100.255 9 192.168.100.128 192.168.100.129 - 192.168.100.142 192.168.100.143
10 192.168.100.144 192.168.100.145 - 192.168.100.158 192.168.100.159
192.168.1.100 /27, 8 Subnets, 30 Hosts / Subnet 11 192.168.100.160 192.168.100.161 - 192.168.100.174 192.168.100.175
Subnet ID Subnet Address Host Address Range Broadcast Address 12 192.168.100.176 192.168.100.177 - 192.168.100.190 192.168.100.191
1 192.168.100.0 192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.30 192.168.100.31 13 192.168.100.192 192.168.100.193 - 192.168.100.206 192.168.100.207
2 192.168.100.32 192.168.100.33 - 192.168.100.62 192.168.100.63 14 192.168.100.208 192.168.100.209 - 192.168.100.222 192.168.100.223
3 192.168.100.64 192.168.100.65 - 192.168.100.94 192.168.100.95 15 192.168.100.224 192.168.100.225 - 192.168.100.238 192.168.100.239
4 192.168.100.96 192.168.100.97 - 192.168.100.126 192.168.100.127 16 192.168.100.240 192.168.100.241 - 192.168.100.254 192.168.100.255
5 192.168.100.128 192.168.100.129 - 192.168.100.158 192.168.100.159
6 192.168.100.160 192.168.100.161 - 192.168.100.190 192.168.100.191
7 192.168.100.192 192.168.100.193 - 192.168.100.222 192.168.100.223
8 192.168.100.224 192.168.100.225 - 192.168.100.254 192.168.100.255

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POWER OF 2’S TABLE

DEFAULT SUBNET MASK

Class Format Default Subnet Mask

BINARY MATH TABLE

SUBNET MASK TABLE

Host Bits Borrowed 2x Number of Subnets Created

SUBNET HOSTS & ADDRESSES CALCUALTION TABLE (2 X )

Host Bits Left 2h Hosts / Subnet (2h – 2) Addresses / Subnet (2h)

CLASS B POSSIBLE SUBNET MASKS

• An IP address is broken down into two parts:

• Network Address + Host Address = IP Address

Add the number where there is a “1”.

Add the number where there is a “1”.

Add the number where there is a “1”.

Add the number where there is a “1”.

192. 168. 32. 4 Dotted Decimal

1. CONVERT 11110000 TO DECIMAL

2. CONVERT 10011001 TO DECIMAL

3. CONVERT 01101011 TO DECIMAL

4. CONVERT 10110011 TO DECIMAL

5. CONVERT 240 TO BINARY

8. CONVERT 225 TO BINARY

9. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY

10. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY:

1. CONVERT 11110000 TO DECIMAL

2. CONVERT 10011001 TO DECIMAL

3. CONVERT 01101011 TO DECIMAL

4. CONVERT 10110011 TO DECIMAL

5. CONVERT 240 TO BINARY

8. CONVERT 225 TO BINARY

9. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY

Binary Format: 11000000. 10101000. 01100010. 00010010

10. CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IP ADDRESS FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY:

Dotted Decimal Format: 66.210.198.197

Class A 0 (1-126) 8 24 128 (27) 16,777,216 (224) 255.0.0.0

Class B 10 (128-191) 16 15 16,384 (214) 65,536(216) 255.255.0.0

Class C 110 (192-223) 24 8 2,097,152 (221) 256(28) 255.255.255.0

Class D 1110 (224-239) Not Not Not Not Not

Class E 1111 (240-254) Not Not Not Not Not

Class Network Bits Host Bits Address Range

• Below are default Class A, B and C Subnet Masks.

• 192.168.1.0 /24 = 255.255.255.0

• We use the power of 2 in IP addressing

Public IP Addresses Private IP Addresses

• Allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within

• Allows for more efficient routing via router summarization.

• When you borrow hosts bits:

• How many addresses hosts per subnet?

• What are the valid subnets?

• New Subnet Mask?

Network Detailed View

• New Subnet Mask?

• How many addresses hosts per subnet? 3 192.168.1.64 65 thru 94 192.168.1.95

8 192.168.1.224 225 thru 254 192.168.1.255

a. What is the default subnet mask?

c. How many host bits will be left?

d. What is your new subnet mask?

e. How many hosts available per subnet?