A Case Study on International

Construction Projects:

Stadiums and Arenas

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Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2

2.0 The SSE Hydro Arena, Glasgow, UK ........................................................................... 4
2.1 Project Information .................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Technology and Materials ........................................................................................ 6
2.3 Sustainability ................................................................................................................ 7
2.4 Procurement method ................................................................................................ 8
2.5 Social Values .............................................................................................................. 10
2.6 Challenges and Restraints (Solutions) ............................................................. 10
2.7 Incidents ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.0 Kaohsiung National Stadium, Taiwan........................................................................ 12
3.1 Project Information .................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Technology and Materials ...................................................................................... 14
3.3 Sustainability .............................................................................................................. 15
3.4 Procurement method .............................................................................................. 16
3.5 Social Values .............................................................................................................. 17
3.6 Challenges and Restraints (Solutions) ............................................................. 18
4.0 Comparison / Analysis .................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Partnership environment ....................................................................................... 19
4.2 Quality of materials ................................................................................................. 19
4.3 Procurement Method ............................................................................................... 20
4.4 Contribution to The Community ......................................................................... 21
4.5 Risk of Doing Construction Projects in China ................................................ 21
5.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 22
6.0 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 23

1.0 Introduction

Any construction project, despite the scale, has their own risks and can be quite

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challenging. Each project comes with its own unique challenges, be it management

issues or material problems. These projects need to be planned well to avoid delays

and mitigate risks. Large-scale projects such as stadiums and arenas are something

that need careful consideration because one wrong choice of material could lead to

the collapse of the whole building, which in turn, potentially harm a lot of people

inside.

In addition, projects like these were usually leased before the construction is

completed. In other words, one of the challenges for these kinds of projects is the

importance in completing it before deadline. There will be a big loss if there would be

delays to the project. The pressure in completing it before the deadline proved to be

quite a challenge because the contractor tends to choose the quickest and cheapest

route to complete it on time, which will only leads to the failure of the building. For

instance, one of the reason for the collapse of the roof of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin

Stadium in Malaysia was the pressure to have it ready for the upcoming Sukma

Games 2008 (Aumiller, 2009).

Furthermore, building a stadium or an arena would require a larger amount of

steels and concretes, which can be quite expensive and difficult to handle. Not only

that, the procurement method used must be suitable to avoid delays and

unnecessary risks in projects like these. Besides, both a stadium and arena requires

a specific requirement to ensure that the purpose of the building is achieved and

that is the acoustic design. The importance of having a good acoustic design has

been highlighted in the “Architecture of Football Stadiums” (Pettitt, 2010).

“At the same time, careful attention has been paid to acoustics to maximise the

impact of crowd’s roar.” - Martin Pettit

Therefore, a stadium or arena requires specific requirements such as good

seating plan, excellent acoustic design as well as the ability to withstand high loads.

This report will cover two case studies of a stadium and an arena, where aspects

such as management issues, procurement method, restraints, sustainability, will be

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discussed. Other than that, analysis and comparison of the two projects will be

examined. The first case study is the SSE Hydro Arena, which is situated in Glasgow

and the second one is the Kaohsiung National Stadium, in Taiwan.

2.0 The SSE Hydro Arena, Glasgow, UK

2.1 Project Information

The arena’s structure spans 120 metres in a shallow dome of diagonally

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 latticed steelwork and the facades’ cladding is the translucent ETFE (Ethylene

Tetrafluroethylene) panels, where patterns and images can be projected, then

illuminated to make the building “glow” at night (Figure 1 and 2). The project is

a highly flexible indoor venue that provides a combination of fixed, retractable

and removable seating to enable a wide range of different staging and concert

layouts (Foster + Partners, 2005).

Figure 1: SSE Hydro glowing at night (Arup, 2015)

Figure 2: The ETFE panel cladding (Ijeh, 2013)

Below is the project information related to SSE Hydro Arena (Figueras

International Seating, 2005) (Foster + Partners, 2005):

Client : Scottish Exhibition & Conference Centre Ltd (SECC)

Architect : Foster + Partners

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Main Contractor : Lend Lease

Project Manager : Turner & Townsend

Engineering Team : Arup

Quantity Surveying : Gardiner & Theobald

Area : 25, 000 m2

Completion date : 2013

Capacity : 12, 500

Construction cost : £125, 000, 000

BREEAM Rating : Very good (Passivent, 2016)

2.2 Technology and Materials

The ETFE cladding of the SSE Hydro is one of its distinctive features. It is

made up of translucent cushions (seen in Figure 2), which will allow natural light

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to illuminate the foyers during the day and the arena to ‘glow’ at night and this

unique facade won the 2014 Scottish Design Award for Lighting (Arup, 2015).

Other than that, J&P Building System provided BEAMCON product, which

was used to fix the ETFE ‘cushion’ cladding to the main building (as seen in

Figure 3). They provided the JORDAHL channel welded together to form a grid

of fixing points, which allows for a higher load concentration as well as removing

the hazards of drilling (J&P Building Systems, 2013).

Figure 3: BEAMCON Fixing used to fix the ETFE cladding (J&P Building Systems, 2013)

Furthermore, the diagrid roof frame was one of the complex geometry

design challenges that they had to resolve. The 1,400 tonne steel diagrid roof is

held aloft by a circular array of angled concrete fins (Panstadia & Arena

Management, 2014). Foster+Partner used the Bentley BIM software to manage

the complex geometry issues and implemented an iterative conceptual design

process to resolve the structural challenges relative to site constraints, which

then enabled them to resolve potential issues early on in the design workflow

and resulting in significant time savings (Bentley Systems, 2011).

2.3 Sustainability

The Arena was recognised as a sustainable build and was awarded a ‘Very

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Good’ BREEAM rating. Steps were taken during the construction process to

reduce environmental impacts. The contractor, Lend Lease, developed a waste

segregation approach, where over 90% of recycling was achieved (SECC, 2013).

Lend Lease is committed to its waste reduction programme and in 2008, they

set an objective to halve the amount of waste it sent to landfill by 2012 (Waste

& Resources Action Programme, 2011).

“An underlying theme that has helped achieve results is that waste is

everyone’s responsibilty” - Nick Clarke, Senior Sustainability Manager

Other than that, the building is designed to reduce energy demands, where

it uses both natural and mechanical ventilation. Fresh air is drawn into the

building above the entrances and vented at a high level (Figure 4). The building

required an energy efficient ventilation system to allow greater quantities of

fresh air into the building as well as extracting warm air from the building. To

achieve this, Passivent developed a customised passive stack ventilation

strategy (Passivent, 2016).

Figure 4: Fresh air coming in from outside (Passivent, 2016)

2.4 Procurement method

The SSE Hydro Arena was procured under a traditional-fixed price contract

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to reflect the complexity and completeness of the design (Magazine of the

Chartered Institute of Buildings, 2012). A traditional-fixed price contract, which

is also known as the lump sum contract, is the most common method of

procuring a project. Most clients normally chooses this option to reduce design

and contract administration costs. This method will significantly reduce the

client’s risk and the contractor has greater control over profit expectations.

Other benefits of opting for this method is that the contractor is likely to

complete the project faster, giving him the incentive to maximize its production

and performance. However, the tendering and bidding process might take some

time as seen in the chronology of the project, so it will be a while before the

construction of the project could be started.

2001
Planning for the project started

2003
A clear plan for the stadium unveiled

2004
Appointed Forster+Partner as architect

2005
Gain full planning consent

2011
Construction started

2013
Construction completed

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2.5 Social Values

During the project’s construction programme, Lend Lease had created a

number of employment and apprenticeship opportunities for the locals (SECC,

2013). This helped the local in securing job opportunities as well as improving

their overall lifestyle.

2.6 Challenges and Restraints (Solutions)

One of the challenges that they had to resolve is the seating design. The

viewing angle and the comfort of spectators are their main priority. It became a

challenge because it was hard to balance the need to fit in as much spectators

as possible and their comfort. The seats were also required to have a striking

design and at the same time, allowing different set-ups for different

performance. Lastly, the seating needed to have a special acoustic feature

because the arena will mainly be used as a concert hall.

Thus, the solution to it is to design the seating plan in a way that it wraps

around the stage above ground level and rises towards the front (Figure 5),

optimising the viewing angle (Foster+Partner, 2005). The seat includes the

shock-absorbent “Soft System” application to improve overall acoustic

performance (Figueras International Seating, 2005).

Figure 5: The seating design (Foster+Partner, 2005)

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2.7 Incidents

Nearing the deadline, flames caught on the domed roof of partially

completed building, which was caused by a welder’s torch, accidentally setting

light to insulation (Pooran, 2014). However, the excellent management and

cooperation between SECC and Lend Lease has helped avoid the delay of the

project. They went through the appropriate procedures and took suitable

measures to mitigate the loss, by increasing the number of workers, thus

maximising its performance.

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3.0 Kaohsiung National Stadium, Taiwan

3.1 Project Information

Kaohsiung National Stadium is one of the greenest stadium in the world,

which is shaped like a question mark, although it is often compared with the

symbol of a dragon wagging his tail (Figure 6). The stadium earned its status as

one of the greenest stadiums in the world due to the solar panel system used as

its roof, which also gives it a scaly appearance similar to a dragon’s skin (Figure

7). This stadium was built for the purpose of the 2009 World Games, thus it’s

also called the World Games Stadium in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Figure 6: View of Kaohsiung stadium from above (Toyo Ito, 2011)

Figure 7: Scaly appearance of the stadium's roof (Toyo Ito, 2011)

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Below is the information relating to Kaohsiung National Stadium (Stadium

DataBase, 2001) (Toyo Ito, 2009):

Client : Kaohsiung City Government

Architect : Toyo Ito

Engineer : Takenaka Corporation

Project Manager : MAA Consultants

Contractor : Fu Tsu Construction

Building Area : 25, 553 m2

Completion date : 2009

Capacity : 44, 000

Construction cost : £124 million (converted according to current currency)

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3.2 Technology and Materials

The solar power system of the stadium is one of its significant feature and

Delta Electronics Group is responsible for integrating and constructing the

system. The Building Integrated Photo Voltaic (BIPV) solar panels (Figure 8)

were designed in a way that they allow 30% of total sunlight to shine into the

stadium, so the spectators can enjoy natural outdoor sunlight (Joanna, 2014).

Besides that, the stadium’s solar power system uses Delta’s energy inverters to

convert DC to AC power and to feed electricity into the grid with inverting

efficiency of 98% (Joanna, 2014).

Besides that, to maximise the daylight exposure on the panels, four sided

structural sealant glazing was used to bond the glass solar panel to the

aluminium sub-frame. Each unit of the roof facade system has three glass

panels, including two solar glass panels (containing solar cell and low-iron glass

panels) and one blue tinted tempered glass pane, where Dow Corning 983

Structural Glazing Sealant was used for bonding of the solar panels (Dow

Corning, 2011).

Figure 8: BIPV solar panels (Joanna, 2014)

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3.3 Sustainability

The roof of the stadium is made up of exactly 8844 solar panels, which

generates 1.14 MWh of electricity per year that covers 75% of the stadium’s

energy needs, avoiding 660 tonnes of annual carbon dioxide output (Ipeck,

2011). Besides that, to fulfill the latest criteria of Taiwan Green Building

certification’s energy savings, forestation, and water conservation standards,

the main stadium is made from 100% reusable local material (MAA Group,

2010).

Other than that, the roof also collects rainwater, where a system of pipes

conveys the water to holding tanks underground where it’s sterilised and reused

for other purposes (Nystedt, 2009). Furthermore, the stadium is designed to

maximise the effect of natural cooling wind patterns, where the sides and roof

of the stadium are not closed in a circle (Figure 9), but rather create a tunnel

through which air passes during the summer (Callahan, 2013). Thus, it does not

need any air-conditioning during the summer and save up a lot of energy

consumption.

Figure 9: Design of the stadium creating a tunnel for the wind (MAA Group, 2010)

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3.4 Procurement method

This particular project uses the design-and-build procurement method.

Kaohsiung City Government was appointed by the Sports Affairs Council (SAC)

and was responsible for all the planning and construction of the main stadium.

They, then, approached and selected MAA Consultants Group as a project

manager, who is in charge of the conceptual design, architectural programs,

tender documents and handling tender process. After a detailed study and

comprehensive consultations, an international tender for the design-and-build

contract is put up in 2005 and was awarded to a Japanese architect, Toyo Ito.

One of the benefits of opting for this particular procurement method is that

it is a quick alternative (as seen in the chronology of the project) due to the

overlapping design and construction processes. It also transfers most of the risk

to the main contractor. However, it is not suitable for projects that requires

design flexibility because any changes made will have cost or time implications.

2005
Awarded the D&B contract to Toyo Ito

2006
Design plans started

2007
Construction started

2009
Completion of construction

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3.5 Social Values

On days when the stadium is not used, the extra energy is sold to Taiwan

Power Company and feeds the local grid, that helps power up surrounding

neighbourhoods. It is estimated that the stadium will generate an average 1.1

million kilowatt-hours per year, and at the current cost of electricity in Taiwan,

NT$3 per kilowatt-hour, the structure will save NT$3.3 million (roughly £ 85,000)

per year for the city (Nystedt, 2009).

Other than that, this project only utilises local raw materials to support their

own economy. Besides, the stadium is surrounded with an urban eco-park

(Figure 10), which also serves as a living classroom open year-round to the

community. In addition, its green building is a conduit for teaching people about

sutainable development and it has succeeded in raising the architectural and

environmental awareness in the community (O’Young, 2014).

Figure 10: Stadium's urban eco-park (O’young, 2014)

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3.6 Challenges and Restraints (Solutions)

Using solar panels is one of the building specification and Toyo Ito, the

architecture, planned on using the solar panels as the stadium’s main roof

instead of putting it on top of the roof.

“Since solar panels were required for this project, I thought to use them to

cover almost the entire stadium seating roof. The climate in Kaohsiung is

subtropical. Therefore, in addition to functioning as an energy source, the solar

panels are also used as a shading device to block direct sunlight.” - Toyo Ito

(Breyer, 2009)

However, it is technically difficult to produce a new roofing system using the

BIPV solar panels. They created new materials during construction and fit the

panels together using the technologies mentioned above. Besides that, they

also used computer modelling (BIM) to determine the possible impact

earthquakes and typhoons could have on them (Callahan, 2013). Other than

that, it was also challenging because each solar panel had to be fitted to the

varying shape of the spiraling structure, so extra attention is needed when

constructing the roof.

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4.0 Comparison / Analysis

Both of the projects are similar in terms of the scale and the cost. However,

each of the project was executed very differently, in terms of procuring it, the design

as well as the materials used. Below is a thorough analysis and comparison of the

two projects.

4.1 Partnership environment

A partnership environment is where all the key players in a project

collaborates and are involved in a decision-making process. In the SECC

Corporate Review 2012-2013 on the SSE Hydro Arena in Glasgow, Chief

Executive, John Sharkey, highlights the importance of a partnership

environment to ensure a successful integrated project delivery (SECC, 2013).

Open collaboration allows the planning and prediction of future outcomes, risks

and gains, which leads to shorter construction time as well as errors and

disputes reduction. This is why the SECC and Lend Lease still managed to

complete the project on time despite the sudden fire incident.

4.2 Quality of materials

The cost of construction for both of the projects is slightly similar, which is

around £125 million each and both of them had the same building area (around

25,000 m2). Even so, the Kaohsiung National Stadium project should have cost

more due to the fact that it used a total of 8844 solar panels as a roofing system,

which can be quite expensive. This might mean that the other materials used

for the project is bought at a cheaper price, where the quality of the materials

is debatable, thus, explains the infrastructure problems that they had after the

completion of the stadium. However, In China, there is an abundant supply of

cheap local materials and cheap labourers due to its high population (Ofori,

2011). This might also explain why the cost of building a stadium with solar

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panels in China is considerably cheap.

4.3 Procurement Method

The Hydro Arena project used the traditional procurement method whereas

the Kaohsiung City Government procured its project through Design-and-Build

(D&B). D&B method is a lot faster than the traditional method. This is because

the design and construction process overlaps each other in the D&B. This is

suitable for the Kaohsiung National Stadium project because it has limited time

to construct for the 2009 World Games. The Hydro Arena project took their time

planning and designing because there was no pressure in completing it before

any big events.

The benefits of using a D&B method to procure a project is that it is time

saving as well as the single point responsibility, where the responsibility of

designing and building falls under the contractor, which also means that the

client has lower risks since most of the risks have been transferred to the

contractor. However, it might produce a low quality product because it normally

takes the cheapest route to meet contract specification (Designing Building Ltd,

2016).

One of the advantages of opting for traditional method is that the client will

have control over the design before putting it out to tender. Although, the client

cannot tender for main contractor until the final design is finalized, which means

that this method consumes more time than D&B.

Therefore, the client should consider the cost, time and quality for a project

before deciding on which procurement method to use because the nature of

each project is unique.

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4.4 Contribution to the Community

Each of the project contributes to the society. For example, the contractor,

Lend Lease, involved in the Hydro Arena project ensured that there were

apprenticeship and job opportunities opened for that particular project. Other

than that, they were committed in reducing waste during the construction

phase by following through the “Halving the Waste to Landfill” programme.

Although, I believe that the Kaohsiung National Stadium project

contributes the s. This is because they used the solar panels to reduce the

energy consumption, which in turn helped to reduce a significant amount of

carbon dioxide output. Other than that, they sold the excess energy that was

produced by the solar panels and feeds the local grid. This greatly helped the

society to reduce the cost of generating electricity. They also landscaped the

surrounding of the stadium with an eco-park that serves as a living classroom

open to public, which contributes to the society’s educational environment.

4.5 Risk of Doing Construction Projects in China

First of all, there is a risk of involvement of China’s government in the

projects. According to a research done by Zou et al, the risk relating to

bureaucracy and excessive procedures of approvals in the Chinese Government

agencies were recognized, which also shows that it influences project cost, time

and environmental sustainability (Zou et al, 2007). Besides that, the research

also identifies that most Chinese contractors does not buy insurance for major

equipment and employees because there is a low level of awareness of the

importance of having insurance. Other than that, international organisations

will need to have permits and licenses before they can start doing projects in

China, which can be quite tedious because of its long process.

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5.0 Conclusion

As a conclusion, the method in procuring each project is important because it

affects the time, cost and quality of the project, which is considered as the three

biggest aspects in the business. Other than that, integrated project delivery (IDP) is

one of the key success in managing a large-scale projects such as stadiums and

arenas. IDP ensures a smooth process through collaboration and more, which can

be seen in the Hydro Arena project. Besides, contributing to the social and economic

environment is one of the most important things to consider in a project. Both of the

projects showed aspects of contributing to the community, which can be quite

important because there must always be human values in what we do.

In addition, both of the projects used the recent software (BIM) to help reduce

risk and ensure a safe and smooth construction process. Nowadays, BIM has been

greatly used by contractors all over the world and its usefulness has been proven as

seen in the projects studied above. Other than that, as the world grows, more and

more contractors and architects incorporates sustainability in their projects or

designs. It is vital to raise the awareness of the importance of sustainability to

ensure that the needs of future generations are not compromised.

As a whole, the SSE Hydro Arena project was greatly executed because they

managed to complete on time despite the fire incident and there was no problem

after its completion. The Kaohsiung National Stadium project, on the other hand,

was fairly executed because there were infrastructure problems after a year of

completing it, but this is due to the pressure of needing to complete it on time for

the 2009 World Games. Therefore, aspects such as the procurement methods,

technology and materials used, management (IDP) as well as the social value

incorporated in the project are key successes for a project.

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