Namma Kalvi 12th Physics Unit 3 Sura English Medium Guide

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Namma Kalvi
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UNIT MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC
3 EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
CONCEPT MAP
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
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3.1 Introduction To Magnetism
3.2 Coulomb's Inverse Square Law of Magnetism
3.4 Magnetic Properties

a tio
3.3 Torque Acting on A Bar Magnet In Uniform Magnetic Field
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3.5 Classification of Magnetic Materials
3.6 Hysteresis
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3.7 Magnetic effects of Current

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3.8 Biot - Savart Law

3.9 Ampere's Circuital Law
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3.10 Lorentz Force

3.11 Torque on a Current Loop
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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS www.nammakalvi.org
Maxwells’s right hand : If a right handed cork screw is rotated to advance along the direction of
cork screw rule the current through a conductor, then the direction of rotation of the screw
gives the direction of the magnetic lines of force around the conductor.
Biot - Savart Law : The magnetic induction dB at a point P due to the element of length dl is
directly proportional to the current (I) and length dl.
Directly proportional to the sine of the angle between dl and the line
MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

joining the element dl and the point P (sinq) inversely proportional to the
 1 µ Idl sin θ
square of the distance of the point from the element  . dB = 0
 r 2  4π r2
Tangent galvanometer : It is a device used to measure current. It works on the principle of tangent
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law.
Tangent law : It states that a magnetic needle suspended at a point where there are two
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crossed fields at right angles to each other, will come to rest in the direction
of the resultant of the two fields. B = Bh tanq

a
Ampere’s circuital law : It states that the line integral ∫ B . dl for a closed curve is equal to m0
ic
times the net current I0 through the area bounded by the curve.
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Right hand palm rule : The coil is held in the right hand so that the fingers point in the direction
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of the current in the windings. The extended thumb, points in the direction
of magnetic field. This is applied for solenoid to find the direction of ‘B’
End rule : When looked from one end, if the current through the solenoid is along
clockwise direction, the nearer end corresponds to south pole and the
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other end is north pole.

When looked from one end, if the current through the solenoid is along
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anticlockwise direction, the nearer end corresponds to north pole and

the other end is south pole.
Magnetic Lorentz : The force experienced by a charged particle moving inside a magnetic

force field. F = q(v × B) = Bqv sin θ
Cyclotron : Device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies.
It works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal to a mag-
netic field experiences a magnetic Lorentz force due to which the particle
moves in a circular path.
Fleming’s left hand : The forefinger, the middle finger and the thumb of the left hand are
rule stretched in mutually perpendicular directions. If the forefinger points in
the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger in the direction of
current, then the thumb points in the direction of the force on the conductor.
125
Evaluation
I Multiple choice questions 2q 3 BV q 3 B2 V
(a) (b)
1. The magnetic field at the center O of the m 2m
following current loop is 2q 3 B2 V 2q 3 BV
I (c) (d)
m m3
2 q 3 B2 V
I
r
I
[Ans. (c) ]
m
O
4. A circular coil of radius 5 cm and has
µ I µ I 50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The
(a) 0 ⊗ (b) 0
4r 4r magnetic dipole moment of the coil is
(a) 1.0 amp – m2 (b) 1.2 amp – m2
ns
µ I µ I
(c) 0 ⊗ (d) 0
2r 2r (c) 0.5 amp – m2 (d) 0.8 amp – m2
µ0I [Ans. (b) 1.2 amp – m2]
tio
[Ans. (a) ⊗]
4r 5. A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral
Unit 3
of N = 100 tight turns carrying a current

2. An electron moves straight inside a charged
a
I = 8 m A (milli ampere). The radii of
parallel plate capacitor of uniform charge
ic
inside and outside turns are equal to
density σ. The time taken by the electron to
a = 50 mm and b = 100 mm, respectively. The
cross the parallel plate capacitor when the
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magnetic induction at the center of the spiral

plates of the capacitor are kept under constant
is
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→
magnetic field of induction B is (a) 5 μT (b) 7 μT
(c) 8 μT (d) 10 μT
[Ans. (b) 7 μT]
E
ra
6. Three wires of equal lengths are bent in the

e– form of loops. One of the loops is circle,
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another is a semi-circle and the third one is a

square. They are placed in a uniform magnetic
field and same electric current is passed
through them. Which of the following loop
elB lB
(a) ε 0 (b) ε 0 configuration will experience greater torque?
σ σl
(a) circle (b) semi-circle
lB lB
(c) ε 0 (d) ε0 (c) square (d) all of them
eσ σ
[Ans. (a) circle]
lB
[Ans. (d) ε 0
] 7. Two identical coils, each with N turns and
σ
3. The force experienced by a particle having radius R are placed coaxially at a distance R as
mass m and charge q accelerated through a shown in the figure. If I is the current passing
potential difference V when it is kept under through the loops in the same direction, then
→
the magnetic field at a point P which is at
perpendicular magnetic field B is
R
exactly distance between two coils is
2
128
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10. A non-conducting charged ring of charge q,
I I mass m and radius r is rotated with constant
R R
angular speed ω. Find the ratio of its magnetic
P moment with angular momentum is
I I q 2q
(a) (b)
m m
R q q
(c) (d)
2m 4m
8 Nµ 0 I 8 Nµ 0 I q
(a) (b) 3
[Ans. (c) ]
5R 5 2R 2m

8 Nµ 0 I 4 Nµ 0 I
(c) (d) 11. The BH curve for a ferromagnetic material is
5R 5R shown in the Figure. The material is placed
8Nµ 0 I inside a long solenoid which contains 1000
[Ans. (b) ]
3 turns/cm. The current that should be passed in
5 2R
the solenonid to demagnetize the ferromagnet
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8. A wire of length l carries a current I along completely is
the Y direction and magnetic field is given B in tesla
tio
4.0
→
β   
by B =
3
( )
i + j + k T . The magnitude of
3.0
Lorentz force acting on the wire is

a 2.0
2 1
ic
1.0
(a) βIl (b) βIl H in ampere
3 3 per meter
bl
1 –250 –200 –150 –100 –50 50 100 150 200 250

(c) 2βIl (d) βIl –1.0
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2
–2.0
2
[Ans. (a) βIl ]
3 –3.0
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–4.0
9. A bar magnet of length l and magnetic moment
M is bent in the form of an arc as shown in
(a) 1.00 m A (milli ampere)
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Figure. The new magnetic dipole moment will

be (NEET 2014) (b) 1.25 mA
(c) 1.50 mA
(d) 1.75 mA [Ans. (b) 1.25 mA]
12. Two short bar magnets have magnetic
moments 1.20 Am2 and 1.00 Am2, respectively.
r 60° r
They are kept on a horizontal table parallel to
each other with their north poles pointing
towards the south. They have a common
3 magnetic equator and are separated by a
(a) M (b) M
π distance of 20.0 cm. The value of the resultant
2 1 horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-
(c) M (d) M point O of the line joining their centers is
π 2
3 (Horizontal components of Earth’s magnetic
[Ans. (b) M] induction is 3.6 × 10–5 Wb m–2)
π
(NSEP 2000-2001)
129

(a) 3.60 × 10–5 Wb m–2 II. Short Answer Questions :
(b) 3.5 × 10–5 Wb m–2 www.nammakalvi.org
(c) 2.56 × 10–4 Wb m–2 1. What is meant by magnetic induction?
(d) 2.2 × 10–4 Wb m–2 Ans. The magnetic induction (total magnetic field)
→
[Ans. (c) 2.56 × 10–4 Wb m–2] inside the specimen B is equal to the sum of the
magnetic field B produced in vacuum due to the
13. The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic →
field at a place is equal to the horizontal magnetising field and the magnetic field Bm
component. What is the value of angle of dip due to the induced magnetisation of the
at this place? substance.
→ → → → →
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90° B = B0 + B m = µ 0 H + µ 0 I
[Ans. (b) 45°]
2. Define magnetic flux.
14. A flat dielectric disc of radius R carries an Ans. The number of magnetic field lines crossing
excess charge on its surface. The surface per unit area is called magnetic flux ΦB.
charge density is σ. The disc rotates about Mathematically, the magnetic flux through a
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an axis perpendicular to its plane passing surface of area A in a uniform magnetic field is
through the center with angular velocity ω. defined as
Find the magnitude of the torque on the disc if
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→ →
it is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose Φ B = B . A = BA cos θ
Unit 3
strength is B which is directed perpendicular → →

to the axis of rotation
a
where θ is the angle between B and A .
1 1
ic
(a) σωπBR (b) σωπBR 2 3. Define magnetic dipole moment.
4 4
Ans. The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the
bl
1 1
(c) σωπBR 3 (d) σωπBR 4 product of its pole strength and magnetic length.
4 4 →
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1 It is a vector quantity, denoted by pm .

4
[Ans. (d) σωπBR ] → →
4 p m = qm d
15. A simple pendulum with charged bob is
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The magnitude of magnetic dipole moment is

oscillating with time period T and let θ be
pm = 2qml
the angular displacement. If the uniform
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magnetic field is switched ON in a direction 4. State Coulomb’s inverse law.

perpendicular to the plane of oscillation then Ans. The force of attraction or repulsion between two
(a) time period will decrease but θ will remain magnetic poles is directly proportional to the
constant product of their pole strengths and inversely
(b) time period remain constant but θ will proportional to the square of distance between
decrease them.
(c) both T and θ will remain the same Mathematically, we can write
→ q
m qm
(d) both T and θ will decrease Fα A2 B  r
[Ans. (c) both T and θ will remain the same] r
130

5. What is magnetic susceptibility? 8. State Ampere’s circuital law.
Ans. It is defined as the ratio of the intensity of Ans. Ampère’s law: The line integral of magnetic
→
magnetisation ( M ) induced in the material due field over a closed loop is μ0 times net current
→ enclosed by loop.
to the magnetising field ( H ) → →
→
M
∫ B .dl = µ 0 Ienclosed
χm = →
C
H Where Ienclosed the net current linked by the

closed loop C. Note that the line integral does not
6. State Biot-Savart’s law. → depend on the shape of the path or the position

Ans. The magnitude of magnetic field dB at a point of the conductor with the magnetic field.
P at a distance r from the small elemental length 9. Compare dia, para and ferromagnetism.
taken on a conductor carrying current varies
Ans.
(i) directly as the strength of the current I
(ii) directly as the magnitude of the length Dia Para Ferro
magnetic magnetic magnetism
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→
element dl materials materials materials
(iii) directly as the sine of the angle (say,θ)
→ 1. Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic
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∧
between dl and r . susceptibility susceptibility susceptibility
(iv) inversely as the square of the distance is negative. is positive is positive and
between the point P and length element and small. large.
a
→
dl . 2. Relative Relative Relative
ic
This is expressed as permeability permeability permeability
is slightly is greater is large.
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Idl
dB ∝ 2 sin θ less than than unity.
r
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unity.
Idl
dB = K 2 sin θ 3. Susceptibility Susceptibility Susceptibility
r
is nearly is inversely is inversely
µ temperature proportional proportional
where K = 0 in SI units and K = 1 in CGS
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4π independent. to to
units. In vector notation, temperature. temperature.
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→
→ µ I dl×r 10. What is meant by hysteresis?
d B= 0
4π r 2 Ans. The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic
→ → induction behind the magnetising field is called
Here vector dB is perpendicular to both I dl hysteresis. Hysteresis means ‘lagging behind’.
(pointing the direction of current flow) and the
→
∧
unit vector r directed from dl toward point P. III. Long Answer questions :
7. What is magnetic permeability? 1. Discuss Earth’s magnetic field in detail.
Ans. The magnetic permeability can be defined as Ans. (i) Gover suggested that the Earth’s magnetic
the measure of ability of the material to allow field is due to hot rays coming out from the
the passage of magnetic field lines through it or Sun.
measure of the capacity of the substance to take (ii) These rays will heat up the air near
magnetisation or the degree of penetration of equatorial region.
magnetic field through the substance.
(iii) Once air becomes hotter, it rises above and
will move towards northern and southern
hemispheres and get electrified.
131
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(iv) This may be responsible to magnetize the →
ferromagnetic materials near the Earth’s → µ I dl  unit vector perpendicular
dB = 0 2 sin θ  → →

surface. 4π r  to dl and r 
(v) Till date, so many theories have been
The direction of the field is perpendicular to the
proposed.
plane of the paper and going into it. This can be
(vi) But none of the theory completely explains
determined by taking the cross product between
the cause for the Earth’s magnetism. The → ∧ ∧
north pole of magnetic compass needle is two vectors dl and r (let it be n ). The net
attracted towards the magnetic south pole magnetic field can be determined by integrating
of the Earth which is near the geographic equation with proper limits.
north pole. From the Figure , in a right angle triangle PAO,
(vii) Similarly, the south pole of magnetic M 2
compass needle is attracted towards the

geographic north pole of the Earth which A
dl
is near magnetic north-pole.
ns
(viii)
The branch of physics which deals
l
with the Earth’s magnetic field is called r
I
Geomagnetism or Terrestrial magnetism.
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(ix) There are three quantities required to O
a
P
specify the magnetic field of the Earth
Unit 3
on its surface, which are often called as

a
the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field.
ic
They are 1
(a) magnetic declination (D) N

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(b) magnetic dip or inclination (I) Magnetic field due to a long

(c) straight current carrying conductor
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the horizontal component of the

Earth’s magnetic field (BH)
a
The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic tan ( π − θ ) =
→
l
field B with the horizontal direction in the
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a
magnetic meridian is called dip or magnetic l=− (since tan (π − θ) = − tan θ)
tan θ
inclination (I).
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l = −a cot θ and r = a cosec θ

The component of Earth’s magnetic field
along the horizontal direction in the magnetic Differentiating,
meridian is called horizontal component of dl = a cosec 2θd θ
Earth’s magnetic field, denoted by BH. → µ 0 I ( a cosec 2θd θ ) ∧
2. Deduce the relation for the magnetic induction dB = sin θ n
4π ( a cosec θ)2
at a point due to an infinitely long straight
conductor carrying current. → µ 0 I ( a cosec 2θd θ ) ∧
dB = sin θ n
Ans. Consider a long straight wire NM with current 4π ( a 2 cosec 2 θ )
I flowing from N to M as shown in Fig. Let P be µ0I ∧
the point at a distance a from point . Consider = sin θd θ n
4πa
an element of length dl of the wire at a distance
∧
l from point O and r be the vector joining the This is the magnetic field at a point P due to the
element dl with the point P. Let θ be the angle current in small elemental length. Note that we
→ ∧ have expressed the magnetic field OP in terms
between dl and r . Then, the magnetic field at P
of angular coordinate i.e. θ. Therefore, the net
due to the element is
magnetic field at the point P can be obtained by
132

→ According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic
integrating dB by varying the angle from θ = φ1 →
to θ = φ2 is field at P due to the current element I dl is
ϕ → ∧
→ µ I 2 ∧ µ I ∧ → µ I dl × r
B = 0 ∫ sin θd θ n = 0 (cos ϕ1 − cos ϕ 2 ) n dB = 0
4πa ϕ 4πa 4π r 2
1
For a an infinitely long straight wire, φ1 = 0 and The magnitude of magnetic field due to current
→
φ2 = π, the magnetic field is element I dl at C and D are equal because of
→ µ I∧ equal distance from the coil. The magnetic
B= 0 n → →
2πa field dB due to each current element I dl is

∧
Note that here n represents the unit vector from resolved into two components; dB sin θ along
the point O to P. y - direction and dB cos θ along z - direction.
Horizontal components each current element
3. Obtain an relation for the magnetic induction
cancels out while the vertical components (dB
at a point along the axis of a circular coil ∧
carrying current. cos θ k ) alone contribute to total magnetic field
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Ans. Consider a current carrying circular loop of at the point P.
radius R and let I be the current flowing through dB
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the wire in the direction as shown in Figure.
The magnetic field at a point P on the axis of the
circular coil at a distance z from its center of the
Idℓ
a
coil O. It is computed by taking two diametrically r
Idℓ
ic
opposite line elements of the coil each of length
→ ∧
dl at C and D. Let r be the vector joining the ^r
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→
current element (I dl ) at C to the point P.
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We know that The direction of magnetic

PC = PD = r = R + Z and 2 2 field using right hand rule
angle ∠CPO = ∠DPO = θ → →
If we integrate dl around the loop, dB sweeps
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z B
dB out a cone as shown in Figure, then the net
y 90º →
dB θ θ dB O
magnetic field B at point P is
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90º 90º
x r
P
r =r → → ∧
90º
B = ∫ dB = ∫ dB cos θ k
r r dl
Z → µ 0 I dl ∧
4π ∫ r 2
current element
pointing out of page
B= cos θ k
90º θ
R
dl O
C D
dl
R
But cosθ = 1
, using Pythagorous
I
B (R 2
+ )
z2 2
theorem r2 = R2 + z2 and integrating line element
dBz = dB cos θ
dBz = dB cos θ
from 0 to 2πR, we get

→ µ0I R2 ∧
dBy = dB sinθ P dBy = dB sinθ
B= 3
k
2π
Current carrying circular loop using Biot-Savart’s law (R 2 + z 2 ) 2
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133

→ → 
→ → 
→ →
Note that the magnetic field B points along τ = ON × FN + OS × FS
the direction from the point O to P. Suppose if
the current flows in clockwise direction, then
magnetic field points in the direction from the
→ 
→
τ = ON × qm B+ OS × − qm B
→ 
→
( →
)
point P to O. By using right hand cork screw rule, we
conclude that the total torque is pointing
4. Compute the torque experienced by a magnetic
into the paper. Since the magnitudes
needle in a uniform magnetic field. 
→ 
→ → →
Ans. Consider a magnet of length 2l of pole strength ON = OS = l and qm B = − qm B , the
→
qm kept in a uniform magnetic field B as magnitude of total torque about point O
shown in Figure. Each pole experiences a force τ = l × qmB sin θ + l × qmB sin θ
of magnitude qmB but acts opposite direction. τ = 2l × qmB sin θ
Therefore, the net force exerted on the magnet is τ = pmB sin θ (\ qm × 2l = pm)
zero, so that there is no translatory motion. These → → →
two forces constitute a couple (about midpoint In vector notation, τ = pm × B
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of bar magnet) which will rotate and try to align 5. Calculate the magnetic induction at a point on
→
in the direction of the magnetic field B . the axial line of a bar magnet.
Ans. Consider a bar magnet NS as shown in Figure.
tio
Let N be the North Pole and S be the south pole
Unit 3
F = qmB
of the bar magnet, each of pole strength qm and
a separated by a distance of 2l. The magnetic field
N
at a point C (lies along the axis of the magnet)
ic
N
2l
S at a distance from the geometrical center O of
2l sinθ the bar magnet can be computed by keeping
bl
θ
unit north pole (qmc = 1 A m) at C. The force
S
experienced by the unit north pole at C due to
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F = q mB pole strength can be computed using Coulomb’s

law of magnetism as follows:
y axis
Magnetic dipole kept in a O is the geometrical center of bar magnet qmC = 1 Am

ra
uniform magnetic field S O N FS C FN jˆ

lˆ
x axis
–lˆ
The force experienced by north pole, BS qm BN
C
–jˆ
l l r–l
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→ → r
FN = qm B .....(1) 2l
r+l
The force experienced by south pole,
Magnetic field at a point along the axial line due to magnetic dipole
→ →
FS = −qm B .....(2) The force of repulsion between north pole of the
bar magnet and unit north pole at point C (in
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get the net
free space) is
force acting on the dipole as
→ µ qm ∧
→ → → →
FN = 0 i ......(1)
F = FN + FS = 0 4 π ( r − l )2
This implies, that the net force acting on the where r – l is the distance between north pole of
dipole is zero, but forms a couple which tends to the bar magnet and unit north pole at C.
rotate the bar magnet clockwise (here) in order The force of attraction between South Pole of the
→
to align it along B . bar magnet and unit North Pole at point C (in
free space) is
The moment of force or torque experienced by
north and south pole about point O is
→ µ qm ∧
FS = 0 i ......(2)
4 π ( r + l )2
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where r + l is the distance between south pole of unit north pole (qmC = 1 A m) at C. The force
the bar magnet and unit north pole at C. experienced by the unit north pole at C due
From equation (1) and (2), the net force at point to pole strength N-S can be computed using
→ → → →
Coulomb’s law of magnetism as follows:
C is F = FN + FS. =From
0 our definition, this net
FN
force is the magnetic field due to magnetic dipole
(
at a point C F = B
→ →
) θ C
BN
qmC = 1 Am
→ µ qm ∧  µ 0 qm ∧ R
θ
B= 0 i+ − i qmC
4 π ( r − l )2  4 π ( r + l )2  FS
BS y axis
µ 0 qm  1

→ 1 ∧
B=  − i r' = (r2 + l2)½
4π  ( r − l ) 2
( r + l )2  r
jˆ
→ µ 2r  q . ( 2l )  ∧ lˆ
B= 0  m i ......(3) –lˆ
x axis
4π  ( r 2 − l 2 )2  θ θ –jˆ
ns
Since, magnitude of magnetic dipole moment is S
l
O
l
N
→
pm = pm = qm . 2l the magnetic field at a point O is the geometrical center of bar magnet
tio
C equation (3) can be written as
Magnetic field at a point along the equatorial
→ µ  2rpm  ∧
Baxial = 0 i ......(4) line due to a magnetic dipole
a
4π  ( r 2 − l 2 )2 
The force of repulsion between North Pole of the
ic
If the distance between two poles in a bar magnet bar magnet and unit north pole at point C (in
are small (looks like short magnet) compared to free space) is
bl
the distance between geometrical centre O of → ∧ ∧

bar magnet and the location of point C i.e., r >> FN = − FN cos θ i + FN sin θ j ......(1)
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l then, µ 0 qm
(r2 − l2 )2 ≈ r4......(5) where FN =
4π r ′ 2
Therefore, using equation (5) in equation (4), we
The force of attraction (in free space) between
ra
get
south pole of the bar magnet and unit north pole
→ µ  2p  ∧ µ 2 →
Baxial = 0  3m  i = 0 3 pm ......(6) at point C is (Figure) is
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4π  r  4π r
→ ∧
FN
Where pm = pm i . FN sinθ( )
6. Obtain the magnetic induction at a point on

the equatorial line of a bar magnet. FN cosθ(-i)
θ
Ans. Consider a bar magnet NS as shown in Figure. -i
Let N be the north pole and S be the south pole FN cosθ(-i) θ
of the bar magnet, each with pole strength qm
and separated by a distance of 2l. The magnetic
FS sinθ(- )
field at a point C (lies along the equatorial line)
at a distance r from the geometrical center O FS
of the bar magnet can be computed by keeping
Components of force
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135

→ ∧ ∧ → µ0 pm ∧
FS = − FS cos θ i − FS sin θ j ......(2) Bequatorial = − i
......(8)
4π r 3
µ 0 qm
where, FS = Note that magnitude of Baxial is twice that of
4π r ′ 2 magnitude of Bequatorial and the direction of Baxial
From equation (1) and equation (2), the net and Bequatorial are opposite.
→ → → →
force at point C is F = FN + FS. =This
0 net force is
7. Find the magnetic induction due to a long
equal to the magnetic field at the point C.
→ ∧
straight conductor using Ampere’s circuital
B = − ( FN + FS ) cosθ i law.
Ans. Consider a straight conductor of infinite
Since, FN = FS
length carrying current I and the direction of
→ 2µ q ∧ 2µ q ∧
magnetic field lines is shown in Figure. Since
B = − 0 m2 cos θ i = − 0 2 m 2 cos θ i
4π r ′ 4π ( r + l ) the wire is geometrically cylindrical in shape
......(3) and symmetrical about its axis, we construct an
In a right angle triangle NOC as shown in the Ampèrian loop in the form of a circular shape at
ns
Figure a distance r from the centre of the conductor as
adjacent 1 1 shown in Figure. From the Ampère’s law, we get
cosθ = = = 1
......(4)
hypotenuse r ′
tio
I
(r + l ) 2
2 2
Unit 3
Substituting equation (4) in equation (3) we get

→ µ q × ( 2l ) ∧
a C O r
B=− 0 m i ......(5) dB
ic
A
4π 2 2 3
(r + l ) 2
bl
Since, magnitude of magnetic dipole moment is

→ Ampèrian loop for current
pm = pm = qm . 2l and substituting in equation
Pu
carrying straight wire

(5), we get the magnetic field at a point C is → →
→ µ
Bequatorial = 0
pm ∧
i ......(6) ∫ B .dl = µ 0 I
4π 2 2 3 C
(r + l )
ra
2 →
where dl is the line element along the amperian
If the distance between two poles in a bar
loop (tangent to the circular loop). Hence, the
Su
magnet are small (looks like short magnet) when

angle between magnetic field vector and line
compared to the distance between geometrical
element is zero. Therefore,
center O of bar magnet and the location of point
C i.e., r >> l, then, ∫ Bdl = µ 0 I
3 C
(r 2 + l 2 ) 2 ≈ r 3 ......(7) where I is the current enclosed by the Ampèrian
Therefore, using equation (7) in equation (6), we loop. Due to the symmetry, the magnitude of
get the magnetic field is uniform over the Ampèrian
loop, we can take B out of the integration.
→ µ0 pm ∧
Bequatorial = − i →
4π r 3  dl = µ 0 I
B∫
C
∧ →
Since pm i = pm , In general, the magnetic field For a circular loop, the circumference is 2πr,
at equatorial point is given by which implies,
2 πr
B ∫ dl = µ 0 I
0
136

→
B .2πr = µ 0 I
Electromagnet N
µ I
B= 0 High frequency
2πr oscillator –ve +ve
Ion source
D-shaped hollow D-shaped
→µ0I ∧
In vector form, the magnetic field is B = n metal chamber D
1 D2 hollow metal
chamber
2πr Deflector plate
∧
where n is the unit vector along the tangent to
the Ampèrian loop.
Electromagnet S
8. Discuss the working of cyclotron in detail.

Ans. Cyclotron:
Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate the Constant-frequency
alternating
charged particles to gain large kinetic energy. It B voltage
is also called as high energy accelerator. It was

invented by Lawrence and Livingston in 1934. D1
ns
S
Principle: D2
When a charged particle moves normal to the

magnetic field, it experiences magnetic Lorentz
force.
Construction:
(i) The schematic diagram of a cyclotron is
a tio Source of protons High frequency
ic
shown in Figure. accelerating
voltage
(ii) The particles are allowed to move
bl
in between two semi-circular metal

containers called Dees (hollow D - shaped
Pu
objects).
(iii) Dees are enclosed in an evacuated
chamber and it is kept in a region with
uniform magnetic field controlled by an
ra
Dees
electromagnet. High-speed proton beam
(iv) The direction of magnetic field is normal

Su
to the plane of the Dees. construction and working of

(v) The two Dees are kept separated with a gap cyclotron
and the source S (which ejects the particle
(iv) After one semi-circular path in Dee-1, the
to be accelerated) is placed at the center in
ion reaches the gap between Dees.
the gap between the Dees.
(v) At this time, the polarities of the Dees are
(vi) Dees are connected to high frequency
reversed so that the ion is now accelerated
alternating potential difference.
towards Dee-2 with a greater velocity.
Working:
(vi) For this circular motion, the centripetal
(i) Let us assume that the ion ejected from force of the charged particle q is provided
source S is positively charged. by Lorentz force.
(ii) As soon as ion is ejected, it is accelerated
mv 2
towards a Dee (say, Dee – 1) which has = qvB
negative potential at that time. r
m
(iii) Since the magnetic field is normal to r = v
the plane of the Dees, the ion undergoes qB
circular path. r a v...(1)
137
www.nammakalvi.org
(vii) From the equation (1), the increase in (iii) A magnetic needle placed in these two
velocity increases the radius of circular fields will be subjected to two torques
path. tending to rotate the magnet in opposite
(viii) This process continues and hence the directions.
particle undergoes spiral path of increasing (iv) The torque τ1 due to the two equal and
radius. opposite parallel forces mB1 and mB1 tend
(ix) Once it reaches near the edge, it is taken to set the magnet parallel to B1. Similarly
out with the help of deflector plate and the torque τ2 due to the two equal and
allowed to hit the target T. opposite parallel forces mB2 and mB2
(x) Very important condition in cyclotron tends to set the magnet parallel to B2. In
operation is the resonance condition. It a position where the torques balance each
happens when the frequency f at which the other, the magnet comes to rest. Now the
positive ion circulates in the magnetic field magnet makes an angle θ with B2 as shown
must be equal to the constant frequency of in the Fig.
the electrical oscillator fosc The deflecting torque due to the forces mB1 and
mB1
ns
qB
From equation fOSC = , we have τ1 = mB1 × NA
2πm
= mB1 × NS cos θ
The time period of oscillation is
tio
= mB1 × 2l cos θ
2πm
= 2l mB1 cos θ
Unit 3
T =
qB
a ∴ τ1 = MB1cos θ
The kinetic energy of the charged particle is Similarly the restoring torque due to the forces
ic
1 2 q 2 B2 r 2 mB2 and mB2
KE = mv =
bl
2 2m τ2 = mB2 × SA
= mB2 × 2l sin θ
Limitations of cyclotron:
Pu
= 2lm × B2 sin θ
(a) the speed of the ion is limited τ2 = MB2 sin θ
(b) electron cannot be accelerated At equillibrium,
(c) uncharged particles cannot be accelerated τ1 = τ2
ra
9. What is tangent law? Discuss in detail. ∴ MB1 cos θ = MB2 sin θ

Ans. Tangent law: ∴ B1 = B2 tan θ
Su
This is called Tangent law

B2
mB 2 Invariably, in the applications of tangent law,
N
mB 1
the restoring magnetic field B2 is the horizontal
θ
θ
component of Earth’s magnetic field Bh.
2l
B1 10. Explain the principle and working of a moving
coil galvanometer.
mB 1
S
A Ans. Moving coil galvanometer is a device which
mB 2 is used to indicate the flow of current in an
Tangent law electrical circuit.
(i) A magnetic needle suspended, at a point Principle When a current carrying loop is
where there are two crossed magnetic placed in a uniform magnetic field it experiences
fields acting at right angles to each other, a torque.
will come to rest in the direction of the Construction : A moving coil galvanometer
resultant of the two fields. consists of a rectangular coil PQRS of insulated
(ii) B1 and B2 are two uniform magnetic fields
acting at right angles to each other.
138

thin copper wire. The coil contains a large Working : Consider a single turn of the
number of turns wound over a light metallic rectangular coil PQRS whose length be l and
frame. A cylindrical soft-iron core is placed breadth b. PQ = RS = l and QR = SP = b. Let
symmetrically inside the coil as shown in Figure. I be the electric current flowing through the
The rectangular coil is suspended freely between rectangular coil PQRS as shown in Figure.
two pole pieces of a horse-shoe magnet. The horse-shoe magnet has hemi - spherical
Translucent
scale
Mirror
magnetic poles which produces a radial magnetic
Flying spot
field. Due to this radial field, the sides QR and SP
are always parallel to the B-field (magnetic field)
Permanent and experience no force. The sides PQ and RS
magnet
are always parallel to the B-field and experience

Lens and Fixed core Moving
graticule coil
Lamp force and due to this, torque is produced.
F
Q R
ns
P S
F
tio
b
N S a Deflection Couple
For single turn, the deflection couple as
shown in Figure is
ic
Coil
τ = bF = bBIl = (lb) BI = ABI
bl
Moving coil galvanometer – its parts since, area of the coil A = lb For coil with N
turns, we get
The upper end of the rectangular coil is attached
Pu
τ = NABI .....(1)
to one end of fine strip of phosphor bronze W
Due to this deflecting torque, the coil gets twisted
and the lower end of the coil is connected to a
and restoring torque (also known as restoring
hair spring S which is also made up of phosphor
couple) is developed. Hence the magnitude of
ra
bronze. In a fine suspension strip W, a small

restoring couple is proportional to the amount
plane mirror is attached in order to measure the
of twist θ. Thus
deflection of the coil with the help of lamp and
Su
τ = K θ .....(2)
scale arrangement. The other end of the mirror
is connected to a torsion head T. In order to where K is the restoring couple per unit twist or
pass electric current through the galvanometer, torsional constant of the spring.
the suspension strip W and the spring S are At equilibrium, the deflection couple is equal to
connected to terminals. the restoring couple. Therefore by comparing
Force upwards I is the current equation (1) and (2), we get
Magnetic field P
flowing through NABI = Kθ
the coil
K
⇒ I= θ .....(3)
Q
S NAB
Magnetic field (or) I = G θ
R K
where, G = is called galvanometer
Force downwards NAB
Force acting on current carrying coil constant or current reduction factor of the
galvanometer.
139

11. Discuss the conversion of galvanometer into 12. Calculate the magnetic field inside and outside
an ammeter and also a voltmeter. of the long solenoid using Ampere’s circuital
Ans. A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter law.
by connecting a low resistance in parallel with Ans. Consider a solenoid of length L having N turns.
the galvanometer. This low resistance is called The diametre of the solenoid is assumed to be
shunt resistance S. The scale is now calibrated in much smaller when compared to its length and
ampere and the range of ammeter depends on the coil is wound very closely.
the values of the shunt resistance. points out h
d c
S points in i
C D
I – Ig I – Ig B a b
G
I A Ig Ig E I Magnetic field of a solenoid
Amperian loop for solenoid
ns
Ammeter In order to calculate the magnetic field at any
Shunt resistance connected in parallel point inside the solenoid, we use Ampere’s
tio
Let I be the current passing through the circuit circuital law. Consider a rectangular loop abcd
as shown in Figure. When current I reaches the as shown in Figure. Then from Ampere’s circuital
Unit 3
junction A, it divides into two components. law,

a → →
Let Ig be the current passing through the
∫ B .dl = µ 0 Ienclosed
ic
galvanometer of resistance Rg through a path C
AGE and the remaining current (I – Ig) passes
bl
= μ0 × (total current enclosed by Amperian loop)

along the path ACDE through shunt resistance
S. The value of shunt resistance is so adjusted The left hand side of the equation is
Pu
b → → c → → d → → a → →
that current Ig produces full scale deflection in → →
the galvanometer. The potential difference across ∫ B . dl = ∫ B . dl + ∫ B . dl + ∫ B . dl + ∫ B . dl

C a b c d
galvanometer is same as the potential difference
across shunt resistance. Since the elemental lengths along bc and da are
ra
Vgalvanometer = Vshunt perpendicular to the magnetic field which is

⇒ Ig Rg = (I−Ig)S along the axis of the solenoid, the integrals
Su
c→ → c → →
Ig
S = R or ∫ B . dl = ∫ B dl cos 90° = 0
(I − I g ) g b b
a→ →
S
Ig =
S+ Rg
I ⇒ Ig ∝ I ∫ B . dl = 0
d
Since, the deflection in the galvanometer is
Since the magnetic field outside the solenoid is
proportional to the current passing through it. d→ →
1 zero, the integral ∫ B .dl
θ = Ig ⇒ θ ∝ Ig ⇒ θ ∝ I
G c
So, the deflection in the galvanometer measures For the path along ab, the integral is
b→ → b b
the current I passing through the circuit
(ammeter). ∫ B . dl = B ∫ dl cos 0° = B ∫ dl
a a a
where the length of the loop ab as shown in the

Figure is h. But the choice of length of the loop
ab is arbitrary. We can take very large loop such
140
www.nammakalvi.org
that it is equal to the length of the solenoid L.
Therefore the integral is
b→ →
∫ B .dl = BL
a
Bin
Let NI be the current passing through the
solenoid of N turns, then
b→ →
NI
∫ B .dl = BL = µ 0 NI ⇒ B = µ 0 L
Ans. Given that the conductor is horizontally
a supported from the suspension wires. It requires

The number of turns per unit length is given by a vertically upward magnetic force (F = BIl) to
N support its own without making the support
= n , Then tension zero.
L
Upward magnetic force on the wire F = BIl
nLI
B = µ0 = µ 0 nI ......(1)
L
ns
Downward force to be supported (weight)
Since n is a constant for a given solenoid and μ0 is F = (0.2 × 10–3 × L) × 10 ......(2)
also constant. For a fixed current I, the magnetic Given data:
tio
field inside the solenoid is also a constant. m
Linear density = = 0.2 × 10–3 kg m–1.
L
IV. Numerical problems
a Magnetic field, B = 1 Tesla. g = 10ms–2
Equating forces
ic
1. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment BIl = 0.2 × 10–3 × L × 10
bl
→
M is cut into four pieces i.e., first cut in two 1 × L × I = 0.2 × 10–3 × L × 10
pieces along the axis of the magnet and each I = 2 × 10–3 A
Pu
piece is further cut into two pieces. Compute I = 2mA

the magnetic moment of each piece. 3. A circular coil with cross-sectional area 0.1
Ans. When bar magnet cut into two pieces, the cm2 is kept in a uniform magnetic field of
Magnetic strength is reduced to half and also
ra
strength 0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil

magnetic moments reduces to half but length is 3 A and plane of the loop is perpendicular to
remains same (2l). the direction of magnetic field. Calculate
Su
M (a) total torque on the coil

i.e magnetic moment =
2 (b) total force on the coil
Again each piece is cut into two, so magnetic
moment again becomes half (c) average force on each electron in the
M coil due to the magnetic field of the free
M electron density for the material of the
i.e 2 2 = wire is 1028 m–3.
4
→ 1 → Ans. Area of circular coil A = 0.1 cm2 = 0.1 × 10–4 m2
\ Magnetic moment of each piece M new = . M
4 Magnetic field of strength B = 0.2 T
2. A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g m–1 Current passing in the coil I = 3 A
suspended by two flexible wire as shown in Total torque on the coil τ = NAB sin θ
figure. Suppose the tension in the supporting θ is the angle between the normal drawn to the
wires is zero when it is kept inside the magnetic plane of the coil and direction of magnetic field.
field of 1 T whose direction is into the page. θ=0
Compute the current inside the current and τ = NAB sin θ = 0
also the direction for the current. Assume
(a) τ = 0
g = 10 ms–2
141

(b) Total force on the coil F = BIl sin θ 5. A non - conducting sphere has mass of 100 g
(or) F = Bqv sin θ and radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire
θ = 0 with turns 5 is wrapped tightly around it with
\F=0 each turns concentric with the sphere. This
sphere is placed on an inclined plane such that
(c) Electron density for the material of the
plane of coil is parallel to the inclined plane.
wire = 1028 m–3.
A uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T exists in
q
σ= the region in vertically upwards direction.
A Compute the current I required to rest the
sphere in equilibrium.
4. A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic
field whose strength is 0.8 T. Suppose the bar
magnet orient an angle 30° with the external
field experiences a torque of 0.2 N m. Calculate:
(i) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(ii) the work done by an applied force
ns
in moving it from most stable
configuration to the most unstable Ans. The sphere is in translational equilibrium, thus
configuration and also compute the fs - mg sinq = 0 ...(1)
work done by the applied magnetic field
tio
The sphere is in rotational equilibrium. If
Unit 3
in this case. torques are taken about the centre of the sphere,
a the magnetic field produces a clockwise torque
Ans. Magnetic strength, B = 0.8T
of magnitude
ic
Angle inclined with a magnetic field q = 30°
Torque, t = 0.2 Nm. i.e t = mB sinθ [m = NIA]
bl
(i) Magnetic moment of the magnet M = ? The frictional force (fs) produces a anticlockwise
torque of magnitude t = fsR, where R is the
t = MB sinq
Pu
radius of the sphere. Thus

τ 0.2
m = = fsR – mB sinq = 0 ...(2)
Bsin θ 0.8 sin 30° From (1) and (2) [i.e fs = mg sinq substituting in (2)]
0.2 2 mg sinq. R – mB sinq mg R = mB
= = = 0.5 Am2
ra
1 4 Substituting m
0.8 ×
2 mgR = NIAB
Su
m = 0.5Am2 mgR
I = [where A is the area of the
(ii) Work done by an applied force in stable NBA sphere A = pR2]
Ui = mBcosq mg
q = 0° ∴ I =
πRBN
Work done by an applied force in unstable
configuration, Uf = –mBcosq Given:
q = 180° mass of the sphere m = 100g = 100 × 10–3kg
Work done by the applied magnetic field Radius of the sphere R = 20 cm = 20 × 10–2m
W = Uf – Ui No. of turns of wire wrapped N = 5
= –mBcos180° – (–mBcos0°) Magnetic field B = 0.5 T
= mB + mB Current required to rest the sphere in equilibrium
I=? 2
W = 2mB 100 × 10 −3 × 10
I =
= 2 × 0.5 × 0.8 π × 5 × 20 × 10 −2 × 0.5
W = 0.85.
2
I = A
π
142

6. Calculate the magnetic field at the center of a 2
square loop which carries a current of 1.5 A, r= R 2 + ( x′ − x)
length of each loop is 50 cm.
Ans. Current carries through a square loop The magnetic field due to current carrying
I = 1.5A circular coil along its axis is
B C µ 0 IR 2
dB = . ×N
2 r2
φ1
φ2 ndx
where N =
µ 0 nIR 2
then dB = . .dx
2 r3

A 50 cm D
R
Length of each loop, l = 50cm = 50 × 10–2m. sinq =
Magnetic field at the centre of square loop B = ? r
Magnetic field due to current carrying straight r = R cosecf...(1)
conductors (according to boot - savart law) R
ns
µ I tanf =
B = 0 [Sinf1 + sinf2] x′ − x
4πa
x – x = R cotf
tio
l
a = ; f1 = 45° ; f2 = 45° dx
2 = R cosec2f
dφ
a
for a square it has 4 sides. So at the centre of a dx = R cosec2 f df...(2)
ic
square, the magnetic field. from above equation,
µ0I µ nIR 2 .R cos ec 2 φ.d φ
bl
B = 4 × [sinf1 + sinf2] dB = 0 .
4π l 2 2 R 3 cos ec3φ
Pu
µ0
4 × 4π × 10 −7 × 1.5  1 1  dB = . nI sinf df
= + 2
−2  2 
4π × 50 × 10  2
Total magnetic field can be obtained by
2
ra
integrating
4 × 1.5 × 2 × 10 −7 φ
= µ nI 2
2 × 25 × 10 −2 B = 0 ∫ sin φd φ
Su
2 φ
−7
12 × 10 1
=
1.414 × 25 × 10 −2 µ 0 nI
B = [ − cos φ]φφ12
= .3395×10–5 2
B = 3.4 × 10–6T
µ 0 nI
7. Show that the magnetic field at any point on B = (cosf1 – cosf2)
2
the axis of the solenoid having turns per unit
1 8. Let I1 and I2 be the steady currents passing
length is B = µ 0 nI (cos θ1 − cos θ 2 )
2 through a long horizontal wire XY and PQ,
Ans. Consider a solenoid having radius R consists of respectively. Suppose the wire PQ is fixed in
n number of turns per unit length. horizontal plane and the wire XY is allowed to
Let P be the point at a distance. x form the origin move freely in a vertical plane. Let the wire XY
of the solenoid. is in equilibrium at a height d over the parallel
The current carrying element dx at a distance. x wire PQ as shown in figure.
from origin and the distance r from point p.
143
www.nammakalvi.org
I1 Ans. The time period of oscillation T = ?
X Y The acculturation is produced due to
displacement of the wire XY
d ay = –w2y
I2 d
P Q T = 2p
g
Show that if the wire XY is slightly displaced
and released, it executes Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM). Also, compute the time period
of oscillations.
additional questions and answers
ns
Choose the Correct Answer 1 mark
Q S
tio
P R
1. Which of the following graphs shows the
Unit 3
variation of magnetic induction B with

(a) P (b) Q
a
distance ‘r’ from along wire carrying current?
(c) R (d) S
ic
B
B
[Ans. (d) S]
bl
(a) (b) Couple of force on loop S is maximum

because for a given perimeter, area of
Pu
Hint: the loop will be maximum and magnetic

r
r moment of the loop (=IA) will also be
B B maximum for loop ‘S’.
ra
(c) (d) 3. Which one of the following represents corrent

magnetic field lines?
Su
r r
B (a) (b)
[Ans. (c) ]
r (c) (d)
1
Hint: Ba [Ans. (d) ]
r
2. Four wires each of length 2m are bent into four 4. Angle of dip at a place, wher horizontal and
loops P, Q, R and S and then suspended into vertical component of earth’s fiedl are qual is
uniform magnetic field as shown in the figure (a) 45° (b) 60°
same current is passed in each loop. On which (c) 30° (d) 0°
loop the couple will be the highest?
[Ans. (a) 45°]
144

2. Assertion : If two end of a solenoid are bent 2. What is Geomagnetism?
and together to form a closed ring Ans. The branch of physics which deals with the
shape, it is called as toroid Earth’s magnetic field is called Geomagnetism
Reason : Magnetic field due to a long or Terrestrial magnetism.
current carrying solenoid is m
3. State the elements of Earth’s magnetic field.
µNI N
B= = mnI (where, n = ) Ans. There are three quantities required to specify the
L L magnetic field of the Earth on its surface, which
[Ans. (b) Assertion and Reason are true but are often called as the elements of the Earth’s
Reason is the false explanation of the magnetic field. They are
Assertion.] (a) magnetic declination (D)
(b) magnetic dip or inclination (I)
Choose the correct or Incorrect statements (c) the horizontal component of the Earth’s
magnetic field (BH)
1. (I) Closed line integral means integral over
4. What is meant by
a closed curve (or line), (symbol is ò
ns
(i) Geographic axis
(or) òC ] (ii) Geographic meridian &
tio
(II) Right hand thumb Rule is used to (iii) Geographic equator
determine the direction of magnetic Ans. Day and night occur because Earth spins
Unit 3
moment about an axis called geographic axis. A vertical

a
Which one is correct statement? plane passing through the geographic axis is
ic
(a) I only (b) II only called geographic meridian and a great circle
(c) both are correct perpendicular to Earth’s geographic axis is called
bl
geographic equator.
(d) none of these [Ans. (c) both are correct]
5. What is magnetic axis, magnetic meridian &
Pu
2. (I) The ability of the materials to retain the magnetic equator.

magnetism in them even magnetising
Ans. The straight line which connects magnetic
field vanishes is called remanence or
poles of Earth is known as magnetic axis. A
retentivity
ra
vertical plane passing through magnetic axis

(II) Hysterisis means ‘lagging beyond’ which is called magnetic meridian and a great circle
one is incorrect statement?
Su
perpendicular to Earth’s magnetic axis is called

(a) I only (b) II only magnetic equator.
(c) both are correct (d) none of these 6. What is Declination?
[Ans. (b) II only] Ans. The angle between magnetic meridian at a
point and geographical meridian is called the
Very Short Answer 2 marks declination or magnetic declination (D).
1. What are the causes for earth's magnetic field 7. What is meant by dip?
according to Gover? Ans. The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic
→
Ans. Gover suggested that the Earth’s magnetic field field B with the horizontal direction in the
is due to hot rays coming out from the Sun. magnetic meridian is called dip or magnetic
These rays will heat up the air near equatorial inclination (I) at that point.
region. Once air becomes hotter, it rises above
and will move towards northern and southern
hemispheres and get electrified. This may be
responsible to magnetize the ferromagnetic
materials near the Earth’s surface.
158

→ 13. Two identical charged protrudes moving with
9. In a certain region of space, electric field E the same speed enter a region of uniform
→ magnetic field. If one of these enters normal to
and magnetic field B are perpendicular to the field direction and the other enters along a
each other. An electron enters in the region direction at 30° with the field. What would be
perpendicular to the direction of both the ratio of their angular frequencies.
→ →
B & E and moves undeflected. Find the qB
Ans. w = independence of angle of entrance with
velocity of electron. m
Ans. Net force an electron moving in the combined the magnetic field.
→ → w1 : w2 = 1 : 1
electric field E and magnetic field B is
→ → → → 14. A long straight wire AB carries a current I.
F = –e [ E + ν × B ] A proton P travels with a speed v, parallel to
→ the wire, at a distance d from it in a direction
Since electron moves undeflected then F = 0 opposite to the current as shown in figure what
→ → →
E +( ν × B ) = 0 is the force experienced by the proton and
ns
→ what is its direction?
→ → → → E Ans. Magnetic field due to current carrying wire is
| E | = (| ν | × | B |) ⇒ | ν | = →
perpendicular to plane of paper - downward.
tio
B
B
Unit 3
10. What is the value of magnetic field at point O

due to current flowing in the wires? p
a
I r d
proton
ic
bl
A
→ µ0I 
Pu
Ans. The magnetic field at point O is zero. Because the

i.e B = − ν
upper and lower current carrying conductors 2πf
are identical and so the magnetic fields caused
by them at centre O will be equal and opposite. → → → 
( )
∧  µ 0 I 
ra
11. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined Force F = q( ν × B ) = e  −v j × v
  2πd 
within the core of toroid, but not within a µ eνI
Su
straight solenoid. Why? = 0 i

2πd
Ans. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined µ eνI
within the core of a toroid since toroid has no That is the magnetic force has magnitude 0 i
2πd
ends. q solenoid is open ended and the field lines
inside it which are parallel to the length of the and is directed along +ve X-axis i.e in the plane
→
solenoid cannot form closed curves inside the
of paper perpendicular to direction of ν and to
solenoid.
the right.
12. What is the magnetic field at point O due to
15. Can a galvanometer be used for measuring the
current carrying wires shown in figure?
current? Explain.
O Ans. A galvanometer cannot be used for measuring
A B C D the current
(i) A galvanometer has a finite large resistance
Ans. The magnetic field due to street wires AB & CD and is connected in series in the circuit. So
is zero since either q = 0° or 180° and that due to it will increase the resistance of circuit and
a semi-circular arc are equal & opposite. Hence hence change the value of current in the
net field at O is zero. circuit.
164
www.nammakalvi.org
(ii) A galvanometer is a very sensitive device, 19. What kind of magnetic field is produced by an
it gives a full scale deflection for the infinitely long current carrying conductors.
current of the order of microampere hence Ans. Magnetic field lines are concentric circular
if connected, it will not measure current of loops in a plane perpendicular to the straight
the order of ampere. conductors. The centres of the circular magnetic
16. A given galvanometer is to be converted into field lines lie on the conductors.
(i) an ammeter (ii) a voltmeter. In which case 20. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined
will the required resistance be (i) least (ii) within the core of a toroid, but not within a
highest and why? straight solenoid. Why?
Ans. The required resistance has least value for Ans. The magnetic lines always form closed loops. As

ammeter and maximum value in the case of a the turns of the wires in toroidal solenoid are
voltmeter. wound over its core in circular form, the field
(i) The shunt resistance required to convert a lines are confined within the core of the toroid.
galvanometer to ammeter has the value In a straight solenoid the magnetic lines can not
Ig form closed within the solenoid.
ns
S= ×G
I − Ig 21. How will the magnetic field intensity at the
contre of a circular coil carrying current
The shunt required for the milliammeter
tio
change if the current through the coil is
be higher value.
doubled and the radius of the coil is halved?
(ii) Similarly, The voltmeter should have a high
Ans. Magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil
a
resistance, the value of required resistance
should be highest in the case of voltmeter. µ NI
B = 0
ic
This is connected in series with the coil of 2R
bl
galvanometer. When current I is doubled and radius R is halved,

17. State the rule which is used to find the direction µ N × 2I
B′ = 0
Pu
= 4B
of field acting at a point near a current carrying  R
2.  
street conductors?  2
Ans. Right hand thumb rule is used,
∴ magnetic field becomes four times the original
ra
This rule is used to determine the direction of field.

the magnetic field. If we rotate a right-handed
screw using a screw driver, then the direction of 22. A rectangular current carrying loop placed
Su
current is same as the direction in which screw 2cm away from a long, street, current -
advances and the direction of rotation of the carrying conductors. What is the direction
screw gives the direction of the magnetic field. and magnitude of the net force acting on the
loop.
18. A circular loop carrying current I show the
Ans. The like currents i.e current in both the wire are
direction of the magnetic field with the help of
in the same direction attracts each other. The
lines of force.
force is repulsive when current flows in opposite
direction through the wires.
µ I I dl
F = 0 1 2
2πr
Ans. (i) Acceleration to right hand
1
thumb rule, when the current i.e F a
flows through the circular loop r
in the direction. B
(ii) The direction of magnetic field
(B) is perpendicular to plane of the loop
and in outward direction.
165

10A Since the bar magnet to be moved at constant
→ →
angular velocity, it implies τ B = τ ext
15A
dW = pm B sin θ d θ
20 cm
Total work done in rotating the dipole from θ′
3 cm to θ is
θ θ
θ
8cm W = ∫ τd θ = ∫ pm B sin θd θ = pm B[ − cos θd θ]θ′
θ′ θ′
As wire of loop carrying opposite current is near
so the net force acting on the loop is repulsive. W= pm B (cos θ – cos θ′)
This work done is stored as potential energy in
Long Answer 5 marks bar magnet at an angle θ when it is rotated from
θ′ to θ and it can be written as
1. Drive an expression of Potential energy of a U = pmB (cos θ – cos θ′)......(1)
bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field. In fact, the equation (1) gives the difference in
ns
Ans. When a bar magnet (magnetic dipole) of potential energy between the angular position θ′
→
dipole moment pm is held at an angle θ with and θ. We can choose the reference point θ′ =
→
90°, so that second term in the equation becomes
tio
the direction of a uniform magnetic field B , as
zero and the equation (1) can be written as
shown in Figure the magnitude of the torque
Unit 3
acting on the dipole is U = –pmB (cos θ) ......(2)

a
N The potential energy stored in a bar magnet in a
ic
uniform magnetic field is given by
→ →
bl
U = − pm ⋅ B ......(3)
θ Case 1
B
Pu
(i) If θ = 0°, then

U = pmB (cos0°) = − pmB
(ii) If θ = 180°, then
ra
U = pmB (cos 180°) = pmB

We can infer from the above two results, the
S
Su
potential energy of the bar magnet is minimum

A bar magnet (magnetic dipole) when it is aligned along the external magnetic
in a uniform magnetic field field and maximum when the bar magnet is
→ → → aligned anti-parallel to external magnetic field.
τ B = pm B sin θ
2. What difference between soft ferromagnetic
If the dipole is rotated through a very small materials and hard ferromagnetic materials.
angular displacement dθ against the torque τB Ans.
at constant angular velocity, then the work done
Soft Hard
( )
→
by external torque τ ext for this small angular Properties ferromagnetic ferromagnetic
materials materials
displacement is given by
→ 1. When external Magnetisation Magnetisation
dW = τ ext d θ field is disappears persists
removed
2. Area of the Small Large
loop
3. Retentivity Low High
166

4. Coercivity Low High e evR
µL = − πR 2 = ......(4)
5. Susceptibility High Low 2πR 2
and magnetic v
permeability where A = πR2 is the area of the circular loop. By
6. Hysteresis loss Less More definition, angular momentum of the electron
7. Uses Solenoid core, Permanent about O is
transformer magnets → → →
core and L= r× p
electromagnets In magnitude,
8. Examples Soft iron, Steel, Alnico,
L = Rp = mvR ......(5)

Mumetal, Lodestone etc.
Stalloy etc. Using equation (4) and equation (5), we get
3. Deduce and expression for Magnetic dipole evR

µL e → e →
moment of revolving electron around the =− 2 = ⇒ µL = − L ......(6)
nucleus in a circular orbit. L mvR 2m 2m
ns
Ans. Suppose an electron undergoes circular motion The negative sign indicates that the magnetic
around the nucleus as shown in Figure. The moment and angular momentum are in opposite
tio
circulating electron in a loop is like current in direction.
a circular loop (since flow of charge is known as µ
current). The magnetic dipole moment due to The ratio L is a constant and also known as
L
a
current carrying circular loop is  e 
gyro-magnetic ratio  . It must be noted
 2m 
ic
v
L
v
that the gyro-magnetic ratio is a constant
bl
r me me
O r of proportionality which connects angular
O
momentum of the electron and the magnetic
Pu
moment of the electron.

µL
(a) Electron revolving in a circular orbit 4. What is Toroid? Calculate the magnetic field
(b) Direction of magnetic dipole moment at a point
ra
vector and orbital angular momentum vector are opposite (i) Open space interior to the toroid
→ →
µ L = I A ......(1) (ii) Inside the toroid
Su
Ans. A solenoid is bent in a way that both their

In magnitude,
ends are joined together to form a closed ring
μL = IA
shape, is called as toroid. The magnetic field has
If T is the time period of an electron, the current
constant magnitude inside the toroid whereas in
due to circular motion of the electron is
the interior region (say, at point P) and exterior
−e region (say, at point Q), the magnetic field is
I= ......(2)
T zero.
where −e is the charge of an electron. If R is the (i) Open space interior to the toroid :
radius of the circular orbit and v is the velocity of Let us calculate the magnetic field BP at
the electron in the circular orbit, then point P. We construct an Amperian loop 1
2πR of radius r1 around the point P as shown
T= ......(3)
v in Figure. For simplicity, we take circular
Using equation (2) and equation (3) in equation loop so that the length of the loop is its
(1), we get circumference.
167
www.nammakalvi.org
Q
B → →
and ∫ B s . dl = ∫ Bdl cosθ = B2πr2
P loop 2 loop 2
→ →
∫ B s . dl = µ 0 NI
loop 2
I I
NI
Toroid Bs = µ 0
2πr2
Q
The number of turns per unit length is
r3
3 S N
n= , then the magnetic field at point
2πr2
P
S is
2 1 r1 Bs = μ0nI
5. Explain the Motion of a charged particle in a
ns
r2 uniform magnetic field.
Ans. Consider a charged particle of charge q having
tio
mass m enters into a region of uniform magnetic
→ →
field B with velocity v such that velocity is
Unit 3
Toroid – Amperian loop

perpendicular to the magnetic field. As soon as
L1 = 2πr1
a
Ampère’s circuital law for the loop 1 is the particle enters into the field, Lorentz force
ic
→ →
acts on it in a direction perpendicular to both
→ →
∫ B p . dl = µ 0 Ienclosed
bl
magnetic field B and velocity v .

loop1 B in
Since, the loop1 encloses no current,
Pu
Ienclosed = 0
→ → r
∫ B p . dl = 0

ra
loop1
F
This is possible only if the magnetic field at
point P vanishes i.e. +
Su
→ +q ν
Bp = 0
(ii) Inside the toroid :
Let us calculate the magnetic field BS at
point S by constructing an Amperian loop Circular motion of a charged particle in a
2 of radius r2 around the point S as shown perpendicular uniform magbetic field
in Figure. The length of the loop is As a result, the charged particle moves in a
L2 = 2πr2 circular orbit as shown in Figure.
Ampère’s circuital law for the loop 2 is The Lorentz force on the charged particle is
→ → given by

∫ Bs .dl = µ 0 Ienclosed →
( → →
)
loop 2 F = q v× B
Let I be the current passing through the
Since Lorentz force alone acts on the particle, the
toroid and N be the number of turns of the
magnitude of the net force on the particle is
toroid, then
Ienclosed = NI ∑ Fi = Fm = qvB
i
168

This Lorentz force acts as centripetal force for the ^
k
^
j
^
particle to execute circular motion. Therefore, i
F
v2
qvB = m P S
I
r
^
n
The radius of the circular path is
mv p N
Q R
S
r= = ......(1) I
qB qB B
–F
where p = mv is the magnitude of the linear

Rectangular coil placed in a magnetic field
momentum of the particle. Let T be the time
taken by the particle to finish one complete When an electric current is sent through the loop,

circular motion, then the net force acting is zero but there will be net
2πr torque acting on it. For the sake of understanding,
T= ......(2) we shall consider two configurations of the loop;
v ∧
Hence substituting (1) in (2), we get (i) unit vector n points perpendicular to the
field (ii) unit vector points at an angle θ with the
ns
2πm
T= ......(3) field.
qB ∧
when unit vector n is perpendicular to the
Equation (3) is called the cyclotron period.
tio
field
The reciprocal of time period is the frequency f, ∧
In the simple configuration, the unit vector n is
which is perpendicular to the field and plane of the loop
a
1 is lying on xy plane as shown in Figure. Let the
f =
ic
T loop be divided into four sections PQ, QR, RS
qB and SP. The Lorentz force on each loop can be
......(4)
bl
f =
2πm calculated as follows:
In terms of angular frequency ω, (a) Force on section PQ,
Pu
q → ∧ → ∧
ω = 2πf = B ......(5) i = − a j and B = B i
m
Equation (4) and equation (5) are called as

→ → →
FPQ = Il × B = − IaB j × i = IaB k ( ) ∧ ∧ ∧
ra
cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency.

From equations, we infer that time period and Since the unit vector normal to the plane
∧ ∧
frequency depend only on charge-to-mass ratio n is along the direction of k .
Su
(specific charge) but not velocity or the radius of (b) The force on section QR
the circular path. → → → ∧
l = bi and B = B i
6. Derive an expression for torque on a current
loop placed in a magnetic field.
→ → →
FQR = Il × B = − IbB i × i = 0 ( )
∧ ∧ →
Ans. Consider a single rectangular loop PQRS kept (c) The force on section RS
→
in a uniform magnetic field B . Let a and b be → ∧ → ∧
the length and breadth of the rectangular loop l = a j and B = B i
∧
respectively. Let n be the unit vector normal to
∧
→ → →
FRS = Il × B = IaB j × i = − IaB k ( )
∧ ∧ ∧
the plane of the current loop. This unit vector n

Since, the unit vector normal to the plane
completely describes the orientation of the loop. ∧
→
is along the direction of – k .
Let B be directed from north pole to south pole
of the magnet as shown in Figure.
169

(d) The force on section SP Since, the unit vector normal to the plane
∧ ∧
→ ∧ → ∧
l = −b j and B = B i n is along the direction of k .

→ → →
FSP = Il × B = − IbB i × i = 0 ( ) ∧ ∧ → (b) The force on section QR
→
π  π  →
l = b cos  − θ i − sin  − θ k and B = Bi
The net force on the rectangular loop is 2  2 
→ → → → →
Fnet = FPQ + FQR + FRS + FSP
→ → →
π ∧
FQR = Il × B = − IbB  − θ j
2 
→ ∧ → ∧ → → →
Fnet = IaB k + 0 − IaB k + 0 ⇒ Fnet = 0 → ∧
FQR = − IbB cos θ j
Hence, the net force on the rectangular
loop in this configuration is zero. Now let (c) The force on section RS
→ ∧ → ∧
us calculate the net torque due to these l = a j and B = B i
forces about an axis passing through the
center
→ → →
( )
∧
FRS = Il × B = IaB j × i = − IaB k
∧ ∧
→ 4 4
→ →
ns
τ net = ∑
→
τi =∑ ri × Fi Since, the unit vector normal to the plane
∧
i =1 i =1 is along the direction of – k .
b b ∧ (d) The force on section SP
tio
=  IaB + 0 + IaB + 0 j
2 2  →
π ∧ π ∧ → ∧
l = b cos  − θ i + sin  + θ k and B = B i
Unit 3
→ ∧ 2  2 
τ net = abIB j
a
→ → →
π ∧
FSP = Il × B = IbB sin  + θ j
ic
Since, A = ab is the area of the rectangular 2 
loop PQRS, therefore, the net torque for → ∧
bl
this configuration is FSP = − IbB cos θ j

→ ∧
The net force on the rectangular loop is
Pu
τ net = ABI j
→
→ → → → →
7. Deduce the expression for the torque τ when Fnet = FPQ + FQR + FRS + FSP
∧
unit vector n is at an angle θ with the field. → ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
Fnet = IaB k − IbB cos θ j − IaB k + IbB cos θ j
ra
∧
Ans. In the general case, the unit normal vector n and → →
→
magnetic field B is with an angle θ as shown in Fnet = 0
Su
Figure. Hence, the net force on the rectangular

^
^
k
j
^
loop in this configuration is also zero.
i
F
Notice that the force on section QR and SP
P are not zero here. But, they have equal and
I
^
n S opposite effects, but we assume that the
θ
loop to be rigid, so no deformation. So, no
Q
torque produced by these two sections.
N S
Even though the forces PQ and RS also are
I –F
R
B equal and opposite, they are not collinear.

So these two forces constitute a couple as
Unit vector makes an angle θ with the field shown in Figure (a). Hence the net torque
(a) The force on section PQ produced by these two forces about the
→ ∧ → ∧ axis of the rectangular loop is given by
l = a j and B = B i
= Il × B = IaB ( j × i ) = − IaB k
→ ∧ ∧
→ → → ∧ ∧ ∧
τ net = baBI sin θ k = ABI sin θ k
FPQ

From the Figure (c),
170
www.nammakalvi.org
FPQ
k
j Numerical problems
i
1. A short bar magnet o magnetic field. It
A
b/2 net
experiences a torque of 0.051 J.
b/2sin( /2− )
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic
b/2cos( /2− ) O field.
b/2
B
(ii) In which orientation will the bar magnet
the in stable equilibrium in the magnetic
field.
(c) FRS
Force on the rectangular loop – (a) top view and Ans. (i) Magnetic moment m = 0.6 J/T

(b) side view (c) net torque on the loop Angle of inclination with magnetic field
q = 30°

→
OA =
b π  ∧ b π ( )
 ∧
cos  − θ − i + sin  − θ − k
2 
( ) Torque acts on bar magnet t = 0.051 J
2 2 2 
Magnitude of magnetic field B = ?
b ( ∧ ∧
= − sin θ i + cosθ k ) → →
ns
2 t = µ × B = mB sinq

→
OB =
b π  ∧ b π ()
cos  − θ i + sin  − θ − k
2 
 ∧ ( ) τ 0.051
2 2 2  B = =
tio
µ sin θ 0.6 × sin 30°
b ( ∧
= − sin θ i + cosθ k
∧
)
2 0.051 2 × 0.051 0.102
a
= = =
b
( ) { }

→ →
 1
OA × FPQ =  − sin θ ∧i + cos θ k∧  × IaB k∧ 0 . 6 0.6
ic
0.6 ×
2  2
1 ∧
bl
= IabB sin θ j B = 0.17T

2
(ii) The position of minimum energy
Pu
b
( ) { }

→ →
 corresponds to position of stable
OB × FRS =  sin θ ∧i + cos θ k∧  × − IaB k∧
2  equilibrium
1 ∧ The energy (u) = –mBcosq
= IabB sin θ j
ra
2 when q = 0°, u = –mB = minimum energy

→ ∧
The net torque τ net = IabB sin θ j ......(1) Hence when the bar magnet is placed
Su
Note that the net torque is in the positive y parallel to the magnetic field, it is the state
direction which tends to rotate the loop in of stable equilibrium.
clockwise direction about the y axis. If the current
is passed in the other way (P→S→R→Q→P), then 2. Two long and parallel street wires carrying
total torque will point in the negative y direction current of 2A and 5A in the opposite direction
which tends to rotate the loop in anticlockwise are separated by a distance of 1 cm. Find the
direction about y axis. nature and magnitude of the magnetic force
Another important point is to note that the between them.
torque is less in this case compared to earlier case
∧ Ans. Current I1 = 2A ; I2 = 5A
(where the n is perpendicular to the magnetic
→ Two wires are separated by a distance a = 1 cm
field B ). It is because the perpendicular distance = 1 × 10–2m
→ →
is reduced between the forces FPQ and FRS in Force between two parallel wires per unit lenght
this case. F=?
The equation (1) can also be rewritten in terms
→ → ∧
of magnetic dipole moment pm = I A = Iab n
→ → →
τ net = p × B
171

µ 0 I1I 2 4. An electron moving horizontally with a
F = . velocity of 8 ×104 m/s enters a region of
2π a
2×5 uniform magnetic field of 10–5T acting
= 2 × 10–7 × N vertically upward as shown in figure Find
1 × 10 −2
(a) its direction and (b) time it takes to come
F = 20 × 10–5N. out of the region of magnetic field.
This force is repulsive.
× × ×
3. A cyclotron’s frequency is 8mHz. What B
should be the operating magnetic field for × × ×
e–
accelerating protons? If the radius of its dees is × × ×
50cm, calculate the k.E (is meV) of the proton
beam produced by the accelerator.
Ans. (a) From Flemings left hand rule, the electron
Ans. The cyclotron’s frequency n = 18 mHz deflect in anticlockwise direction.
= 8 × 106 Hz As the electron comes out the magnetic
The mass of the proton m = 1.67 × 10–27 kg. field region, it will describe a semi - circular
ns
The charge of the proton q = 1.6 × 10–19 C path.
Radius of the dees r = 50 cm = 50 × 10–2 m Magnetic force provides a centripetal
tio
Magnetic field B = ? force.
k.E of the proton k.E = ? mν2 mν
Unit 3
2πmν (b) Be v = (or) Be =

r r
a
Magnetic field B =
q
ic
2 × 3.14 × 1.67 × 10 −27 × 8 × 106 πr πm
B = Time taken T = =
bl
ν Be
1.6 × 10 −19
83.90 × 10 −21
Pu
= 3.14 × 9.1 × 10 −31

1.6 × 10 −19 T =
1.6 × 10 −19 × 10 −5
= 52.438 ×10–2
B = 0.524T
ra
3.14 × 9.1 × 10 −7
1 =
k.E = mv2 1.6
Su
2
T = 1.97 ×10-7S
v = rω = r × 2pn
= 0.5 × 2 × 3.14 × 8 × 106 5. Two identical coils P & Q each of radius R are
v = 25.12 × 106 m/s lying in perpendicular planes such that they
have a common centre. Find the magnitude
1
k.E = × 1.67 × 10–27 × (25.12×106)2 and direction of magnetic field at the common
2 centre of the two coils, if they currents equal to
I and 2 I respectively.
41.95 × 10 −21 × 25.12 × 106
=
2 Ans. Two coils are lying in perpendicular planes and
having common centre.
= 526.89 × 10–15 J (or) 5.269 × 10–13J
The current carrying by P and Q is I and 2 I.
To convert J into MeV
526.89 × 10 −15
= = 3.29 × 106eV The magnetic field at the centre of P, due to its
1.6 × 10 −19 current I.
k.E = 3.29 × 106MeV
172

Ans. Angle of dip q = 60°
H = 0.4 × 10–4T
Bp →
B If Be is the earth’s magnetic field, then
θ H = Be cosq
BQ H 0.4 × 10 −4 T
Be = =
cos θ cos 60°
R
I = 0.8 × 10–14T

7. A magnetised needle of magnetic moment
3.6 × 10–2 T–1 is placed at 30° with the direction
→ µ0I of uniform magnetic field of magnitude
B p = 2 × 10–2T. Calculate the torque acting on the
2R
needle.
Magnetic field at centre of Q, due to its current
ns
Ans. t = mBsinq
2 I. Magnetic moment m = 3.6 ×10–2JT–1
µ 0 2I Magnetic field B = 2 × 10–2 T
tio
→
BQ =
2R Magnetic needle is inclined at an angle q = 30°
→ → →
B net = B p + BQ
∴
a Torque t = ?
µ0I µ0 2 I
ic
= + t = 3.6 × 10–2 × 2 × 10–2 sin 30°
2R 2R
t = 3.6 × 10–4 Nm.
bl
2 2
→  µ I  µ 2I  8. A circular coil of 120 turns has a radius of
B net =  0  +  0
Pu
 2R   2R  18cm and carries a current of 3A. What is the

µ I µ I magnitude of the magnetic field at a point on
= 0 × 2 = 0 the axis of the coil at a distance from the centre
2R R
equal to the radius of the circular coil.
ra
→ µ0I
Bp Ans. Given:
∴ tanq = → = R Number of turns, N = 120
Su
µ 0 2I
BQ Current, I = 3A
2R Radius of coil, r = 18cm
1 = 0.18m
tanq =
2 distance from the centre to a point on axis,
 1  a = r = 0.18m
q2 tan–1 
 2  B =
µ 0 NIR 2
3
q = 31° 2 [ R 2 + Z2 ] 2
6. A magnetic needle is free to rotate in a vertical 4π × 10 −7 × 120 × 3 × (0.18)
2
plans parallel to the magnetic meridian has = 3
its north tip down at 60° with horizontal. The  2
2 (0.18) + (0.18) 
22
horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic
field at the place is known to be 0.4 × 10–4T B = 4p × 10–4T.
determine the magnitude of earth’s magnetic
field at the place. www.nammakalvi.org
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Namma Kalvi 12th Physics Unit 3 Sura English Medium Guide

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UNIT MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC

3 EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

3.4 Magnetic Properties

3.7 Magnetic effects of Current

3.8 Biot - Savart Law

3.10 Lorentz Force

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MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

other end is north pole.

anticlockwise direction, the nearer end corresponds to north pole and

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

of N = 100 tight turns carrying a current

magnetic induction at the center of the spiral

6. Three wires of equal lengths are bent in the

another is a semi-circle and the third one is a

MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Lorentz force acting on the wire is

1 –250 –200 –150 –100 –50 50 100 150 200 250

Figure. The new magnetic dipole moment will

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

strength is B which is directed perpendicular → →

1 It is a vector quantity, denoted by pm .

The magnitude of magnetic dipole moment is

magnetic field is switched ON in a direction 4. State Coulomb’s inverse law.

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

H Where Ienclosed the net current linked by the

MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

compass needle is attracted towards the

on its surface, which are often called as

(a) magnetic declination (D) N

(b) magnetic dip or inclination (I) Magnetic field due to a long

the horizontal component of the

l = −a cot θ and r = a cosec θ

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

We know that The direction of magnetic

from 0 to 2πR, we get

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

F = q mB pole strength can be computed using Coulomb’s

Magnetic dipole kept in a O is the geometrical center of bar magnet qmC = 1 Am

uniform magnetic field S O N FS C FN jˆ

MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

the distance between geometrical centre O of → ∧ ∧

6. Obtain the magnetic induction at a point on

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

Substituting equation (4) in equation (3) we get

Since, magnitude of magnetic dipole moment is

carrying straight wire

magnet are small (looks like short magnet) when

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

is also called as high energy accelerator. It was

When a charged particle moves normal to the

in between two semi-circular metal

(iv) The direction of magnetic field is normal

to the plane of the Dees. construction and working of

2. (I) The ability of the materials to retain the magnetic equator.

acting on the dipole is U = –pmB (cos θ) ......(2)