Defining a database :- It constitutes specifying the data types, structures, and constraints of

the data that is to be stored into the database.

Constructing the database :- It involves the process of storing the data on some DBMS
controlled storage medium.

Manipulating a database :- It includes the functions such as querying the database for the
retrieval of some required data, updating, deleting and inserting data.

Database Administrators :- They are the ones, responsible for their roles in capacity
planning, installation, configuration, design, troubleshooting, security, backup, and data
recovery of databases.

Database Developers :- They are the ones responsible for creating and implementing
databases. They tend to focus more on improving databases, enhancing it’s functionalities, and
developing new database applications

End Users :-
 Casual end users :- Users that occasionally access the database, but need different
information each time.
 Naive or parametric end users :- Users that have no or little clue on how to use
database management systems. They do not know how to directly access databases.
They constantly query and update data in the database, using queries and updates
called “canned transactions”.
 Sophisticated end users :- Users that are concerned about the structure defined in
the database. They possess skills required to access the database directly. They
constitute engineers, scientists, business analysts etcetera, who are familiar with the
facilities of DBMS in order to implement their own applications matching complex
requirements.
 Standalone end users :- Users that maintain personal databases by using built-in
program packages that provide simple and easy to use menus or GUIs.
Logical data independence :- The ability to change the logical (conceptual) schema without
changing the external schema e.g. addition or removal of data entities, attributes, or
relationships to the conceptual schema.

Physical data independence :- the ability of changing the physical schema without
changing the logical schema. An example might be being able to change the internal schema i.e
using different file organizations or structures or storage devices without having to change the
external schema.