PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
Introduction, distance correction & Leveling
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NO GADGETS
DIRECTION: Please put all things under your chair. Read
each statement carefully and present a complete
solution for each problem.
WARNING: Academic dishonesty or any form of
cheating is a major offense. Found guilty has a sanction
of either exclusion or expulsion from the university.
I. IDENTIFICATION: No erasures. (2points each)
1. One of the best known of measuring
instrument (ancient times) used for
determining the latitude of the stars.
2. Date when the English System was phase out
in the Philippines.
3. Refers to the degree of refinement and
consistency with which any physical
measurement is made.
4. Unit weight of a steel tape in English System.
5. Other term for accidental error.
6. Instrument used in barometric leveling, a light
and sturdy but less precise aneroid
barometers.
7. Method in levelling used in a highway or
railroad constructions it is often necessary to
obtain a representation of the ground surface
on either side of the centerline.
8. An intervening point between two benchmarks
upon which point foresight and back-sight are
taken to enable a leveling operation to
continue from a new instrument position.
9. It is the deviation of light or other
electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it
passes through the atmosphere due to the
variation in air density as a function of altitude.
10. It is the distance from the center of the
instrument to the principal focus
II. ENUMERATION: (1point each)
1-5. Assumptions in Plane Surveying.
6-10. Personal errors in leveling.
QUIZ #1 SET A
Fundamental Surveying
1st Sem., SY 2019-2020
III. APPLICATION: Solve the following problems. Draw
the necessary figures and show your complete
solutions. Round off your answers to two decimal
places.
1. A line 100 m long was paced by a surveyor for four
times with the following data, 142, 145, 144 and
146. Then another line was paced for five times
again with the following results, 893, 894, 891, 896
and 894. (a) Determine the pace factor. (b)
Determine the distance of the new line. (10 points)
2. Under a standard pull of 8 kg, the steel tape is 40
m. long. A normal tension of 18 kg makes the
elongation of the tape offset the effect of sag. If the
tape weighs 0.025 kg/m, and E = 2 x 106 kg/cm2,
determine its cross-sectional area of the tape. (5
points)
3. A slope measurement of 545.38 m is made
between points A and B. The elevation of A is
424.25m and that of B is 559.06m. Determine the
correct horizontal distance between the two points
if a 30-m steel tape weighs 12.5 g/m and has a
cross section of 0.022 sq. cm., was standardized
and supported throughout its whole length and
found to be 0.00205 m longer at an observed
temperature of 29.8°C and a pull of 7 kg. this tape
was used to measure the slope distance from point
A to B, standard pull of 5.5 kg. (15 points)
4. A is a point having an elevation of 130.48m above
datum B and c are points of unknown elevation, B
is between A and C. by means of instrument set
1.22 m above B, vertical angle are observed, that A
being -14°45’ and that C being +8°32’. The
horizontal distance AB is 547.20 and the horizontal
distance BC is 923.25m Making due allowance for
earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction.
a. Compute the difference in elevation between A
and B. (5 points)
b. Determine the difference in elevation between
B and C. (5 points)
c. Determine the elevation of C. (5 points)
 ANSWER KEY: Quiz #1 Set A
I. IDENTIFICATION (2 POINTS EACH 2. COMBINED CORRECTION
1. Astrolabe s = 545.38
2. Jan. 1, 1983 Elev. A = 424.25
3. Precision Elev. B = 559.06
4. 490 lbs/ ft3 L = 30 m
5. Compensating Error e = +2.05 x 10-3
6. Altimeter w = 12.5 g/m → 0.0125 Kg/m
7. Cross-section Leveling Po = 5.5 Kg
8. Turning Point P = 7 Kg
9. Atmospheric Refraction To = 20°C
10.Stadia Constant T = 29.8°C
E = 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2
II. ENUMERATION (1POINT EACH)
1. A level line is considered as mathematically straight. Correction due to temperature
2. All distances and directions are horizontal; 𝐶𝑇 = 𝐾𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )
3. The direction of the plumb line is considered to be 𝐶𝑇 = 11.6 𝑥 10−6⁄°𝐶 (30𝑚)(29.8°𝐶 − 20°𝐶)
same at all points within the limits of survey. 𝑪𝑻 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 (too long) (2points)
4. All angles (both horizontal and vertical is considered
to be plane angles. Correction due to tension
5. Elevations are with reference to a datum. (𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜)
6. Bubble not centered. 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐿
𝐴𝐸
7. Parallax (7𝐾𝑔 − 5.5𝐾𝑔)
8. Faulty rod reading 𝐶𝑃 = (30𝑚)
0.022𝑐𝑚2 (2.0𝑥106 𝐾𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚2 )
9. Rod not held plumb.
10.Incorrect setting of targets. 𝑪𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 (too long) (2points)
11.Unequal back-sight and foresight distance.
Correction due sag
III. APPLICATION
𝑤 2 𝐿3
1. PACING 𝐶𝑆 =
142 + 145 + 144 + 146 24𝑃2
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (0.0125 𝐾𝑔⁄𝑚)2 (30𝑚)3
4 𝐶𝑠 =
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔 24(7 𝐾𝑔)2
𝑇𝐷 100
a. 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 144.25 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎/𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
𝑃𝐷 𝑪𝒔 = −𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝟕𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 (2points)
(5points) 𝐶𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍(𝟑𝟎𝒎) = 2.05𝑥10−3 + 3.410𝑥10−3 + 1.023𝑥10−3
893+894+ 891+ 896+ 894
b. 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = − 3.587𝑥10−3
5
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝟖𝟗𝟑. 𝟔 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝑫𝑿𝒀 = 𝑃𝐹 𝑥 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + 2.896𝑥10−3 𝑚 (too long)
𝑫𝑿𝒀 = 0.69 𝑚⁄𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 893.6 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑒
𝐷𝑋𝑌 = 𝟔𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝒎 (5points) 𝑇 = 𝑀 (1 + )
𝐿
′
2.896𝑥10−3 𝑚
2. CORRECTION DUE TO WIND 𝑠 = 545.38𝑚 (1 + )
30𝑚
𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝑾√𝑨𝑬
𝑷𝑵 = s’ = 545.43 m (2points)
√𝑷𝑵 − 𝑷𝑺
0.204 (0.025)(40)√𝐴(2 × 106 ) CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE
18 =
√18 − 8 S’ = 545.43m
A = 0.0389 cm2 (5points)
 h = 559.06 – 424.25 = 134.81m
𝑑 = √𝑠 2 − ℎ 2
𝑑 = √545.432 − 134.812 = 𝟓𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟕 𝒎

ℎ b. Difference in elevation between B and C

% 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑥100%
𝑑 FIGURE:
134.81
= 𝑥100%
528.507
= 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟏% (steep slope) (2points)
𝑑 = 𝑠 − 𝐶ℎ
ℎ2 ℎ4
𝑑 = 𝑠 − ( + 3)
2𝑠 8𝑠
134.812 134.814
𝑑 = 545.43 − ( + )
2(545.43) 8(545.43)3
𝑑 = 545.43 − 16.95
𝑑 = 𝟓𝟐𝟖. 𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝒎 (5points)

3. TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING WITH CURVATURE AND

REFRACTION CORRECTION
a. Difference in elevation between A and B
FIGURE: ℎ2
tan 8°32′ =
923.25
ℎ2 = 138.5298 𝑚

ℎ𝑐2 = 0.0675 (𝐾2 )2

ℎ𝑐2 = 0.0675 (0.92325)2

ℎ𝑐2 = 0.0575 𝑚

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐵 & 𝐶

= 138.5298 + 0.0575 + 1.22

𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑩 & 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒎

ℎ1
tan 14°45′ =
547.20 c. Elevation C
ℎ1 = 144.0657 𝑚 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐶 = 130.48 + 142.8255 + 139.8073
ℎ𝑐1 = 0.0675 (𝐾1 )2 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑪 = 𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒎
ℎ𝑐1 = 0.0675 (0.5472)2
ℎ𝑐1 = 0.0202 𝑚
𝐻 = 144.0657 − 0.0202
𝐻 = 144.0455
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐴 & 𝐵 = 144.0455 − 1.22
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑨 & 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎