.FIBRATION$ AND YON.

EDA'S ~EMMA IN A 2-CATEGORY

by

~o~$ Street

Our purpose is to provide w i t h i n a 2-category a conceptual proof of a set-free

version of the Yoneda lemma using the theory of f i b r a t i o n s . In doing so we carry

many d e f i n i t i o n s of category theory i n t o a 2-category and prove in t h i s more general

s e t t i n g results already f a m i l i a r for CAT.

The La J o l l a a r t i c l e s of Lawvere [ 5 ] and Gray [ 2 ] have strongly influenced t h i s

work. Both a r t i c l e s are w r i t t e n in styles which allow easy transfer i n t o a 2-

category. However, they also f r e e l y use the fact that CAT is cartesian closed, a

luxury we do not allow ourselves.

The 2-category is required to s a t i s f y an elementary completeness condition

amounting to the existence of 2-pullbacks and comma objects. This relates the

2-category closely to a 2-category of category objects in a category. Such con-

siderations appear in ~1 and were considered by Gray [ 3 ] .

Fibrations over B appear in ~2 as pseudo algebras f o r a 2-monad on the 2-

category of objects over B. This 2-monad is of a special kind distinguished by

Kock [ 4 ] . We define lax algebras and lax homomorphisms for general 2-monads and

provide a l t e r n a t i v e descriptions of pseudo algebras and l a x homomorphisms for the

special 2-monads. We are able then to give an equivalent d e f i n i t i o n of f i b r a t i o n

generalizing the s e t t i n g for the Chevalley c r i t e r i o n of Gray [ 2 ] p 56.

In order to eliminate the need f o r our 2-category to be cartesian closed in the

remainder of our work we are led to introduce an extra v a r i a b l e ; we must consider

b i f i b r a t i o n s from A to B rather than f i b r a t i o n s over B. A p a r t i c u l a r class of spans

from A to B, called covering spans, is introduced in ~3. As with t h e i r analogue in

topology, covering spans are b i f i b r a t i o n s . Furthermore, any arrow of spans between

covering spans is a homomorphism. In the case of CAT, b i f i b r a t i o n s correspond to

category-valued functors and the l a s t sentence r e f l e c t s the fact that covering

spans correspond to those functors which are discrete-category-valued; that i s ,

 105

set-valued. With this interpretation of covering spans as set-valued functors, we

see that Corollary 16 is a generalization of the Yoneda lemma of category theory.

The concept of Kan extension of functors is one of the most f r u i t f u l concepts

of category theory, and the definition just begs translation into a 2-category.

This has already been used to some extent (see [6] and [ 7 ] ) . But the Kan extensions

of functors which occur in practice are all pointwise (using the terminology of

Dubuc [ I ] ) . Using comma objects we define pointwise extensions in a 2-category in @4.

Note that, in general, for the 2-category V-Cat, this definition does not agree with

Dubuc's; ours is too strong (we hope to remedy this by passing to some related 2-

category). For V=Sct and V=2, the definitions do agree; for V=AbGp and V=C~t, they

do not. The closing section gives some applications of the Yoneda lemma and

fibration theory to pointwise extensions i l l u s t r a t i n g their many pleasing properties.

 106

11. Representable 2 - c a t e g o r i e s .

Let A denote a c a t e g o r y . A span from A to B in A i s a diagram

(uo,S,ul):

When no confusion is l i k e l y , we a b b r e v i a t e (u0,S,uz) to S; then the reverse

span (uI,S,Uo) is a b b r e v i a t e d to S*. Also we i d e n t i f y an arrow u:A---+ B

w i t h the span (1,A,u) from A to B. An arrow o f spans

f : ( u o , S , u 1) , (u~,S',u~) is a commutative diagram

Let SPN(A,B) denote the category of spans from A to B and t h e i r arrows.

When A has p u l l b a c k s , a span (uo,S,u 1) from A to B and a span (v0,T,v 1)

from B to C have a composite span (uo~o,ToS,vl~l) from A to C where the

f o l l o w i n g square i s a pullback.
A
Ul
ToS >" T
Ivo
S >-B
Ul

If f : S - - - - ~ S' is an arrow o f spans from A to 13 and g:T ~ T' i s an arrow o f

spans from B to C then the arrow gof:ToS ; T'oS' induced on p u l l b a c k s i s an

arrow o f spans,

An opspan from A to B in A is a span from A to B in A°P; however,

arrows o f opspans are arrows o f diagrams in A,

Suppose A has pullbacks. A category object A in A c o n s i s t s of the

following data from A:

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- an object Ao;

- a span (do,Ai,d I ) from Ao to Ao;

- arrows of spans i:(1,Ao,l) ~ (do,Ai,dz),

A A
c:(dodo,AloAl,dldl) ~ (do,Ai,dl);

such that the f o l l o w i n g diagrams commute

1oi iol 1oc

Ai AioAI< Ai AzoAIoA1 ~, AloA i

1 ALoA1 ~ A1

A functorial arrow f:A ~ B consists of an arrow fo:Ao ~ Bo and an arrow of

spans f i : ( f o d o , A l , f o d i ) - - - + (do,Bl,di) such that the following commutes

Ao i ~. Ai < c AIoA I

fo flofl

Bo ..... i ~ Bi < c BI°B1

If f,~':A. , B are f u n c t o r i a l arrows, a transformation from to f' is an

arrow of spans n : ( f o , A o , f ~) ~ (do,Bi,di) such that the f o l l o w i n g diagram

commutes

(ndl)Ofl
A1 ) BIoB1

' ° ndol Ic
BI°BI c '" BI

With the natural compositions we obtain a 2-category CAT(A) of category objects in

A.
A category object A in A is determined up to isomorphism by the contra-

v a r i a n t category-valued functor on A which assigns to each object X of A the

category whose source and target functions are A(X,do), A ( X , d i ) : A(A,AI) '" A(X,A0)

and whose i d e n t i t i e s and composition are determined by the functions A(X,i),

A(X,c). Indeed, we have described the object f u n c t i o n of a 2 - f u l l y - f a i t h f u l 2-

functor
 108

CAT(A) ~ [A°P,cAT] .

Henceforth we work in a 2-category K. By "span" we shall mean "span in the

category Ko".

A oo~a ob#eo~ f o r the opspan (r,D,s) from A to B is a span (do,r/s,d I )

from A to B together with a 2 - c e l l

dl
r/s ) B

A ~ D
r

s a t i s f y i n g the f o l l o w i n g two conditions

- f o r any span (u0,S,ul) from A to B, composition with yields a

bijection

S S. ul ~B

U0 Ul 1 C%)L IS
, , uo

r s r

between arrows o f spans f and 2 - c e l l s ~;

- given 2 - c e l l s ~,n such t h a t t h e two c o m p o s i t e s

r/s do ~ A r ~D S f r/s do

S ~. r / s >B r/s-----~r-)--B ~- D
f, dz U l S
#
are equal, then there exists a unique 2-cell S~_~r/s such that
f,
= do@, q = d1@.

In non-elementary terms, r/s is defined by a 2-natural isomorphism

K(S,r/s) ~ K(S,r)/K(S,s),

where the expression on the r i g h t hand side is the usual comma category of the

functors K ( S , r ) , K(S,s).

The comma object of the i d e n t i t y opspan (1,A,I) from A to A is denoted by

@A. I t is defined by a 2-natural isomorphism

 109

2
K(S,~A) ~ K(S,A) ,

and so is the cotensor in K of the category 2 with the object A. When "#A

exists f o r each object A and when K has 2-pullbacks we say that K is a

representable 2-category (Gray [ 3 ] uses "strongly representable").

Example. If A has pullbacks then K = CATIA) is a representable 2-category. / /

@comma objects in K are comma objects in K°p. In a 2-category which is

both representable and oprepresentable, ~ has a l e f t 2 - a d j o i n t # and any l i m i t

which e x i s t s in K0 is automatically a 2-1imit in K.

Proposition i. In a representable 2-category each opspan has a comma object.

Proof. The formula is r / s : s*otDor.

// I
In a representable 2-category, an i d e n t i t y 2-cell A ~ I~A corresponds to an
I
arrow i:A ~ tA, and the composite 2-cell

~Ao~A

~A tA

corresponds to an arrow ~Ao~A c ~>A. For each arrow f:A , B, the 2 - c e l l

~od
~ A ~ A f~ B corresponds to an arrow ~f:~A ~ ~B.
dl
Proposition 2. In a representable 2-category the following results hold.

(a) For each object A, the arrows i,c enrich d0,d1:~A ~A to a category

object A in K 0.

(b) For each arrow f:A .....

~ B, the pair of arrows f,tf constitute a functorial

arrow f:a ~ B.
f
(c) For each 2-cell A ~ . ~ . _ ~ B, the corresponding arrow a'A ~ ~B is a trans-
f,
formation from to f'.

(d) The assignment

 110

f ~f
~ 7~'B
f, f,

defines a 2 - f u n c t o r from K to CATIKo),

Proof. (a) For each o b j e c t X, IK(X,A)21~ ]K(X,A) I are the source and t a r g e t

functions f o r the category K(X,A); so Ko(X,@A)-'--T Ko(X,A) are the source and

t a r g e t f u n c t i o n s f o r a category, f u n c t o r i a l l y in X. So @ A ~ A c a r r i e s the

s t r u c t u r e o f a category object in K0. I t is r e a d i l y checked t h a t t h i s s t r u c t u r e

agrees with t h a t o f the p r o p o s i t i o n .

(b) For each X, ( K o ( X , f ) , Ko(X,@f) ) corresponds to the f u n c t o r

K(X,f): K(X,A) ~ K(X,B).

(c) S i m i l a r l y , Ko(X,~) corresponds to the natural transformation

K(X,~): K(X,f) ~ K(X,f').

(d) What we have shown is that the composite

K ~ CAT(Ko) > [Ko°P,CAT]

is the Yoneda embedding, a well-known 2 - f u n c t o r . I t f o l l o w s t h a t the f i r s t arrow is

a 2-functor.//

§2. Lax algebras and f i b r a t i o n s

Suppose D is a 2-monad on a 2-category C and l e t i:i ~ D, c:DD ~D

denote the u n i t and m u l t i p l i c a t i o n . A lax D-algebra consists of an object E,

an arrow c:DE ~ E and 2 - c e l l s

cE
E D2E ..... )~ DE

iE ~ Dc

DE ~ E DE
c c

in the 2-category C such that the composites

 111

i
DE ...... > DE

c ~Dc @ (1): D E ~ E (2):

c

c
1

CDE CDE
(3) D3E • D2E D3E ~ D2E

DE
c c

are equal as indicated. A pseudo D-algebra is a lax D-algebra in which ~,0 are

isomorphisms. A normalized lax D-algebra has ~ an i d e n t i t y 2 - c e l l . A

D-algebra is a lax D-algebra with both ~,0 identities. Of course, for any E

in C, DE with CE:D2E ~ DE is the free D-algebra on E.

Kock [ 4] has distinguished those 2-monads D with the property that

c -~iD in the 2-functor 2-category [C,C] with i d e n t i t y counit. Then the

c.Di
i d e n t i t y modification D~,~ D corresponds under the adjunction to a
I
Di
modification D , ~ D2 . Suppose E is a lax D-algebra such that ~ is an
iD
isomorphism with inverse ~, and consider the composite
DiE c.Dc
D E ~ D2E ~ E .

iDE cc E

On the one hand, el E = (CCEiE)(e.Di E) = e.Di E = c.D~.

On the other hand, 01E = (eiDE)(C.DC.1 E) = (Cc)(c.DC.~E).

 112

So we have the e q u a l i t y

DiE Dc. Di E
D E ~ D2E Dc ~ DE c ~E c) E
(4)
= D E ' D E
I
c I

The next proposition generalizes s l i g h t l y some of Kock's r e s u l t s ; he considers

the normalized case.

Proposition 3. Suppose D is a 2-monad with the Kock property and suppose

the 2-cell

DE c ~E

is an isomorphism with inverse ~ satisfying equality (4). Then:

(a) ~ is the counit for an a~junction c ---AiE with unit given by the
composite
i

°EC °2E Dc °E
41E / iE

c. Dc
(b) the 2-cell D 2 E C ~0 ~ E corresponding under adjunction to the identity
iDE-i E c.c E
2-cell E C I ~ D2E is unique with the property that the equality (1)
DiE.iE
holds;
 113

(c) this 2-cell 0 enriches E,C,~ with the structure of pseudo D-algebra.

Proof. (a) Let denote the composite 2 - c e l l displayed in (a). E q u a l i t y (4)

gives ~-c.c~ = 1. Since the composite ~EiE is the i d e n t i t y , we also have

iE~-.~i E = I.
(b) Let T denote the composite

I i~- Dc
DE ~-DE u b ~ D2E___r._...~,DE c dE

Then the 2 - c e l l @ described in (b) is the composite

DiDE
Dc Dc c
D2E D3E E • D2E ~ DE • E

ID2E iD ~ c

DE

The 2 - n a t u r a l i t y of i:1 , D implies the e q u a l i t y i E~c = D-#.DC.iDE, from

which i t e a s i l y f o l l o w s t h a t % = ~c. Using t h i s and the equations CEiDE = i ,

IDEiDE = 1, we deduce the e q u a l i t y (1).

To prove uniqueness, suppose 8 satisfies (1). The 2 - c e l l corresponding to

e under adjunction is the composite

(uni t)iDE i E Di E" i ESi DEi E •

iDEi E ~ DiE.iEC.DC.iDEi E ~ DiE.iEccEiDEIE

DiE. i E ( c o u n i t )
DiE.i E.

So ( I ) implies t h a t t h i s composite is independent of @. For one such @ the

composite is the i d e n t i t y , so the composite is the i d e n t i t y f o r a l l such 0. So

0 is unique.

(c) Clearly @ is an isomorphism, so i t remains to show t h a t @ satisfies (2)

 114

and (3). E q u a l i t y (2) f o l l o w s from the equations CE.Di E = 1, c.Dc.DCE, tDE.DiE =

c.Dc. DCE.DiDE.t E = c. Dc.t E , • = ~c and (4). By the n a t u r a l i t y of " r e p l a c i n g

arrows by t h e i r r i g h t a d j o i n t s " , e q u a l i t y (3) holds since i d e n t i t y 2 - c e l l s appear

in the squares o f the transformed e q u a l i t y . / /

A lax homomorphism o f l a x D-algebras from E to E' c o n s i s t s of an arrow

f:E , E' and a 2 - c e l l

c
DE ~ E

DE. . . . ~ E'
c

in C such t h a t the composites

c
DE ~E
DE

(5) E m E
I . DE'.----=---~ E' i

cE cE
D2E ,L DE D2E )-DE

D2f c
(6) = D2E ' ~-DE' I
,I, Def IDf

Dc"~ DE' DE' ~, E'

c c

are equal as i n d i c a t e d . A l a x homomorphism f is called a pseudo homomorphism

when ef i s an isomorphism, and i s c a l l e d a homomorphism when 8f i s an i d e n t i t y .
 115

Proposition 4. Suppose D is a 2-monad with the Kock property and suppose

f:E ~ E' is an arrow between pseudo D-algebras. Then the 2-cell ef:c. Df ~ fc
which corresponds under adjunction to the identity 2-cell l:Df.iE----~ i E , . f is

unique with the property that equality (5) holds, Furthermore, this 9f enriches

f with the structure of lax homomorphism.

Proof. Suppose 9f is as explained in the proposition. Equality (5) holds

since both the 2-cells ciE,f ~ f correspond to the i d e n t i t y 2-cell
iE,f 1 ~ iE,f under adjunction (recall that ~ is the counit for c ---~ iE,)-
On the other hand, suppose 9f satisfies (5). Then 9f corresponds under
adjunction to the composite

~.Df.i E iE,Ofi E iE,f~-

Df.i E ~ iE,c. Df.i E iE,fci E •iE,f ,

which is independent of @f by (5); so 9f is unique. Finally, Of satisfies

(6) since both the 2-cells c. Dc. D2f fcc E correspond under adjunction to the

i d e n t i t y 2-cell D2f. iDE,iE = iDE,.iE, f i DiE,.iE, f (recall that

8:c.Dc ~ cc E corresponds to I:iDEiE-~-* DiE.iE). / /
For convenience we henceforth work in a representable 2-category K.

Proposition 5. Suppose f:A ~ B is an arrow with a right adjoint u,

counit ~ and unit ~. For any arrow g:C ........

>, B, the arrow v:C ~ f/g

corresponding to the 2-cell ~g is a right adjoint for dl:f/g ~ C with

counit the identity and unit B:I ~ vd I defined by the equations

d0~ = u~.qd0 , d1~ = i.

Proof. Using s f . f q = I, we see that the two composite 2-cells
 116

A , A ~ B f/g ~ f/g ~A

f/g ~ C ..... ~ f/g ~C f/g ~ C~----~-*-B

\d I v /~' dI dI
\ /
I

are equal; so there e x i s t s a unique 2 - c e l l ~ as asserted. Using ue.nu = 1, we

also see t h a t 6v = I. So 6 is a u n i t f o r dI ~ v with i d e n t i t y c o u n i t . / /

Corollary 6. For any arrow p:E ~ B, the arrow do:p/B ~ E has a left adjoint

ip with unit the identity. Explicitly,p ip is the unique arrow whose composite

with h is the identity 2-cell E~B.

P

Proof. Since I:B > B has a l e f t a d j o i n t , a dual of the proposition y i e l d s the

result.//

Corolla~# 7. An a r r o w f:A , B Foe a right adjoint if and only if the arrow

dz:f/B ~ B has a right adjoint. In this case there is a right adjoint for dz

with counit the identity.

Proof. If d I --4 v we can compose with i f --~ d o of C o r o l l a r y 6 to obtain

f = dlif --I dov. The converse and the l a s t sentence f o l l o w d i r e c t l y from

Proposition 5.//
C o r o l l a r y 4 applied to p = i B gives i as l e f t a d j o i n t f o r .do:@B , B.
la
The u n i t o f t h i s adjunction is the i d e n t i t y and the c o u n i t @B,.~@B is the
1
2 - c e l l defined by the equations d o t o = I , d l t o = ~. D u a l l y , d1:@B , B has i
I
as r i g h t a d j o i n t w i t h c o u n i t the i d e n t i t y and u n i t t B ~ @ B defined by
v
idl
d o t l = h, d l t I = 1. Using the 2-pullback property o f the square
A
dl

@B J, B ,
dl
 117

loi
we see t h a t d l t o = 1 = do~ I i m p l y the e x i s t e n c e o f a u n i q u e 2 - c e l l @B . ~ @ B o ~ B
iol
A A
such that dol = t o , dlt = tl,

Proposition 8. (a) The composite 2-cell

loi
c
~B ~ tBo~B ~, <~B
iol
1
is the identity 2-cell @B~C@B
1
(b) The composite 2-cell

loi
B • @B @Bo@B
ioi
ioi
is the identity 2-cell B~ . ~ 1~~ @Bo@B
ioi
(c) The arrow c:@BotB----+ tB is left adjoint to iol with counit the identity

and with unit given by the composite

Proof. (a) This f o l l o w s from t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s

A A
docl = dodot = dot o = 1, dlCt = dldlt = d11 1 = i .

(b) This follows from t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s

A A
dot.i = ~o i = I i , dlti = 11i = I i .

(c) Using ( a ) , we have

c(loc)(tol) = c(col)(tol) = c(ciol) = Ic;

and u s i n g ( b ) , we have

(loc)(~ol)(iol) = (loc)(tiol) = (loc)lioio I = lioc(iol) = i i.

So c - ~ iol with counit and unit as stated.//
Let KB denote the comma object of the opspan
 118

K 1

in 2-CAT. So KB is the 2-category whose objects are pairs (E,p) where p:E - , B

is an arrow in K, whose arrows f:(E,p) ~ (E',p') are arrows f:E E' in K

f
such t h a t p ' f = p, and whose 2 - c e l l s (E,p)~(E',p') are 2 - c e l l s E ~ E '
v
g g
in K such t h a t p'o = lp. We o f t e n w r i t e E for (E,p).

Let L:K B ~ KB denote the 2 - f u n c t o r given by:

f fib
(E,P)~$o I(E',P ) I ( p / B , d l ) ~ (P'/B,dl);
v
g g/B
A
or, in o t h e r words, L(E,p) = (tBop,dlp , Lf = 1of, L~ = io~. Let i:l L,

c:L 2 >L denote the 2-natural transformations w i t h (E,p)-components

iol col
E ~¢Bop , ~Bo~BoE ~ ~BoE .

The diagrams which say t h a t (see Proposition 2 ( a ) ) is a category o b j e c t p r e c i s e l y

say t h a t L is a 2-monad on KB with u n i t i and m u l t i p l i c a t i o n c. Moreover,

Proposition 8 shows t h a t L has the Kock property so that Propositions 3 and 4

apply.

An arrow p:E ~B is c a l l e d a O-fibration over B when (E,p) supports

the s t r u c t u r e of pseudo L-algebra. The O - f i b r a t i o n is c a l l e d split when (E,p)

supports the s t r u c t u r e of an L-algebra.

Proposition 9. (Chevalley criterion]. The arrow p:E > B is a O-fibration

over B if and only if the arrow p : ~ E ....~ p / B corresponding to the 2-cell

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Pdl
OE :, B

doI
E >B
P

has a l e f t a ~ ' o i n t w i t h u n i t an isomorphism.

Proof. Suppose (E,p) is a pseudo L-algebra. The c o u n i t of C o r o l l a r y 6 is

r e a d i l y seen to be

(id0)ol
p/B = ~BoE ~ o o 1 ~ ~BoE = p/B
1
t h i s 2 - c e l l corresponds to an arrow k:p/B ~ ~(p/B). Let £ be the composite

p/B k , {(p/B) ~c ~ {E. One r e a d i l y v e r i f i e s that p£ = k(C%E). Let

i
p/Bq~.~p/B denote the 2 - c e l l L( ; i t is an isomorphism. Let ~E.~__~E
~z 1
denote the unique 2 - c e l l s a t i s f y i n g dos = ~ d 0 , d i s : ( ~ d 1 ) ( c p 1 1 ) . (Note t h a t

pi = iE). By applying do,d I to pe.qp i t is r e a d i l y seen t h a t pe.qp = I.

Also do(e£.£q) = 1 is immediate. To complete the proof t h a t l-q ~ with

counit c and u n i t q, we must show t h a t d l ( s Z . £ n ) = I. But dz(sl.l~) =

(TdlZ)(cplzZ)(cL~).

From the c a l c u l a t i o n s
A
doP11£ = do11£ = ~l = ~.~c.k = c~k = C(~ool) = C(dool)(1ol) = do(loc)(1ol),

diPli£ = ~p.dl~i£ = l~(pc)k = Idi k = Idi = di(liol ) = di(dlol)(lol) = di(loc)(iol),

we deduce t h a t p l i £ = ( l o c ) ( ~ o l ) = Lc.1E. So, by c o n d i t i o n (4), we have

di(eZ.Zn) = (~c)(c. LC. IE)(CL~) = 1.

Conversely, suppose £--~p with counit ~ and isomorphism u n i t n. Since

Z~p with counit ~ and di --[ i w i t h c o u n i t 1, we have di£- ~ pi = i E

with c o u n i t dlei:d1£Pi ~ d i i = 1. So put c equal to the composite

dz
p/B ~ @E ~ E and ~= di~i. I t is r e a d i l y checked t h a t the composite
 120

p/B

E i ~ B E ~ ~ . ~ BE
1

is an isomorphism w i t h inverse the composite

E
Z > BE
~
p/B ~ p/B ~ E > BE

BE , ,
1

So ~ is an isomorphism. The e q u a l i t y (4) f o r Proposition 3 f o l l o w s e a s i l y .

So E is a pseudo L - a l g e b r a . / /

Compare the above p r o p o s i t i o n with Gray [ 2 ] p.56; so we have r e l a t e d the

d e f i n i t i o n of O - f i b r a t i o n here with the d e f i n i t i o n of o p f i b r a t i o n in [2] when

K = Cat. Notice t h a t the u n i t of the adjunction 1 --IP f o r Gray is not j u s t

an isomorphism but an i d e n t i t y . I t is worth poiHting out the reason f o r t h i s since

we w i l l need the observation in the next paper. A O-fibration will be c a l l e d

normal when there is a normalized pseudo L-algebra s t r u c t u r e on i t . In Cat every

O - f i b r a t i o n is normal, but in other 2-categories t h i s need not be the case. In

the proof of the Chevalley c r i t e r i o n , if ~ is an i d e n t i t y then so is q. So,

for a normal O-fibra~ion, p:BE , p/B h a a l e f t a d j o i ~ t with u~it an ide~J~Cty.

For any arrow g:B' , B, " p u l l i n g back along g" is a 2 - f u n c t o r g * : K ~ KB,;

 121

f o r each E in KB, the diagram

A
g
g*E

B'
g

is a pullback. The c o m p o s i t e 2 - c e l l

dl
~/B' B ~

°°I g*E A ) BI

E "
P
V
induces an arrow of spans gE:

A
p/B',

~/ p~;~\
t/o \',,
E B'
V
f o r each E in KB. One r e a d i l y checks t h a t gE' E e KB are the components of a
V
2-natural transformation g:

KB g* > KB,

t st
KB
g*
~ KB,

v
Indeed, in the language o f Street [ 6 ] , the pair (g*,g) is a monad functor from
 122

(KB,L) to (KB,,L) in the 2-category 2-CAT.

Proposition 10. Suppose g:B' ........> B is an arrow in K. For each lax L-algebra

E, the arrow
V
gE g*(c)
Lg*E ~ g*LE > g*E

enriches g*E with the structure of lax L-algebra. For each lax homomorphism

f:E ~ E' of lax L-algebras, the 2-cell

V
gE g*(c)
Lg*E ~ g*LE ~ g*E

Lg*E' v ~g*LE' ~ g*E'

gE' g*(c)
enriches g*(f):g*E ~ g*E' with the structure of lax homomorphism. If E is a

pseudo L-algebra or an L-algebra then so is g*E. If f is a pseudo homomorphism

or a homomorphism then so is g*(f).//

Corollary 11. The pullback of a (split) O-fibration along any arrow is a (split)

O-fibration.//

Let R:KA ~ KA denote the 2-functor given by:

f A/f
(E,q)ZIC(E' ,q') ' (A/q'd0) ~ (A/q',d0).
g A/g
There is a 2-monad structure on R and the theory develops as for L; j u s t replace
K by Kc°. An arrow q:E >A is called a 1-fibration over A when (E,q)

supports the structure of pseudo R-algebra.

Note that the category SPN(A,B) of spans from A to B becomes a

2-category by taking as 2 - c e l l s the 2 - c e l l s a of K as in the diagram
 123

where q'o = lq, p'o = lp. Let M:SPN(A,B) , SPN(A,B) denote the 2 - f u n c t o r

given by:

f 1ofol
E ~ E ' 1 ~ @BoEo@A £io~oI -- @BoE'o@A.
g logol

This 2 - f u n c t o r supports the s t r u c t u r e of 2-monad t o o ; the u n i t i:1 ~ M and

multiplication c:MM ~ M have as components

ioloi coloc
E ~ ~BoEo~A and ~Bo@BoEo~Ao~A , ~BoEo~A .

A span (q,E,p) for A to B i s c a l l e d a bifibration from A to B when i t

supports the s t r u c t u r e o f pseudo M-algebra. A split bifibration is an M-algebra.

Results on L-algebras and R-algebras can be t r a n s f e r r e d to M-algebras via the

following result. The corresponding statement f o r l a x algebras is l e f t to the

reader.

Proposition I 2. ,Suppose E is a span from A to B. The M-algebra structures

c:¢BoEo~A ~E are in bijective correspondence with pairs of arrows of spans

CL:tBoE ~ E, CR:EotA , E such that c L, c R are L-algebra, R-algebra

structures on E related by the condition that

loc R
ME ~ ~ LE

I
RE ~ E
cR

commutes; the bijection is determined by

loloi c
c L = (~BoE ~ ~BoEo~A ~ E)
iolol c
c R = (Eo~A ~ @BoEo@A- ~ E)

c = CL(lOC R) = CR(CLOl).

Furthermore, an arrow of spans is a homomorphism of M-algebras if and only if it is

a homomorphism of both the corresponding L-algebras and the corresponding R-algebras.l/

 124

Combining this with Corollary I I and the dual for 1 - f i b r a t i o n s we have:

qorollary 13. For any arrows f:A' ~ A, g:B' ~ B, each (split) bifibration

E from A to B induces a (split) bifibration g*oEof from A' to B'.//

There is a more general composition of b i f i b r a t i o n s which we w i l l not need.

If E is a b i f i b r a t i o n from A to B and F a b i f i b r a t i o n from B to C then

the b i f i b r a t i o n F ~ E from A to C can be defined by the usual "tensor product

of bimodules" coequalizer, provided this coequalizer exists and is preserved by

certain pullbacks.

..k..3. Yoneda's Lemma within, a 2-category.

Again we work in a representable 2-category K.

A covering span is defined to be a span which is the comma object of some

opspan.

Theorem 14. Any covering span is a split bifibration. Any arrow of spans

between covering spans is a homomorphism.

Proof. Any comma object r/s is a composite s*o~Dor. But tD is the value

of M at the i d e n t i t y span of D; so @D is a free s p l i t b i f i b r a t i o n . So r/s

is a s p l i t b i f i b r a t i o n by Corollary 13.

Suppose f : r / s ~ u/v is an arrow of spans from A to B. We must prove

that f commutes with the M-algebra structures on r/s and u/v. By Proposition

12, i t suffices to show that f commutes with the L-algebra and R-algebra

structures separately. By d u a l i t y , i t suffices to show that f commutes with

j u s t the L-algebra structures.

The L-algebra structure c:@Bo(r/s) ~ r/s comes from that of @D via the

commutative square
~so~
@Bo(r/s) . . . . . . . . @Do@D

Ic
r/s ............ ~ ~D

Equivalently, note that @Bo(r/s) is the comma object of the opspan (r,D,sdo)

from A to ~B (composed with d1:~B ~ B) since we have the pullback

 125

^
dl
r/sdo .~B
A
do

r/s
dl
~B
i,o
and c:r/sd o ~ r/s corresponds to the composite 2 - c e l l

r/sd o

^
do
The main t r i c k of the proof i s to introduce the 2 - c e l l r/sdo~ r/s
c
A
defined by doa = ldo, dl~ = Xdz; of c o u r s e , we a l s o have such an for

u/v. The arrow k(f) is defined by the commutative diagram

A A
do d1
r/s- r/sd o ~ ~B

u/v ~ ^ u/vd 0 ^ ~ ~B
do dl
The c a l c u l a t i o n s

doaL(f ) = ldoL(f) = 1do = doa = dof~

A
d l a L ( f ) = XdzL(f ) = Xd I = dl~ = dlf~

show t h a t the following composites are equal

A A
do f L(f) do
r / s d 0 ~ r/s ~-u/v = r/sdo ~ulv
ulvd0T~.~..~ •
C C

SO c . L ( f ) = f c , which proves that f is a homomorphism.//

Let COV(A,B) denote the f u l l subcategory SPN(A,B) whose objects are the

covering spans. Let SPL(A,B) denote the category of algebras f o r the monad M

on SPN(A,B); i t is the category of s p l i t b i f i b r a t i o n s from A to B and t h e i r

 126

homomorphisms (up to e q u i v a l e n c e ) .

Corollary 1 5. The inclusion functor COV(A,B) ~ %PN(A,B) factors through the

underlying functor SPL(A,B) ~ SPW(A,B).//

Corollary 16 (Yoneda len~na). Suppose f :A ~ B is an arrow and F is a covering

span from A to B. Composition with the arrow of spans if:f > f/B yields a

bijection between arrows of spans from f/B to E and arrows of spans from f to

E.

Proof. Note t h a t f/B is the f r e e M-algebra on the span f from A to B.

This gives a b i j e c t i o n between arrows o f spans f ~ E and homomorphisms f/B > E.

But by Theorem 14, any arrow of spans f/B , E is a homomorphism.//

Remark. Take K = CAT and A =~ in C o r o l l a r y 16. Covering spans E from

to B functorially correspond to f u n c t o r s e from B i n t o some category o f sets.

An arrow f: ~ >B is j u s t an o b j e c t b of B. The b i j e c t i o n o f the c o r o l l a r y

becomes the usual b i j e c t i o n between n a t u r a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s B(b,-) >e and

elements o f eb obtained by e v a l u a t i n g a t I b,

The f o l l o w i n g special case o f C o r o l l a r y 16 appears in Gray [ 3 ] .

Corollary 17. The functor K(A,B) °p ~ SPN(A,B) given by

g o/B
A~~ . . ~ B i ~ f/B ~ g/B
f
is fully faithful.

Proof. The d e f i n i t i o n o f comma o b j e c t s gives the b i j e c t i o n

f
A ~B
h
> f • g/B

A ~B
g

between 2 - c e l l s o and arrows o f spans h. The Yoneda lemma provides the

bijection between such h and arrows o f spans f/A ~ g/B.//

§4. Pointwise extensions.

Recall the d e f i n i t i o n of left extension in a 2 - c a t e g o r y (see [ 6 ] ) .

 127

Proposition 1 8. There is a bijection between 2-cells

dl j
j/B • B A ~ B

>× > f
",,, × / k

obtained by composition with ij. The 2-cell ~ exhibits k as a left

extension of f along j if and only if the corresponding ~ exhibits k as a

left extension o f fd o aZong d I.

Proof. By d e f i n i t i o n o f comma o b j e c t s t h e r e i s a b i j e c t i o n between 2 - c e l l s

and arrows o f spans j/B ~ f/k, and a b i j e c t i o n between 2 - c e l l s K and arrows

o f spans j > f/k. The f i r s t sentence o f the p r o p o s i t i o n now f o l l o w s by the

Yoneda lemma. For any arrow £:B ~ X, t h e r e are b i j e c t i o n s

f ~ £j < ~ j ~ f/£ < ~ j/B..> f/l

~ j/B ~ ~X < ~ fd 0 -~ I d I

where the f i r s t , third and f o u r t h are from the d e f i n i t i o n o f comma o b j e c t and the

second i s by Y o n e d a . / /

The 2 - c e l l
J
A ~ B

i s said t o e x h i b i t k as a poin~mise l e f t extension o f f along j when, f o r

each arrow g:C ~ B, the composite 2 - c e l l

 128

dz
J/g ~C

A
J~ ~ B

exhibits kg as a l e f t extension of fd o along d I.

Taking g = 1B in t h i s d e f i n i t i o n we o b t a i n the f o l l o w i n g corollary t o the

last proposition.

Corollary 19. A pointwise left extension is a left extension.//

Remark. When K = CAT, the p o i n t w i s e l e f t e x t e n s i o n s are p r e c i s e l y those g i v e n

by the f o r m u l a
do f
kb = lim (j/b ~A ~ X).

To see t h i s , take C = ~, g = b and note t h a t l e f t e x t e n s i o n along j/b ~

is d i r e c t limit.

Recall t h a t l e f t e x t e n s i o n s a l o n g an arrow w i t h a r i g h t a d j o i n t always e x i s t

and are o b t a i n e d by composing w i t h the r i g h t adjoint. The f o l l o w i n g result is

a direct corollary o f P r o p o s i t i o n 5,

Proposition 20. Any left extension along an arrow which has a right adjoint is

pointwise.//

Proposition 21. An arrow f:B ~A is a left adjoint to u:A ~B if are only

if there is an isomorphism f / A ~ B/u of spans from A to B.

Proof. Using the Yoneda lemma, we have b i j e c t i o n s

i n ~ uf ~ ~ f ~ B/u ~. . . . f/A m • B/u

fu ~ > i ( ~ u* ~ f/A ( > B/u n )f/A

I t is readily checked that n,e are a unit and counit for an adjunction f I u

i f and only i f the corresponding m,n are mutually inverse isomorphisms.//

An arrow j:A ~ B is said to be fully faithful when, given any 2-cell

ju u
C ~ B , there exists a unique 2-cell Cf ~ o ~ A such that • is the
jv v
 129

u j
composite C..~A , B. I t is r e a d i l y seen t h a t j is f u l l y f a i t h f u l
v
i f and only i f the arrow of spans @A ~ j/j corresponding to jh is an

isomorphism.

Proposition 22. If j:A ~ B is ~lly ~ i t h ~ l a ~ if the 2-cell

J
A ~B

f ~ k
X

exhibits k as a pointwise left extension of f along j, then o is an

isomorphism.

Proof. Since k i s a pointwise l e f t extension and ~A , j/j is an isomorphism,

the composite 2 - c e l l

~J/J

exhibits kj as a l e f t extension of fd o along d I. By Proposition 18, the

corresponding 2-cel I
i
A ~A

exhibits kj as a l e f t extension of
f• f
kj

along 1A. But also the i d e n t i t y 2-cell

exhibits f as a l e f t extension of f along 1A. So a is an isomorphism.//

For a O - f i b r a t i o n p:E ~ B and arrow b:G B, we denote by Eb the

pullback of b along p.
 130

A
P
Eb i G

;l b
E ~B
P

Proposition 23. Suppose in the diagram

P
E ~ B

that p is a normal O-fibration. The 2-cell o exhibits k as a pointwise left

extension of f along p if and only if, for each arrow b:G B~ the 2-cell
A A A
ob exhibits kb as a left extension of fb along p.

Proof. The f o l l o w i n g square is r e a d i l y seen to be a pullback.

^ p'
E/b ~ p/b

BE ~ p/B

Since p is a normal 0 - f i b r a t i o n , p has a l e f t a d j o i n t w i t h u n i t an i d e n t i t y

(Chevalley c r i t e r i o n ) . This property is preserved by pullback: so p' has a l e f t

adjoint £' with u n i t an i d e n t i t y . The arrow d1:E/b ~ Eb has a r i g h t a d j o i n t

A
i~:Eb-----~ E/b (dual of C o r o l l a r y 6). So the composite diZ':p/b ....~ Eb has a

right adjoint p'i^b. Let q denote the u n i t o f t h i s adjunction. One r e a d i l y

checks the equations

A A
b = doP'i b , pdi£' = d I and Pdoq = h .

dIZ' A
p / b ~ - j' ~ Eb P ~G

f
 131

A
So fd0n exhibits fb as a l e f t extension of fd o along dlZ'. I t follows

that the composite 2-cell

p/b dl > G

X
A
exhibits kb as a l e f t extension o f fd o along dI i f and only i f qb exhibits
A A
kb as a l e f t extension o f fb along p.//
Proposition 24. Suppose in the diagram

J/g dl 7, C

A J ~ B

that K exhibits k as a pointwise left extension of f along j. Then the

composite 2-cell exhibits kg as a pointwise left extension of fd 0 along d I.

Proof. T a k e b:G ......~ C. The following square is a pullback.

j/gb dz >G

J/g dl ~ C
I f this is mounted on the top of the diagram of the proposition we obtain the

diagram

j/gb d~ ~ G

gb

and this composite 2-cell does exhibit kgb as a l e f t extension of fd o along

dl (from the pointwise property of K). By Proposition 12 and Theorem 14 we

 132

have that d1:j/g ~ C is a normal O - f i b r a t i o n s (indeed, s p l i t ) . So

Proposition 23 applies with p = dz:j/g----~ C to y i e l d the r e s u l t . / /

 133

Bibl i o~rap.hy.
[1] E.J. Dubuc, Kan extensions in enriched category theory. Lecture Notes in

Math. 145 (1970) 1-173.

[2] J.W. Gray, Fibred and cofibred categories. Proc. Conference on Categorical
Alg. at La Jolla (Springer, 1966) 21-83.
[3] J.W. Gray, Report on the meeting of the Midwest Category Seminar in Zurich.

Lecture Notes in Math. 195 (1971) 248-255.

[4] A. Kock, Monads f o r which structures are a ~ ' o i n t to ~ i t s . Aarhus University
Preprint Series 35 (1972-73) 1-15.
[5] F.W. Lawvere, The category of categories as a foundation for mathematics.
Proc. Conference on Categorical Algebra at La Jolla (Springer, 1966) 1-20.
[6] R.H. Street, The formal theory o f monads. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra
2 (1972) 149-168.
[7] R.H. Street, Two constructions on lax funotors. Cahiers de topologie et
g6om6trie d i f f 6 r e n t i e l l e XIII (1972) 217-264.