Fundamentals of Anatomy

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Health & Social Care
By Adisa Nicholson -- Page 1

UNIT 5
TASK 1
P1
Describe the functions of the main cell components
Everything in the human body is made up of cells. In
fact, cells are the building blocks of all living things.
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The nucleus is the brain
and identity of the cell. This
contains DNA and also
holds information on the
formation of proteins. Cells
without a nucleus are prokaryotic. Cells with are
eukaryotic. When the cell is in a resting state, there is
something called chromatin in the nucleus. Chromatin is made of DNA, RNA and
nuclear proteins. The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and is a similar
membrane to the cell membrane which surrounds the cell.
DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids inside of the cell. When the cell is going to
divide, the chromatin becomes very compact because it condenses. When the
chromatin comes together, you can see the
chromosomes if you are looking through a microscope.
Also, the nucleolus is inside of the nucleus. When you
look through a microscope, it the nucleus and nucleolus
DNA will look so similar, it will
look like a nucleus inside
of the nucleus. It is made
of RNA and protein. It does not have much DNA at
all.
The cell membrane borders the cell and

is selectively permeable controlling which
things to move in and out it to travel
around the body. A cell membrane is like a
paper bag which has tiny holes which
holds pieces of cells and fluids. The cell
membrane keeps nasty things which
shouldn’t be in the cell out.
Cytoplasm is a fluid which jelly like substance

holds all the things in the cell together. Chemical
reactions happen here. Cytoplasm is the home of
the cytoskeleton, a network of cytoplasmic
filaments that are responsible for the movement of
the cell and give the cell its shape.
“Cytoplasm is the home of the cytoskeleton, a

network of cytoplasmic filaments that are responsible for the movement of the
cell and give the cell its shape. The cytoplasm contains dissolved nutrients and
helps dissolve waste products. The cytoplasm helps materials move around the
cell by moving and churning through a process called cytoplasmic streaming.
The nucleus often flows with the cytoplasm changing the shape as it moves. The
cytoplasm contains many salts and is an excellent conductor of electricity, which
therefore creates a medium for the vesicles, or mechanics of the cell. The
function of the cytoplasm and the organelles which sit in it, are critical the cell's
survival.”
Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum. Mitochondria is a plural term, so you'll
not find two of these in a cell. They are also the
largest organelle in the cell, are tubular and
shaped like a kidney. They have two membranes.
Their purpose is to produce energy. They contain
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) together with
enzymes that are involved in the metabolic
activities of the cell.
The golgi apparatus or golgi
complex is like a digestive system
which deals with proteins and is
found in most cells. It takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and
then creates energy for the cell. It stores and transfers proteins and
consists of a collection of vesicles and folded membranes. These
are usually connected to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as the
golgi apparatus stores and then transports the proteins produced in the
ER. It is responsible for manufacturing, warehousing and shipping certain
cellular products. It also modifies many products including proteins and
phospholipids.
Lysosomes are little enzyme packages holding enzymes which are created
by the cell. The purpose of lysomes is to digest things. Some are used to digest
food. The lysosomes attach and release their enzymes once food is inside the
cell. The enzymes break down complex molecules that can include complex
sugars and proteins. They are sacks of enzymes.
However, cellular respiration also has the following functions, muscle

contraction, circulation of blood, nervous conduction, growth and repair,
biochemical reactions in cells, and maintenance of body temperature.
P2
Describe the structure of the main tissues and their
role
There are four types of tissue in the body.
Muscle tissue has the ability to relax and contrast and

the ability to conduct electrical impulses and so bring
about movement and mechanical work in various parts
of the body. Muscle tissue allows people to move.
There are three types of muscle tissue: cardiac muscle, visceral (smooth) muscle,
and skeletal muscle.
Cardiac muscle tissue only exists in your heart.

Unlike other types of muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works
automatically and constantly without ever pausing to rest.
Cardiac muscle has some of the structural characteristics of both smooth muscle
and skeletal muscle tissue. Its fibres have cross-striations and contain numerous
nuclei. A striation is a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks
Cardiac muscle is important as it helps the

contraction of the atria and ventricles of the
heart. It also causes the rhythmic beating of the
heart which circulates the blood. They are
controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Involuntary muscles line the internal organs of

the body, contracting and relaxing to push a
variety of substances through the body. These
muscles are also controlled by the autonomic
nervous system, which sends an assortment of
signals to keep them working smoothly.
Visceral muscle, also known as smooth tissue, is
found only in the walls of hollow organs like your
intestines and stomach. They work automatically
without you being aware of them. It is made up of
thin-elongated muscle cells, fibres. Which means
that the fibres it has are long with notably more length
than width. The fibres may be stretched.
Each group of fibres has its own large oval nucleus. Each
cell is filled with a specialised cytoplasm. Sarcoplasm is
the cytoplasm of muscle cells; and this sarcoplasm is
surrounded by a thin cell membrane called a
sarcolemma. Because the myofibrils which lie parallel to
one another in the direction of the long axis of the cell.
Because the myofibrils are not arranged in a definite striped (striated) pattern,
as in skeletal muscles, it is called smooth muscle. These fibres interlace each
other to build layers.
Skeletal muscles produce movement,

maintain posture, stabilises joints and
generates heat and is the only muscle tissue
which can be controlled voluntarily.
Skeletal muscles cover your skeleton, giving
your body its shape. They are controlled by
signals from your brain which trigger them
into a contraction, generating the desired
movement. They often work in pairs to accomplish the desired goal.
Connective tissue is the most common tissue in the

human body which its purpose is to support,
connect and strengthen other tissues. There are
different types of connective tissue depending on
whatever it is that it’s connecting; such as adipose,
blood, or bone.
Connective tissue can be rigid or flexible, like bone

or water. Connective tissue is made up of dozens of proteins. They are contained
in a matrix and support other cells.
Nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells

(neurones) and other supporting cells. Nervous
tissue is either sensitive to stimuli which create
nerve impulses; or transmit nerve impulses to
effectors or neurones.
Epithelial tissue cover internal and external body

surfaces such as the throat; they line surfaces and
organs and have a great repair capacity. Skin is
epithelia, but not all epithelia is skin. Epithelia
consists of several cells in single or several layers.
The cells are given certain names based on how

the epithelia are arranged.
P3
Describe the structure and main functions of all the
major body systems
There are various systems in the body which perform specific jobs.
All of the systems within the body interact with one another to keep an organism
healthy. Although each system has specific functions, they are all interconnected
and dependent on one another.
The cardiovascular system has the purpose of circulating blood

around the body. It also transports food, hormones, metabolic
waste, and gases to and from cells. The cardiovascular system is
also known as the circulatory system.
All these are found or get sent to the bloodstream. The heart, lungs,
arteries, veins and capillaries are involved in this movement. The heart’s
job is to pump blood around the body and takes advantage of the
cardiac muscle.
On average, the body has 5 litres of blood continually

travelling through the circulatory system; this blood gets
forced around the body because of the heart’s pumping. The
heart, lungs and blood vessels work together for this to
happen.
Scientists have broken circulation into three parts.

Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the
heart, to the lungs and back again. Coronary circulation is
the movement of blood through the tissues of the heart to
give it nourishment as the heart works the hardest out of all
the things in the body. Systematic circulation is the movement
of blood being sent to the tissues all around the body; with
the exception of the heart and lungs because they have their
own circulatory system for that.
All three systems work together, and if one fails, the rest
eventually will.
The digestive system has the purpose of digesting food, filtering the nutrients
from the food, giving it to the body for energy, and then the waste products are
left.
Food is eaten in the mouth and is broken down by

enzymes in the process, and the nerves get the spit
glands ready. Amylase from saliva breaks down the
carbohydrates.
The food moves down the throat once swallowed then

goes into the oesophagus, instead of the wind pipe, and
gets pushed downwards by muscle contractions. The oesophagus
expands so food can go into the stomach. The
oesophagus will contract however, when the body
detects infected food is consumed, otherwise it
opens, then the food goes upwards and then you
vomit.
The food goes to the stomach to be stored, broken

down, and mixing it with acids to break it down.
The stomach produces an alkali to neutralise the pH
so the stomach is
not damaged. As soon as food enters the stomach, enzymes get
produced which break down the food.
Then the food goes to the small intestine so the body can chemically digest the
food and absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream. Even though it is five and a
half metres long, it's small because of its diameter.
The pancreas releases digestive juices which breaks down fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates.
Then the food goes to the large intestine to be converted into faces. It is one and
a half metres long. This large intestine, surrounds the small intestine, and is the
final part of the digestion process. It
Some of the waste then goes to the bladder which stores the urine. The other
excrement gets stored in the rectum.
The endocrine system has the purpose of managing hormones which regulate
metabolism, growth, development and puberty.
It is made up of several glands which purpose is to produce hormones which
provide vital functions. Hormones have many purposes. Sweat cools people
down. Oestrogen allows women to have periods.
Hormones tell people that they feel full so they stop eating. The thyroid and
parathyroid glands encourage people to reproduce. The pituitary gland is in the
brain and regulates its day to day functions.
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagons for stable blood sugars thanks to
hormones. And the adrenal glands cover a wide
array of functions such as adrenaline, and
controlling the heart rate and blood pressure.
The excretory system has the purpose of

discharging nitrogenous wastes.
The kidney has the job of doing this, only urine and
blood passes through the kidneys. Excrement does
not pass through the excretory system.
Kidneys are found in pairs in the body on the left

and right side of the abdomen. The purpose of the
kidney is to filter waste from blood and produce
urine from that waste. Kidneys make urine through
blood filtration. Kidneys are vital to the body, not
drinking enough water causes kidney failure.
The immune system has the purpose of fighting disease and infection; fighting
against millions of bacteria, microbes, viruses, toxins and parasites.
The immune system gets immunity on diseases on the condition that the disease
hasn’t mutated. The immune system is working around the clock all over the
body keeping the body functioning as it should do.
Such as producing scabs, vomit, diarrhoea, or earwax. The immune system also
tries to give you symptoms that you’re sick prompting you to take action.
The purpose of the integumentary system is to provide the body with hair, skin
and nails.
This protects the body from injury, dehydration and infection. It has the ability to
repair itself, and does more efficiently than other bodily systems.
Skin has three layers, the top layer is the epidermis, the second layer is the
dermis, and the third layer is the subdermis. The dermis communicates with the
central nervous system and houses the hair follicles.
The lymphatic system is a part of the immune and circulatory system. The
purpose of the lymphatic system is to protect against infection.
It is made up of the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes and the spleen. A lymph
is a liquid slightly which carries lymphocytes. A lymphocyte is a type of white
blood cell which is produced in the bone marrow; these are found in the blood.
The muscular system is connected to the skeleton, and without muscles, we

wouldn't be able to move.
There are three types of muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth
muscle and structurally as either striated or smooth. Muscle tissue has an ability
to relax and contrast and the ability to conduct electrical impulses and so bring
about movement and mechanical work in various parts of the body. Skeletal
muscle is the only muscle tissue which can be controlled voluntarily and get
tired.
The nervous system has the purpose of sending

chemical impulses, and nerves around the body.
These nerves allow us to respond to touch and react
with the outside world. Nerves are connected to
arteries.
The nervous system regulates, controls, and

communicates; making it the centre of all mental
Nerves (green) and arteries (red)
activity including thought, learning, and memory. in the embryonic limb skin.
The nervous system keeps us in touch with our
environment, both external and internal.
It is the major communicator of the body and therefore controls many other
systems. In the cardiovascular system, the nervous system modulates heart rate,
contractile strength and vascular tone.
When you touch a hot object, and drop it without thinking about it, it’s an
involuntary reflex. The nervous system clever got you to do that.
The nervous system senses external and internal surroundings, communicates
information between your brain and spinal cord and other tissues, and it
communicates information between the brain, and other tissues. coordinates
and regulates involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
and body temperature.
The reproductive system has the purpose of letting us produce offspring; it

relies on the integumentary for hormones. Males and females have different
reproductive organs.
It takes nine months for an embryo to develop into a baby and giving birth is
painful, and sometimes can have complications.
Whilst breathing, the body is exchanging gases. This is known as Gas Exchange. It
takes oxygen and carbon dioxide from the air to produce glucose and water. This
energy enters the bloodstream and is transported to various parts of the body.
The mouth and nose does the breathing; whilst the heart, lungs, and larynx
process the air before taking it to the bloodstream via the veins.
The respiratory system gets its oxygen through breathing which gets taken to the
bloodstream. When we breathe in air, we keep the oxygen, and exhale the carbon
dioxide and water. There is a chemical reaction 1. Right atrium
for this. 2. Left atrium
Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water 3. Superior vena cava
4. Aorta
As plants inhale carbon dioxide and exhale 5. Pulmonary artery
oxygen, the chemical reaction is different for 6. Pulmonary vein
7. Mitral Valve
plants. 8. Aortic valve
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen 9. Left ventricle
10. Right ventricle
11. Inferior vena cava
The cell obtains glucose from food breakdown 12. Tricuspid valve
and oxygen from breathing and uses them to 13. Pulmonary valve
produce energy. Glucose is a form of sugar 14. Myocardium (part pink)
15. Epicardan (outer layer of myocardium)
which the body uses for energy. We are 16. Endocardium (inner layer to the
exchanging gases like this all the time. myocardium)
Once air comes in through the nose or mouth, past

the epiglottis, to the trachea, down to the vocal cords
in the larynx, it then reaches the bronchi. From that, air passes into each lung,
then the air then follows narrower and narrower bronchioles until it reaches the
alveoli.
It is the lungs that are performing the breathing. These lungs inflate when filled
with air then contract to release it. The air eventually goes to red blood cells.
The skeletal system gives us our

skeleton, gives us structure
keeping everything in place, and
allows us to stand up. This gives
us strength and allows us to
move. The muscular and skeletal
system work together. Bones are
a part of this system. Soft tissues
and organs of the body are
attached to the skeleton.
The skeleton has the following

functions.
 Supporting the body so it
by giving it a frame things
can attach to.
 Providing protection for the
internal organs.
 Assisting in movement,
skeletal muscles are
attached to bones, and
move when muscles
contract.
 Production of blood cells,
as red bone marrow
inside some of the larger
bones help in producing
red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets.
There are two types of bone

tissue, compact, which forms
the outer shell of the bones.
Containing very hard solid tissues which all share a common centre.
TASK 2
P4
Describe the role of energy in the body and the
physiology of three named body systems in relation
to energy metabolism.
The body uses energy whenever it performs a task

and requires energy to carry on going. Food enters
the body and the digestive system processes it and
takes energy from it which enters the
bloodstream. The cardiovascular system uses this
energy around the body and uses and distributes
it as needed.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only

be transferred. A good example is when the
energy in food gets passed along the food chain.
The metabolism is the chemical processes which happen within living things. In
this case, I’m on about the human body. Various foods affect the metabolism,
which the pyramid on the right shows. The foods which take the metabolism the
quickest to deal with, which tend to be healthier are at the top of the pyramid.
When people talk about the metabolism, they are on about dieting because a
faster metabolism allows the body to lose weight quicker, using the energy from
the food rather than just storing it as fat. I’m talking about metabolism generally;
the chemical reactions which maintain life.
Cellular respiration is what goes on in cells to make energy. Energy is used for
breathing, moving growth and repair and more. Our energy comes from food and
lipids and carbohydrates give most of the energy found in food.
The digestive system takes energy from food. The respiratory system processes
air into energy. The cardiovascular system moves energy about.
TASK 3
P5
Describe the concept of homoeostasis and the
homoeostatic mechanisms that regulate heart rate,
breathing rate, body temperature and blood glucose
levels.
Homoeostasis is what the body does all the time to ensure that it runs efficiently
in an optimum state. Our bodies have to be within reasonable conditions to be
able to operate so homoeostatic mechanisms are in place to ensure that
happens.
Homoeostasis controls mechanisms such as heart rate, breathing rate, body

temperature, and blood glucose levels. Homoeostasis regulates the body, but as
homoeostasis is a concept, I'm not going on about the brain.
All mechanisms for homoeostasis share common features.

 A specific sensor is able to detect the value of the factor which is being
monitored
 Any deviation from the desired value (norm) is corrected so that the norm
is more-or-less maintained
 The corrective mechanism involves negative feedback
“Effectors are muscles, organs, or other structures that receive signals from the
brain or control centre. When an effector receives a signal from the brain, it
changes its function in order to correct the deviation.”
Negative feedback is a control mechanism in which case the body will regulate
itself to reset it to its normal state.
Let’s examine how homoeostasis works for blood glucose levels. Glucose is
carried in blood, and the level of glucose is closely monitored and is normally
80mg per 100cm3 blood approximately. This regulation involves the pancreas
and the liver.
To summarise, the pancreas has a special group of cells called “Islets of

Langerhans” which secrete insulin and glucagon. If the blood sugar rises, which
it might do after a big meal, the cells detect this and release more insulin and less
glucagon. Then the insulin travels to the liver and tells it to convert glucose to
glucagon and convert glucose to fat. As a result, the blood sugar levels fail.
Let’s examine how homoeostasis works for the temperature. Significant
variation of the internal temperature of the body can have a damaging effect on
enzymes. As we are warm blooded, we keep a constant body temperature both
hot and cold climates. Heat can be lost or gained from the body in following
ways.
 “Radiation” - Transfer of heat to or from the body via the air.
 “Conduction” - Transfer of heat via direct contact with
 “Convection Transfer” - Transfer of heat via moving air
 “Evaporation” - The loss of heat used to change water from a liquid to a
vapour, e.g. when water leaves the skin surface or gas exchange system
Let’s examine how homoeostasis responds to a gain in heat. When the body gets
hot, various things will happen. The reverse happens with a loss in heat.
 Sweating.
 Flattening of hairs on the skin.
 Vasodilation and dilation of shunt vessels.
 More blood in the circulation-blood which is stored in the liver and spleen
is released into the circulation. More blood therefore reaches the skin
surface, therefore more heat is lost.
 The metabolic rate falls.
 Lack of shivering- this spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscle to
produce heat does not occur.
An example of a negative feedback loop is the regulation of blood pressure.

Let’s examine how homoeostasis works for the heart rate.
An increase in blood pressure is detected by receptors in the blood vessels that

sense the resistance of blood flow against the vessel walls. These receptors then
tell a message to the brain, which then turn sends a message to the effectors,
which are the heart and blood vessels. This happens during exercise.
The heart rate decreases and blood vessels increase in diameter, which cause the
blood pressure to fall back within the normal range or set point.
Blood pressure increasing is the body's normal response to the increased

demand of oxygen by muscle tissues. When the muscles require more oxygen,
the body responds by increasing the blood flow to muscle tissues, thereby
increasing blood pressure. This resetting of the normal homeostatic set point is
required to meet the increased demand of oxygen by muscles.
Conversely, if blood pressure decreases, the receptors relay a message to the
brain, which then causes the heart rate to increase, and the blood vessels to
decrease in diameter.
Let’s examine how homoeostasis works for the breathing rate. Having an
increased amount of CO2 in the bloodstream stimulates us to breathe. This is
sensed by the respiratory centre in medulla. More muscle action means that
more energy is required. That means more oxygen required, and more energy
released, equalling more CO2 made. To receive more oxygen and excrete more
CO2, the depth and rate of breathing must be increased. It is the rise in levels of
CO2 which triggers changes in breathing.
P6
Measure body temperature, heart rate, and the
breathing rate before and after a standard period of
exercise.
To be done later.
M1
Explain the physiology of three named body
systems in relation to energy metabolism
When people are dieting, they prefer to have a fast metabolism. A fast
metabolism allows people to eat alot of food and not put on weight.
Alot of people don’t exactly know how their body’s metabolism works.
Metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions that takes place in the body's

cells to convert the fuel in the food we eat into the energy. And energy is
required for everything we do. Some of these reactions are controlled by
enzymes. Each chemical reaction is coordinated with other body functions. In
fact, thousands of metabolic reactions happen at the same time - all regulated by
the body - to keep our cells healthy and working.
M2
Explain the probable homeostatic responses to
changes in the internal environment during
exercise
The body uses homeostatic mechanisms to make sure that the cells are get what
they need. This keeps the cells stable during exercise. There are stimulus’s and
responses. Homeostasis helps to keep the body stable.
Whilst exercising, the body is doing various things to enforce homeostasis.

Factors alter such as, the breathing rate, the heart rate, temperature, sweat,
hydration, and blood glucose levels alter during exercise.
The breathing rate will increase as the body needs to increase cellular
respiration so more air will be needed so the body can have more energy, as in
glucose. This provides enough energy for muscle movement. It also needs more
oxygen as it is being used up by the muscles.
For example, the muscle cells are requiring oxygen, which is the stimulus so
therefore the increased blood pressure to pump oxygen to cells quicker is the
response.
The heart rate increases whenever the breathing rate increases. And the heart
rate will need to increase so the body can have more oxygenated blood
circulated around the body.
If the exercise is exhausting, the temperature may increase; in that case the body
will sweat in an attempt to cool down. The body’s heat rises due to the increased
cellular respiration, which is the stimulus; and sweat glands being triggered is
the response. This aids heat loss and keeping internal environmental temp under
control. Movement creates heat.
D1
Use examples to explain how body systems
interrelate with each other
D2
Explain the importance of homeostasis in
maintaining the healthy functioning of the body.
SOURCES
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Various Images and Information on Bodily Systems and Types of Tissues

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Connective tissue
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Muscle tissue
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striation
Circulatory System
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/circulation.html
Digestive System
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_System
http://health.howstuffworks.com/digestive-system1.htm
Endocrine System
http://health.howstuffworks.com/endocrine-system-ga1.htm
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Immune System
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Lymphatic System
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http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Lymphnodessecondary/Secondarycanc
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Nervous system
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Respiratory System
http://www.hcc.uce.ac.uk/physiology/cellularrespiration.htm
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.html
http://www.mikecurtis.org.uk/reactions.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071215062357AAM28zA
Skeletal System
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.ht
ml
http://www.skeletalsystem.net/
http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/Topics/Skeletal_System.htm
Metabolism
http://letdiet.blogspot.com/2008/01/topic-metabolism.html
http://letdiet.blogspot.com/2008/01/what-is-metabolism_30.html
http://letdiet.blogspot.com/2008/01/diet-and-metabolism.html
Homoeostasis
http://www.furthereducationlessontrader.co.uk/health%20and%20social%20care
%20homeostasis.htm
http://science.jrank.org/pages/3365/Homeostasis.html
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Homeostasis
Exercise
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_homeostatic_mechanisms_control_the_internal_e
nvironment_during_exercise

Fundamentals of Anatomy

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Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Health & Social Care

By Adisa Nicholson -- Page 1

The cell membrane borders the cell and

Cytoplasm is a fluid which jelly like substance

“Cytoplasm is the home of the cytoskeleton, a

However, cellular respiration also has the following functions, muscle

There are four types of tissue in the body.

Muscle tissue has the ability to relax and contrast and

Cardiac muscle tissue only exists in your heart.

Cardiac muscle is important as it helps the

Involuntary muscles line the internal organs of

Skeletal muscles produce movement,

Connective tissue is the most common tissue in the

Connective tissue can be rigid or flexible, like bone

Nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells

Epithelial tissue cover internal and external body

The cells are given certain names based on how

The cardiovascular system has the purpose of circulating blood

On average, the body has 5 litres of blood continually

Scientists have broken circulation into three parts.

Food is eaten in the mouth and is broken down by

The food moves down the throat once swallowed then

The food goes to the stomach to be stored, broken

The excretory system has the purpose of

Kidneys are found in pairs in the body on the left

The muscular system is connected to the skeleton, and without muscles, we

The nervous system has the purpose of sending

The nervous system regulates, controls, and

The reproductive system has the purpose of letting us produce offspring; it

Once air comes in through the nose or mouth, past

The skeletal system gives us our

The skeleton has the following

There are two types of bone

The body uses energy whenever it performs a task

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only

Homoeostasis controls mechanisms such as heart rate, breathing rate, body

All mechanisms for homoeostasis share common features.

To summarise, the pancreas has a special group of cells called “Islets of

An example of a negative feedback loop is the regulation of blood pressure.

An increase in blood pressure is detected by receptors in the blood vessels that

Blood pressure increasing is the body's normal response to the increased

Metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions that takes place in the body's

Whilst exercising, the body is doing various things to enforce homeostasis.

Various Images and Information on Bodily Systems and Types of Tissues

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