Compilation Of Seminar Papers

Potentiality of coir for salient application

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Abstract
1.0 Introduction

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2.0 Raw Material Availability & traditional application:

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 Table 1 List of traditional coir products manufactured in India.

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3.0 Swot analysis of Coir products:-
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4.0 Value Addition present status through collaborative project amongst IICT & CCRI:

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5.0 Value Addition prospects:-

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6.0 Conclusions:-

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7.0 Acknowledgement :-

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 Design and Development of Children’s Products using
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Abstract

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Introduction

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COIR AS TECHNICAL TEXTILE
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USE OF COIR AS GEOTECH

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USE OF COIR AS INDUTECH

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USE OF COIR AS MEDITECH

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USE OF COIR AS MOBILTECH

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USE OF COIR AS OEKOTECH (ECOTECH)

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USE OF COIR AS PACKTECH

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USE OF COIR AS PROTECH

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USE OF COIR AS SPORTTECH

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CONCLUSION

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LVLQGHPDQGIRULWVWRXJKQHVVVWUHQJWKDQGUHVLVWDQFHWRGDPSQHVVURWUHVLVWDQFHGXUDELOLW\DQG
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YHUVDWLOH&RLULVZULQNOHUHVLVWDQWVWURQJDQGLPSHUYLRXVWRDEUDVLYHZHDU,WFDQVWDQGH[SRVXUHWR
ZHDWKHUHVSHFLDOO\ZDWHUVRLWSURYHVWREHDWHFKQLFDOWH[WLOH¿EUHIRUGLYHUVL¿HGHQGXVH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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-13-
USE OF COIRGEOTEXTILES IN UNPAVED ROADS
K. S. Beena, Professor of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering

Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-682 022

ABSTRACT*HRWH[WLOHPDGHRIFRLUDUHLGHDOO\VXLWHGIRUORZFRVWDSSOLFDWLRQVEHFDXVHFRLULV
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JHRWH[WLOHKDYHEHHQVWXGLHGE\SHUIRUPLQJ&%5WHVWVDQG3ODWH/RDG7HVWV

INTRODUCTION

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SUBGRADE SEPARATION AND STABILIZATION

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Typical Solutions

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Geotextile Solution

Fig.1 Geotextile as Separator

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BASE REINFORCEMENT

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VXUIDFLQJRYHUDEDVHOD\HURIDJJUHJDWH7KHFRPELQHGVXUIDFHDQGEDVHOD\HUVDFWWRJHWKHUWRVXSSRUW
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ZHWXQDEOHWRDGHTXDWHO\VXSSRUWWUDI¿FORDGV,IXQLPSURYHGWKHVXEJUDGHZLOOPL[ZLWKWKHURDG
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UHVXOWIURPSRRUVXEJUDGHV

Typical Solutions

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Geotextile Solution

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UHFRJQL]HG*HRWH[WLOHVDUHXVHGLQUHLQIRUFHPHQWWKURXJKPHFKDQLVPVRIUHVWUDLQWRUFRQ¿QHPHQW
-16-
 Fig. 2 Reinforcement Action

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EHQH¿WV

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DRAINAGE / FILTRATION

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SURGXFHGE\WKHJHQHUDWLRQRIH[FHVVSRUHZDWHUSUHVVXUHVLQWKHVXEJUDGHDVDUHVXOWRIUHSHWLWLYH
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-17-
 Fig. 3 Drainage Application

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6LQFHDOD\HURIVXLWDEOHJHRWH[WLOHNHHSWKHEDVHFRXUVHFOHDQDQGSHUPLWWKHIUHHGUDLQDJHZLWKRXW
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COIR AS A SUITABLE GEOTEXTILE MATERIAL FOR ROADS

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As Reinforcement

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ZKHWKHULWLVXVHGLQVORSHHPEDQNPHQWVDQGUHWDLQLQJZDOORULQSDYHPHQWV:KHQUHLQIRUFHPHQW
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Red soil w/c 10% dry

180 density= JFF
with H2M8
) 160
a 140
P with H2M6
k
( 120
s
s 100
re
t 80
with Non woven
S
r
a 60
e
h 40
S
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Normal Stress (kPa)

Fig. 4 Variation of Peak Shear stress vs. Normal Stress for red soil -Coir Geotextile Interface

-18-
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IRU]% 

Load in kN
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0

Sand Dry
H2M8
5
H2M6
Non Woven
Settlement in mm

10

15

20 z/B = 0.5

25

Fig.5 Load Settlement behaviour with Coir geotextiles placed at z/B=0.5

As separator

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-19-
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1.2

0.8
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0.6
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NW at H/2
0.4 H2M8 at H/2
H2M6 at H/2
0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Penetration (m m )

Fig 6. Effect of Type of Reinforcement on load penetration

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-20-
DQGWKHEHWWHUSHUIRPDQFHLVZLWKQRQZRYHQFRLU

FIELD INSTALLATION OF GEOTEXTILE

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-21-
 Fig. 4 Construction Sequence

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-22-
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-23-
REFERENCES

 ASTM (1993) “SWDQGDUGV RQ JHRV\QWKHWLFV” American Society for Testing and Materials,
3KLODGHOSKLD

 ASASTM D5321 ³7HVWPHWKRGIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRHI¿FLHQWRIVRLODQGJHRV\QWKHWLFRU

JHRV\QWKHWLFDQGJHRV\QWKHWLFIULFWLRQE\WKHGLUHFWVKHDUPHWKRG´American society for Testing
and Materials”,3KLODGHOSKLD

 Ayyar, T. S. R., and Dipu, V. S.  ³&RLU JHRWH[WLOHV DV UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ IRXQGDWLRQ´
Proceedings of Coir Board Seminar on Coir geotextiles,&RLPEDWRUH

 Ayyar, T. S. R., Nair, C. G. R and Nair, N. B.³&RPSUHKHQVLYH5HIHUHQFH%RRNRQ&RLU

*HRWH[WLOHV´Centre for Development of Coir Technology, 7KLUXYDQDQWKDSXUDP,QGLD

 Ayyar, T. S. R; Joseph, J., and Beena, K. S.³%HDULQJ&DSDFLW\RI6DQG5HLQIRUFHGZLWK

&RLU5RSH´ First Indian Geotextile Conference on Reinforced soils and Geotextiles%RPED\
$±$

 Beena K. S. ³6WXG\RQ8VHRI&RLU%KRRYDVWUDLQ3DYHPHQWV´3URMHFWUHSRUWVXEPLWWHG

WR&RLU%RDUGIRUWKH&ROODERUDWLYHSURMHFWGRQHLQ&RFKLQ8QLYHUVLW\

 Beena, K. S. ³%HDULQJFDSDFLW\RIVDQGUHLQIRUFHGZLWKFRLUURSH´M.Tech Thesis submitted

to University of Kerala,QGLD

 Beena, K.S  ³6WXGLHV RQ WKH VHWWOHPHQW RI UHLQIRUFHG VDQG LQ IRXQGDWLRQV´ PhD thesis
submitted to Indian Institute of Technology0DGUDV

 Binquet, J., and Lee, K. L. D³%HDULQJFDSDFLW\WHVWVRQUHLQIRUFHGHDUWKVODEV´Journal

of Geotechnical Engineering$6&(±

 Binquet, J., and Lee, K. L.E³%HDULQJFDSDFLW\WHVWVRQUHLQIRUFHGHDUWKVODEV´Journal

of Geotechnical Engineering$6&(±

 Burd, H. J.  ³$QDO\VLV RI PHPEUDQH DFWLRQ LQ UHLQIRUFHG XQSDYHG URDGV´  Canadian
Geotechnical Journal,±

 Coir Board³+DQGERRNRQFRQVWUXFWLRQDOGHWDLOVRIFRLUDQGFRLUSURGXFWV´Coir Board

.RFKL,QGLD

 IRC:SP:20³5XUDO5RDGV0DQXDO´ Indian Roads Congress1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

 IRC 63  *XLGHOLQHV IRU XVH RI JHRWH[WLOH LQ URDG SDYHPHQWV DQG DVVRFLDWHG ZRUNV
Indian Roads Congress, 1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

 IRC³6SHFL¿FDWLRQVIRU5XUDO5RDGV´Indian Roads Congress1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

 IRC: 6WDWH±RI±WKH$UWDSSOLFDWLRQVRIJHRWH[WLOHVLQ+LJKZD\(QJLQHHULQJ6SHFLDOUHSRUW

+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK%RDUGIndian Roads Congress, 1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

-24-
 IS: SP: 36 – Part 1  ³&RPSHQGLXP RI ,QGLDQ 6WDQGDUGV RQ 6RLO (QJLQHHULQJ 3DUW 
/DERUDWRU\WHVWLQJRIVRLOVIRU&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJSXUSRVHV´ Bureau of Indian Standards, 1HZ
'HOKL,QGLD

 Jewell, R. A.³6RLO5HQIRHFHPHQWZLWK*HRWH[WLOHV´CIRIA3XEOLFDWLRQ7KRPDV7HOIRUG

8.

 Jones, C. J. F. P (DUWKUHLQIRUFHPHQWDQGVRLOVWUXFWXUHVButterworths/RQGRQ

 Koerner, R. M.³'HVLJQLQJZLWKJHRV\QWKHWLFVWKHG´ Pearson Prentice Hall8SSHU

6DGGOH5LYHU1HZ-HUVH\

 Kurian, N. P., Beena, K. S., and Krishnakumar, K., ³6HWWOHPHQWRI5HLQIRUFHG6DQG
LQ)RXQGDWLRQV´Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering$6&(
±

 Mandal, J. N., and Divshikar, D.G.,$*XLGHWR*HRWH[WLOH7HVWLQJNew Age International
Private Limited,3XEOLVKHUV1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

 Rao, G.V and Balan, K  ³&RLU JHRWH[WLOHV ± $ SHUVSHFWLYH´ proceedings of the 2nd
International workshop on geotextiles1HZ'HOKL,QGLD±

 Rao, G.V and Balan, K(GV³&RLUJHRWH[WLOHV(PHUJLQJWHQGV´The Kerala State Coir
Corporation Limited, $ODSSX]KD.HUDOD,QGLD

 Sarma, U. S.³(FRIULHQGO\DQGYHUVDWLOHFRLUJHRWH[WLOHV*HRV\QWKHWLFV$VLD´Oxford

and IBH1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

-25-
STUDY ON THE LONG TERM PERFORMANCE
OF COIR GEOTEXTILE REINFORCED FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS USING DCP TEST

1. INTRODUCTION

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-26-
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

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3. METHODOLOGY

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VXEJUDGHSUHSDUDWLRQW\SLFDOO\LQYROYHVUHPRYDORIDOOYHJHWDWLRQURRWVDQGWRSVRLO/RFDOL]HGVRIWRU
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IHHWGHSHQGLQJRQVXEJUDGHVWUHQJWK&RLUJHRWH[WLOHVZLWK*60+0DUHXVHGLQWKHVH
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VHFWLRQRIWKHSDYHPHQWLVJLYHQLQ¿JXUH3KRWRJUDSKRISDYHPHQWGXULQJDQGDIWHUFRQVWUXFWLRQ
DUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDQG'HWDLOVRISDYHPHQWDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOHDQG

Section of Pavement
Table 1-Name and length and date of constructionof test road

Designation Name of Road Length of road Date of

reinforced with Coir construction
Geotextile
5RDG1R $WWXNDO3DPSDGL7ULYDQGUXP'LVW P 

5RDG1R .DULNX]KL&KLNLGDPSDUD P 

7ULYDQGUXP'LVW
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Total 5260m

-28-
 Table 2. Subgrade Soil Properties

6O
Soil properties Road 1 Road 2 Road 3 Road 4 Road 5 Road 6
1R
 /LTXLGOLPLW      
 3ODVWLFOLPLW      
 'U\GHQVLW\JFF      
 6LOWDQGFOD\      
 6RDNHG&%5      

Fig:2 Construction of Coir geotextile Reinforced Pavement

)LJ3KRWRJDSKRIWKH¿QLVKHG&RLU*HRWH[WLOH5HLQIRUFHG3DYHPHQW

-29-
7KHSDYHPHQWLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUFRQVWUXFWLRQZDVRSHQHGWRWUDI¿FDQGWRHYDOXDWHWKHSHUIRUPDQFH
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LVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

Fig:4 Schematic diagram of DCP

7HVWLQJ ZHUH FRQGXFWHG DV SHU WKH SURFHGXUH JLYHQ LQ$670 ''0  8VLQJ D FRUH
FXWWHURUVXLWDEOHLQVWUXPHQWDKROHLVPDGHVXFKWKDWLWVORZHVWSRLQWLVDIHZFHQWLPHWHUVDERYHWKH
VXEJUDGHOD\HU2QFHWKHOD\HUWREHWHVWHGKDVEHHQUHDFKHGDUHIHUHQFHUHDGLQJLVWDNHQDQGWKH
WKLFNQHVVRIWKHOD\HUVFRUHGWKURXJKLVUHFRUGHG7KLVUHIHUHQFHUHDGLQJLVWKHSRLQWIURPZKLFKWKH
VXEVHTXHQWSHQHWUDWLRQLVPHDVXUHG

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OLJKWFRQWDFWZLWKWKHKDQGOHDQGWKHQDOORZHGWRIUHHIDOOWKURXJKDGLVWDQFHRIPPDQGLPSDFW
WKHDQYLOFRXSOHUDVVHPEO\7KHQXPEHURIEORZVDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJSHQHWUDWLRQVDUHUHFRUGHG7KH
GHSWKRISHQHWUDWLRQLVWDNHQDVPP

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3KRWRJUDSKRIWHVWLQJXVLQJ'&3DSSDUDWXVLVVKRZQLQ¿JXUH

Fig: 5 Photograph of the DCP Test Setup

-30-
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

'&3WHVWLVFRQGXFWHGRQWKHSDYHPHQWVDWDQLQWHUYDORIPD[LPXPP'HSWKRISHQHWUDWLRQLV
WDNHQDVPPDQGWKHSHQHWUDWLRQYDOXHVREWDLQHGLVSORWWHGZLWKWKHQXPEHURIEORZVDQGDUH
VKRZQLQWKH¿JXUHWR¿JXUH

Fig:6 Penetration/blow for road 1

Fig: 7 Penetration/blow for road 2

Fig: 8 Penetration/blow for road 3

-31-
Fig: 9 Penetration/blow of road 4

Fig: 10 Penetration/blow of road 5

Fig: 11 Penetration/blow of road 5

-32-
3HQHWUDWLRQLQGH[IRUDOOWKHURDGVDUHFDOFXODWHGDQGLVWDNHQDVWKHVORSHRIQXPEHURIEORZVYV
SHQHWUDWLRQFXUYH,WLVJLYHQLQ7DEOH

Table 3 DCP Indices (Penetrations per blow) of 6 Pavements

Average penetration in mm/blow

5RDG 5RDG 5RDG 5RDG 5RDG 5RDG
GT :2*7 GT :2*7 GT :2*7 GT :2*7 GT :2*7 GT :2*7
           

,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWDOOJHRWH[WLOHUHLQIRUFHGVHFWLRQVUHTXLUHGKLJKHUQXPEHURIEORZVIRUSHQHWUDWLQJ
RIFPGHSWKRIVXEJUDGHWKDQWKDWRIXQUHLQIRUFHGVHFWLRQ7KHUHIRUHLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUH
LVDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHVWUHQJWKRISDYHPHQWLQWKHJHRWH[WLOHUHLQIRUFHGVHFWLRQHYHQDIWHU¿YH\HDUVRI
FRQWLQXRXVXVH

9LVXDO(YDOXDWLRQ

7KHSHUIRUPDQFHVZHUHVWXGLHGEDVHGRQYLVXDOH[DPLQDWLRQVE\QRWLQJ$OOLJDWRU&UDFNLQJ%ORFN
&UDFNLQJ3RWKROHVUDYHOOLQJVWULSSLQJDQGHGJHEUHDNLQJ,WFDQDOVREHVHHQWKDWWKHSHUIRUPDQFH
LVEHWWHUIRUFRLUUHLQIRUFHGSDYHPHQWV9LVXDOH[DPLQDWLRQVKRZVWKDWWKHUHLQIRUFHGURDGLVVXEMHFWHG
WROHVVGHIRUPDWLRQVDQGGLVWUHVVHVWKDQXQUHLQIRUFHGURDG

Durability of Coir Geotextiles

7KHFRLUJHRWH[WLOHVZHUHODLGGXULQJLQ$WWXNDO3DPSDGL5RDGLQ7ULYDQGUXPGLVWULFW:KLOH
H[FDYDWLQJ WKH SDYHPHQW IRU FRQGXFWLQJ ¿HOG &DOLIRUQLD %HDULQJ 7HVW GXULQJ -XQH  LW FRXOG
EH VHHQ WKDW WKH FRLU JHRWH[WLOHV ZHUH UHPDLQLQJ DV VXFK 3KRWRJUDSKV RI H[FDYDWLRQ DQG WKH FRLU
JHRWH[WLOHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH

-33-
 Fig: 12 Extracted Coir Geotextiles

1. CONCLUSION

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UHLQIRUFHG SDYHPHQW VHFWLRQV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK XQUHLQIRUFHG VHFWLRQV ,W FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WKH
SDYHPHQWUHPDLQHGIXQFWLRQDOO\VWDEOHHYHQDIWHU¿YH\HDUVRIVHUYLFHZLWKRXWDQ\YLVLEOHGLVWUHVVHV
FRPSDUHGWRXQUHLQIRUFHGVHFWLRQV&RLU*HRWH[WLOHVUHPDLQLQJURXQGHYHQDIWHU¿YH\HDUV

References

>@$MLWKD%-D\DGHHS7³,QWHUIDFLDOIULFWLRQDOSURSHUWLHVRIJHRWH[WLOHVDQG

ELRPDWV´Proceedings of Indian geotechnical conference, 9DGRGDUD,QGLD9ROSS



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pavement design and Construction´XQSXEOLVKHGWKHVLV-DFNVRQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\

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5HLQIRUFHG6XEJUDGH´Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference'HOKL

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Pavement Test Sections3XEOLFDWLRQ)+:$070RQWDQD'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ

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Details of Authors

Rao G.V1, Sheela E Y.2, Sayida M.K3, Mariamma J4.,Anupriya S. G5

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 COIR GEOTEXTILE - A SUSTAINABLE
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1. INTRODUCTION

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LQHQKDQFHGEHDULQJFDSDFLW\DQGUHGXFHGVHWWOHPHQW7KLVZRXOGUHVXOWLQDUHGXFWLRQLQWKHRYHUDOO
WKLFNQHVVRIURDGVWUXFWXUHDQGHDUWKZRUNZKHQLWLVXVHGDVDPHPEUDQHEHWZHHQWKHVXEJUDGHDQG
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2. COIR GEOTEXTILES FOR STRENGTHENING SOFT SOIL SUBGRADE

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FDQEHVSXQDQGZRYHQLQWRPDWV*HRWH[WLOHPDGHRIFRLUDUHLGHDOO\VXLWHGIRUORZFRVWDSSOLFDWLRQV
EHFDXVHFRLULVDYDLODEOHLQRXUFRXQWU\LQDEXQGDQFHDWDYHU\ORZSULFHFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUV\QWKHWLF
JHRWH[WLOHV7KHVH JHRWH[WLOH FDQ EH DSSOLHG LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI XQSDYHG URDGV ZKHUH WKH\ FDQ
HIIHFWLYHO\VHUYHWKHSXUSRVHVRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWVHSDUDWLRQ¿OWUDWLRQDQGGUDLQDJH

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RQ WKH SK\VLFDO DQG FKHPLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH VRLO :KHQ XVHG DV UHLQIRUFHPHQW WKH FRLU OD\HUV
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3. PRESENT STATUS

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4. GEOTEXTILE IN UNPAVED ROADS

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Separation

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JUDQXODUOD\HU+LJKZKHHOORDGVWUHVVHVDFWLQJRQWKHURDGVXUIDFHFRQVWUXFWHGRQDZHDNVDWXUDWHG
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Lateral Restraint

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Tensioned Membrane Effect

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5. APPLICATION OF GEOTEXTILE

Separation

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Fig. 1 Geotextile as a separator

Filtration

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WKHJHRWH[WLOHQHHGVWRVDWLVI\WZRFRQÀLFWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVWKH¿OWHU¶VSRUHVL]HPXVWEHVPDOOHQRXJK
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-38-
 Fig. 2 Filtration and Transmissivity Functions

Drainage (Transmissivity)

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Reinforcement

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Sealing Function

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Fig. 3 Sealing Functions

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6. LAYING OF COIR GEOTEXTILES

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PLATE 1, LAYING OF COIR GEOTEXTILE REINFORCED ROADS

FINISHED SUBGRADE

LAYING OF COIR GEOTEXTILE

TYING OF COIR GEOTEXTILE ROLLS COIR GEOTEXTILE READY FOR

SUB-BASE
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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REFERENCES

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.LQJ)DKG8QLYHUVLW\RI3HWUROHXPDQG0LQHUDOV6DXGL$UDELD0DUFKSS

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 Application of Coir Geotextile for Construction of
Roads in Rural Areas
P.K. Agarwal1 , Sandeep Choudhary2, Ankur Singh3

1Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
2P.hD. Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
3M.Tech. student, Department of Civil Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF COIR FIBRE AND ITS
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3.1 Stabilization of overburden dumps, Singrauli, Madhyapradesh, India

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3.3 Slope protection measures adopted for the construction of new airport at Pakyong, Sikkim

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ZHHGVE\SURWHFWLRQIURPGLUHFWVXQOLJKWDQGUDLQ

L 6KRUHOLQHVWDELOL]DWLRQ

LL %HDXWL¿FDWLRQRIODNHVDQGSRQGV

LLL 3ODQWDQGWUHHSURWHFWLRQV\VWHPV
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L[ 5RDG5DLOZD\5LYHUHPEDQNPHQW
[ 0LQHVLWHUHFODPDWLRQ
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[LLL &XWWLQJVDQGKLOOVOLGHVORSHV
[LY ,UULJDWLRQZRUNV
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[[ $JULFXOWXUDODQGKRUWLFXOWXUDODSSOLFDWLRQOLNHPXOFKLQJDQWLZHHGYHJHWDWLYHVHHGLQJHWF
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[[[Y6RLOVWDELOLVDWLRQ

Types of Coir Bhoovastra

1. Open Weave Coir Bhoovastra

2SHQ:HDYH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDLVDQHWIDEULFZRYHQIURPFRLU\DUQ2SHQ:HDYH&RLU%KRRYDVWUD
LVELRGHJUDGDEOHDEVRUEPRLVWXUHHTXDOWRLWVRZQZHLJKWDQGFRQVHUYHGPRLVWXUHLQVRLOZKLFKLV
VXI¿FLHQWIRUWKHJURZWKRIYHJHWDWLRQ

2SHQ:HDYH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDKDYHEHHQIRXQGLGHDOJHRWH[WLOHIRUVORSS\ODQGZKLFKPD\OHDGWR
ULOLQJDQGJXOOLQJ,QVXFKVORSHVRSHQ:HDYH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDSURYLGHVDGHTXDWHSURWHFWLRQ&RLU
EKRRYDVWUD¿QGVDSSOLFDWLRQVLQHURVLRQRIFXWVORSHVRIUDLOZD\VURDGDSSURDFKHVRIEULGJHVFDQDO
DQGGUDLQDJHEDQNEDQNRIULYHUSRQGVODNHVKLOOVORSHVDQGWHUUDFHVUHTXLULQJVXUIDFHVWDELOLVDWLRQ
UHFODPDWLRQRIPLQHVSRLOKHDSVDQGVDQGGXQHVWDELOLVDWLRQ

7KH 2SHQ:HDYH &RLU %KRRYDVWUD LQLWLDOO\ KROGV WKH JURXQG IRU VHHGV DQG VHHGOLQJ DQG SURYLGHV
DPHFKDQLFDOVXSSRUWDJDLQVWZDWHUHURVLRQKHOSVWKHJHUPLQDWLRQRIVHHGVRIEHWWHUDQGJURZWKRI
WKHSODQWVFRQVHUYLQJPRLVWXUHDQGDGGVRUJDQLFPDWWHUWRWKHVRLODIWHUGHJUDGDWLRQ,QDUHDVZKHUH
YHJHWDWLRQLVSRRURUWDNHVORQJHUWLPHIRUHVWDEOLVKPHQW2SHQ:HDYH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDFDQKROGWKH
VRLOWRJHWKHUIRUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPHLQFRPSDULVRQWRRWKHUQDWXUDO¿EUHV

-63-
2. Geo rolls and Vegetation Fascines

7KHVH DUH PDLQO\ XVHG IRU WKH VWDELOL]DWLRQ DQG YHJHWDWLRQ RI VLWHV PDUNHG E\ VWHHSQHVV RU KLJK
H[SRVXUHWRZDYHVDQGFXUUHQWVFDXVLQJLQVWDELOLW\*HRUROOVRUYHJHWDWLRQIDVFLQHVDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
PRGXOHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DFRPSDFWUROORIFRLUZHEFRYHUHGE\H[WHULRUFRLUPHVKQHWWLQJPDNLQJ
LW VWURQJ DQG ÀH[LEOH7KHLU FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ DQG GHQVLW\ KHOS WKHP WR PDLQWDLQ IRUP ZLWKRXW ORVLQJ
PDWHULDODQGSURPRWHSODQWJURZWKDVZHOODVPLFURELDODFWLYLW\,QDUHDVZKHUHWKHUHLVDFRQVWDQW
ÀRZRIZDWHUWKH\IDFLOLWDWHQHZFKDQQHODOLJQPHQW,QVWDQGLQJZDWHUWKH\LQLWLDWHVHGLPHQWDWLRQ
IDFLOLWDWHYHJHWDWLRQDQGGLVVLSDWHLQGXFHGZDYHHQHUJ\*HRUROOVFROOHFWDQGKROGPLQHUDODQGRUJDQLF
SDUWLFOHVSURYLGHDSK\VLFDOO\VWDEOHVXEVWUDWHIRUURRWJURZWKDQGJUDGXDOO\ELRGHJUDGHWROHDYHD
VHOIVXVWDLQLQJHURVLRQFRQWUROV\VWHP7KHLQWHULRURIWKHJHRUROOVFRQVLVWRIFRLU¿EUHZHEV
FURVVODSSHGRUDLUODLGIROORZHGE\QHHGOHSXQFKLQJRUVWLWFKERQGLQJ7KH¿EUHGHQVLW\LVJUHDWHU
WKDQRUHTXDOWRJVPDQGWKHZLGWKRIPPWRPP7KHVXEVWUDWHLVWKHQUROOHGLQWR
GHVLUHGGLDPHWHUV

3. Non-woven Felts.

,WLVDQRQZRYHQIDEULFPDGHIURPGHFRUWLFDWHGFRLU¿EUH7KH¿EUHPDVVLVKHOGWRJHWKHUE\FRLU
WKUHDGV7KHFRLUQRQZRYHQEODQNHWVDUHFRPSRVHGRIFRLU¿EUHUDQGRPO\QHHGOHSXQFKHG
WR WKH GHVLUHG GHJUHH RI FRPSDFWLRQ 7KH IHOWV KDYH H[FHOOHQW PRLVWXUH DEVRUSWLRQ DQG UHWHQWLRQ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGIRUPDQLGHDOPHGLXPIRUSODQWJURZWK

Coir needled felt

&RLUQHHGOHGIHOWLVDQRQZRYHQIDEULFRIYDULRXVGHQVLWLHVPDGHIURPQHHGOHSXQFKLQJRIFRLU¿EUH.
,QWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVZHOOFOHDQHGFRLU¿EUHVRIJRRGVWDSOHOHQJWKSDVVWKURXJKWKHFOHDQLQJ
PDFKLQHVE\SQHXPDWLFVXFWLRQDQGSXQFKHGE\WKHQHHGOHORRPRQRQHVLGHWRPDQXIDFWXUHIHOWVRI
GLIIHUHQWGHQVLW\GHSHQGLQJXSRQSXQFKLQJLQWHQVLW\QHHGOHSHQHWUDWLRQDQGWKLFNQHVV7KH¿EUHLV
PHFKDQLFDOO\ERQGHGLQWHUORFNHGWRIRUPDFRQWLQXRXVOHQJWKRIVKHHW1RERQGLQJPDWHULDOLVXVHG
LQWKHPDQXIDFWXUH,WFDQEHPDQXIDFWXUHGLQWKLFNQHVVIURPPPWRPPZLWKDGHQVLW\YDU\LQJ
IURPWRJVTP&RLUQHHGOHGIHOWVDUHDYDLODEOHLQEODQNHWIRUPVEDFNHGZLWKQHWVPDGHRI
MXWHSRO\SURS\OHQHDQGSRO\WKHQHDOVR

4. Cocologs

&RFRORJVDUHPDGHIURPFRLU¿EUHEXQFKHVXQGHUSUHVVHGFRQGLWLRQLQWXEXODUHQFORVXUHVRINQRWWHG
FRLU\DUQ7KH\DUHKDYLQJDVKDSHVLPLODUWRDZRRGHQORJ7KH\YDU\LQGLDPHWHUOHQJWKDQGZHLJKW
7KHGLDPHWHUYDULHVIURPFPWRFPZHLJKWIURPNJWRNJXVXDOO\SURGXFHGZLWKD
OHQJWKRIPHWUH&KDUFRDOLVDOVRXVHGLQWHUPLWWHQWO\IRU¿OOLQJWKHORJVDVDGGLWLRQDOPDQXUHIRU
IDVWHU JURZWK RI SODQWV &RFRORJV DUH PDLQO\ XVHG IRU YXOQHUDEOH VWUHDPV ULYHUV RU ODNH EDQN WR
SURWHFWVFRXU7KHUROOVDUHDWWDFKHGDWWKHHGJHVRIWKHEDQNDQGVHFXUHGE\ZRRGHQVWDNHVSHJV7KH
SHJVPD\EHXVHGRQDOWHUQDWHVLGHVRIWKHORJ

)RUKLJKHPEDQNPHQWDUHDVZLWKYDULDEOHZDWHUOHYHOVHYHUDO&RFRORJFDQEHDSSOLHGDVDVWDFN

-64-
5. Coir Fibre Beds (Cocobeds)

&RFREHGVDUHPDGHIURPFRLU¿EUHDQGFRLUJHRWH[WLOHV&RLU¿EUHLVVDQGZLFKHGEHWZHHQWZRFRLUJHR
WH[WLOHVDQGVWLWFKHGWRJHWKHUWRIRUPDEHGRUSRXFK&RFREHGVDUHSURGXFHGLQGLIIHUHQWWKLFNQHVV
ZLGWKDQGOHQJWKV7KHWKLFNQHVVYDULHVIURPFPWRFPZLGWKIURPWRFPDQGOHQJWK
FPWRFP

5HODWLYHO\VWHHSVWUHDPEDQNVFDQEHFRYHUHGZLWKSUHSODQWHG&RFREHGV6HGLPHQWVZLOOEHFROOHFWHG
DQGKHOGLQ&RFREHGVZKLFKKHOSVLQSODQWJURZWKDQGSXUL¿HVZDWHUWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQW

6. Coir Loop Fabric

&RLUORRSIDEULFLVDSURGXFWPDGHZLWKORRSFRQVWUXFWLRQXVXDOO\PDQXIDFWXUHGLQUROOVIRUXVHDVJHR
IDEULFIRUVRLOHURVLRQFRQWURODQGVRLOVWDELOL]DWLRQ

7. Coir Cell Geo Textiles

&RLU&HOO*HR7H[WLOHLVQRUPDO&RLU*HR7H[WLOHVSURYLGHGZLWKZRYHQSRFNHWVIRUWKHLQVHUWLRQRI
VHHGHPEHGGHGPDQXUHEORFNVFRLUIHOWHWF7KHSODQWVSHFLHVDUHVHOHFWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIVXLWDELOLW\
WRWKHFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHVLWH7KHSRFNHWVDUHZRYHQVRDVWRLQVHUWWKHVHHGLPSODQWHGEORFNV
RUFRLUIHOWDWWKHGHVLUHGSODFHVLQWKH&RLU*HR7H[WLOHV

Application of Coir Geo textiles

a) For Soil Erosion Control

Site Preparation:

7KHVORSHLVSUHSDUHGOHYHOHGDQGWKHVRLOLVWDPSHGWRWKHGHVLUHGVKDSHE\URXQGLQJRIWKHWLSV
HQVXULQJXQLIRUPFRQWDFWRIWKHFRLUJHRWH[WLOHVZLWKVRLORYHUWKHHQWLUHDUHDWRJXLGHWKHUXQRIIWR
ÀRZRYHUWKHQHW7KHJURXQGKDVWREHPDGHIUHHRISURWUXGLQJVWRQHVHDUWKPDVVHVHWFEXWQDWXUDO
EXGJHVFDQEHOHIWDVLWLV%HIRUHDSSO\LQJDQ\VHHGOLQJWKHSUHSDUHGVORSHQHHGVWREHUHODWLYHO\IUHH
RIZHHGVVWRQHVURRWVWXPSVULYXOHWVDQGJXOOLHVFUXVWLQJDQGFDNLQJHWF

Fixation

7KH RSHQ PHVK FRLU JHR WH[WLOHV DUH ODLG VLGH E\ VLGH E\ RYHUODSSLQJ RI  FP ZKLOH HQG WR HQG
RYHUODSSLQJRIWZRFRLUJHRWH[WLOHVLVFP7KHRYHUODSSLQJHGJHVDUH¿[HGRQWKHJURXQGZLWKWKH
KHOSRIHLWKHUFPORQJ8VKDSHGQDLOVRUFPORQJ-VKDSHGKRRNVPDGHRIPPLURQRUVWHHO
ZLUH

7KHVLGHVWRSDQGERWWRPRIFRLUJHRWH[WLOHVDUHDQFKRUHGLQWRWKHWUHQFKHVRIFPGHHSDQGFP
ZLGWKIUHHIURPPXGVRLOVOXUU\DWWKHVLGHVDQGWKHERWWRP7KH8VKDSHGQDLOVRU-VKDSHGKRRNV
VKRXOGEHGULYHQDWLQWHUYDOVRI±FPDORQJVLGHVDQGRYHUODSSLQJVHFWLRQVDWDGLVWDQFHRI
FP:RRGHQEDPERRSHJVPD\DOVREHXVHGIRU¿[LQJWKHFRLUJHRWH[WLOHV7KHKRRNVPXVWEHDW
WKHVDPHOHYHOZLWKWKHJURXQGIRUVPRRWKZDWHUÀRZRYHUWKHMRLQWWRWKHQH[WIDEULF

-65-
Laying

7KHHURVLRQFRQWUROEODQNHWLVWREHODLGLQDGLUHFWLRQRIWKHZDWHUÀRZVWDUWLQJIURPWKHWRSWRWKH
ERWWRP7KHUROOVDUHWREHUROOHGGRZQWKHVORSHDQGDUHFXWDWWKHHQG7KH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDVKRXOG
EHODLGORRVHO\DQGHYHQO\$GMRLQLQJFRLUJHRWH[WLOHVVKRXOGRYHUODSFPRUEHVWLWFKHGWRJHWKHU

7KHWRSDQGERWWRPHQGVRIWKH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDDUH¿[HGLQWRVORWVDERXWFPGHHSGXJLQWRWKH
VORSH7KHVORWVDUH¿OOHGZLWKVRLO7KH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDLVSHJJHGXVLQJ8-VKDSHGRUZRRGHQSHJV
GULYHQDWLQWHUYDOVRIFPDORQJVLGHVDQGRYHUODSSLQJVHFWLRQVDWDGLVWDQFHRIFP

Vegetation & Seeding.

7KHSODQWVSHFLHVDUHVHOHFWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIVXLWDELOLW\WRWKHFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHVLWH7KH
VHHGVDIWHUJHUPLQDWLRQVKRXOGWDNHXSGHHSURRWLQJV\VWHP$IWHUSUHSDULQJWKHVRLOVXUIDFHWKHVHHGV
KDYHWREHDSSOLHGRQWKHVXUIDFH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDWREHODLGRYHUWKHVHHGVDOPRVWLPPHGLDWHO\

)LUVWVHHGLQJRIJUDVVLVGRQHDWJSHUVTPHWUHRUDOWHUQDWLYHSODQWLQJVXFKDVURRWVOLSVPD\DOVR
EHGRQH)RUTXLFNFRYHUDJHURRWHGVOLSVRIJUDVVHVDQGFXWWLQJVRIVKUXEVDQGWUHHVPD\EHSODQWHG
WKURXJKWKHRSHQVSDFHVEHWZHHQWKHVWUDQGVRIFRLUJHRWH[WLOHVDIWHUOD\LQJ6XUIDFHLVOHYHOHGDJDLQ
E\FRPSDFWLQJWKHORRVHVRLO

0RQLWRULQJ

&ORVHPRQLWRULQJVKRXOGEHFDUULHGRXWIRUDWOHDVWWZRVHDVRQF\FOH'LVSODFHPHQWRI&RLU%KRRYDVWUD
LIDQ\LVWREHQRWHGDQGZDWFKHGZLWKRXWGLVWXUELQJLWLQLWLDOO\)UHVK&RLU%KRRYDVWUDSLHFHVGXO\
VWDSOHGRQDOOVLGHVVKRXOGEHDSSOLHGWRRYHUODSWRUQSRUWLRQV

b). Sub -base layer in Village / Rural Roads / Reinforcement of Paved Roads

7KH&RLU%KRRYDVWUDRIORZPHVKRUFRLUQHHGOHGIHOWFDQHIIHFWLYHO\EHXVHGIRUVRLOVWDELOL]DWLRQ
WHFKQLTXHVLQURDGFRQVWUXFWLRQ

7KHXVHRIFRLUJHRWH[WLOHVYDULHWLHVRIJ+0+0 +0DQGJ+0ZLWKLQFK

PHVKDVDQLQWHUIDFHEHWZHHQWKHVXEJUDGHDQGWKHVXEEDVHLQFUHDVHVWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKHSDYHPHQW
DQGSUHYHQWVLQWHUPLQJOLQJRIWKHVRLODQGWKHJUDQXODUVXEEDVHZKLFKLPSURYHVGUDLQDJH

c) Application in the Waste Dumping Yards of Mines

3RFNHWVRIYDULDQWVL]HDQGGHQVHSHUDUHDFDQEHPDGHLQWKH*HR&HOO7H[WLOHV7KHEORFNVRUIHOW
FDQEHLQVHUWHGDWWKHWLPHRIZHDYLQJRUDWWKHVLWHEHIRUHDSSOLFDWLRQ6L]HDQGQXPEHURISRFNHWV
WREHSURYLGHGGHSHQGVRQVXLWDEOHIDFWRUVIRUORFDOQDWXUDOZHOOJURZLQJYHJHWDWLRQ%DVHGRQWKH
VXLWDELOLW\IRUWKLFNYHJHWDWLRQWKHFRLUSLWKPDQXUHVRLOHWFDUHPL[HGDQGHPEHGGHGZLWKVHHGVWR
PDNHWKHEORFNVRIFRLUIHOW7KH&RLU&HOO*HR7H[WLOHVFDQEHHIIHFWLYHO\DSSOLHGRQURFN\SDWFKHV
DQGPDLQO\LQWKHZDVWLQJGXPSLQJ\DUGVRIWKH0LQHV

         .$%DE\6623'

-66-
Coir pith based cyanobacterial biofertilizers (Cyanopith
and cyanospray)
Malliga. P

3URIHVVRU'HSWRI0DULQH%LRWHFKQRORJ\%KDUDWKLGDVDQ8QLYHUVLW\7LUXFKLUDSSDOOL7DPLOQDGX
,QGLD(PDLOPDOOLJDPRI#JPDLOFRP

Abstract

&RLUSLWKLVDVSLQRIISURGXFWRIFRLULQGXVWU\'XHWRSHQWRVDQOLJQLQUDWLRLWVGHFRPSRVLWLRQLQVRLOLV
VORZ'HJUDGDWLRQRIFRLUSLWKZDVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJF\DQREDFWHULDDQGWKHREWDLQHGSURGXFWVF\DQRSLWK
VROLGDQGF\DQRVSUD\OLTXLGZHUHDQDO\]HGIRULWVDSSOLFDWLRQLQ¿HOGFXOWLYDWLRQ1XWULWLYHDQDO\VLV
RIF\DQRSLWKDQGELRFKHPLFDOVFUXWLQ\RIF\DQRSLWKDQGF\DQRVSUD\ZDVGRQH$OVRWKHLPSOHPHQWHG
VWUDWHJ\KDVFRQWULEXWHGLQSUXGHQWPDQDJHPHQWRIVROLGDQGOLTXLGZDVWHLQDYDOXDEOHZD\

Key wordsFRLUSLWKF\DQREDFWHULDF\DQRSLWKF\DQRVSUD\WH[WLOHDQGWDQQHU\HIÀXHQW

Cyanobacteria

&\DQREDFWHULD%OXHJUHHQDOJDHDUHSKRWRV\QWKHWLFSURNDU\RWLFPLFURRUJDQLVPVZKLFKDUHFDSDEOHRI

¿[LQJQLWURJHQGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIQLWURJHQDVH±DQR[\JHQVHQVLWLYHHQ]\PH&\DQREDFWHULDDSDUW
IURP ¿[LQJ QLWURJHQ VHFUHWH SODQW JURZWK KRUPRQHV DV VHFRQGDU\ PHWDEROLWHV PDNH QXWULHQW
DYDLODEOHDQGLPSURYHWRJURZWKDQG\LHOGRIFURSV7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIHFRIULHQGO\F\DQREDFWHULDWR
GHJUDGHFRLUSLWKZLWKWKHKHOSRIOLJQRO\WLFHQ]\PHDQGSURGXFWLRQRIF\DQRSLWKELRIHUWLOL]HUZKLFK
FDQEHXVHGDVELRIHUWLOL]HUWRLPSURYHWKHFURSSURGXFWLYLW\

Coir pith degradation

'HJUDGDWLRQRIFRLUSLWKE\F\DQREDFWHULDKDVEHHQFRQ¿UPHGDVDUHVXOWRILQGXFWLRQRIOLJQRO\WLF
HQ]\PHDFWLYLW\RQWKGD\'XULQJGHJUDGDWLRQLWUHOHDVHVPLFURDQGPDFURQXWULHQWVDORQJZLWKSODQW
JURZWKSURPRWLQJVXEVWDQFHVZKLFKDUHDSSOLHGIRUWKHSODQWV

Cyanopith and Cyanospray

'HJUDGDWLRQRIFRLUSLWKXVLQJF\DQREDFWHULDSURGXFHGEURZQFRORUHGVXSHUQDWDQWF\DQRVSUD\DQG

UHVLGXH F\DQRSLWK$SSOLFDWLRQV RI FRLU SLWK EDVHG F\DQREDFWHULDO ELRIHUWLOL]HUV QDPHG F\DQRSLWK
DQGF\DQRVSUD\LQÀXHQFHWKHJURZWKDQG\LHOGRISODQWV

1XWULWLYHDQDO\VLVVKRZVWKDWF\DQRSLWKDQGF\DQRVSUD\DUHULFKLQSODQWJURZWKUHJXODWRUVDQGWKH
OLJQLQ SHUFHQWDJH LV UHGXFHG LQ WKHVH REWDLQHG GHJUDGHG SURGXFWV GHULYHG IURP FRLU SLWK WKHUHE\
PDNLQJLWDQHI¿FLHQWELRIHUWLOL]HUV

7UHDWPHQWRI7H[WLOHHIÀXHQW

&\DQREDFWHULDZLWKFRLUSLWKIRUELRUHPHGLDWLRQRIWH[WLOHZDVWHZDWHUDQGDSSOLFDWLRQLQWKHJURZWKRI
SODQWKDVEHHQRIJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQUHFHQWUHVHDUFK $VWXG\ZDVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJPDULQHF\QREDFWHULXP
Oscillatoria subuliformis ZLWKFRLUSLWKIRUWKHUHGXFWLRQRISK\VLRFKHPLFDOSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDV%2'
&2'DQGVLPXOWDQHRXVUHPRYDORIKHDY\PHWDOVVXFKDV]LQFQLFNHOPHUFXU\FRSSHUFKURPLXP

-67-
LURQQLWURJHQSKRVSKRURXVSRWDVVLXPPDQJDQHVHLQWH[WLOHG\HHIÀXHQW7KHWUHDWHGHIÀXHQWZDV
XVHGDVIROLDUVSUD\RQWKHSODQWTagetes erecta'HFRORUL]DWLRQRIWH[WLOHG\HHIÀXHQWE\XVLQJ Lyngbya
VS%'8ZLWKFRLUSLWKDQGRWKHUDJULFXOWXUDOZDVWHVKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXW
7UHDWPHQWRI7DQQHU\HIÀXHQW
&RLUSLWKDQGF\DQREDFWHULDLQWKHWDQQHU\HIÀXHQWKDGEHHQDQLGHDODEVRUEHQWWRDEVRUEKHDY\PHWDOV
DQGRWKHUPLQHUDOV7KHHIIHFWRIF\DQREDFWHULDDORQJZLWKFRLUSLWKRQWDQQHU\HIÀXHQWDQGDQDO\VLV
RIWKHELRFKHPLFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIWUHDWHGHIÀXHQWDQGGHJUDGHGFRLUSLWKE\F\DQREDFWHULXPLyngbya
sp. KDVEHHQVWXGLHG
Field Trials
&RLUSLWKKDVEHHQXVHGWRWUHDWWH[WLOHHIÀXHQWDW¿HOGOHYHO&RLUSLWKEDVHGF\DQREDFWHULOELRIHUWLOL]HUV
KDYHEHHQXVHGDVEDVDODQGIROLDUDSSOLFDWLRQLQYDULRXVSODQWV6RPHRIWKHPDUHOLVWHGEHORZ
Y Arachis hypogaea/*URXQGQXW
Y Hibiscus esculentus/
Y Raphanus sativus5DGLVK
Y Dolicus ELÀRUXV+RUVHJUDP
Y Allium cepa2QLRQ
Y Oryza sativa
Y Hibiscus sabdariffaa
Y Sesbania aculeate
Y Cajanus cajan5HGJUDPJUHHQV
Y Vigna ungiculataDQGSolanum melongena
Y Coriandum sativum/
Y Solanum nigrum/%ODFNQLJKWVKDGH
%HQH¿WVRIFRLUSLWKIRUF\DQRSLWKDQGF\DQRVSUD\
As Production
Y (DVLO\DYDLODEOHRUJDQLFPDWHULDO
Y 7KHLQRFXOXPVJHWVLPPRELOL]HG
Y ,QFUHDVHWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHLQRFXOXPV
Y (OLPLQDWHEDFWHULDOFRQWDPLQDWLRQEHFDXVHRILWVKLJKOLJQLQFRQWHQW
Y ,QFUHDVHWKHVKHOIOLIHRIWKHLQRFXOXPV
As Biofertilizers
Y 1RQWR[LFIRRG
Y 2QIDUPSURGXFWLRQ
Y )HUWLOLW\RIVRLO
Y 6DIHHQYLURQPHQW
Y (PSOR\PHQW
Y &RPELQHGHIIHFW
Y %LRSHVWLFLGH
-68-
 KƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐĞůĨͲĂĞƌĂƚĞĚůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ

WƌĂƐĂŶƚĂ<͘'ŚŽƐŚ
DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐWĂƌƚŶĞƌ͕^ŽŵƉƌĂĚŝƉWƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐ
ůŽĐŬϮ͕&ůĂƚϱ͕:ĂŶĂŬƉƵƌŝ͕EĞǁĞůŚŝͲϭϭϬϬϱϴ͕ͲŵĂŝů͗ŐƉƌĂƐĂŶƚĂϮϬϬϴΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ



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KƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŐĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƵŵ Ăůů ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ
ŚƵŵĂŶ ŚĞĂůƚŚ͘ KƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞƐ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŽŶͲĨĂƌŵƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚůLJ͘
dŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚĨŽƌŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨŽŽĚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŐƌŽǁŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂůůLJŝƐĞdžƉĂŶĚŝŶŐƋƵŝƚĞĨĂƐƚƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌůĚŽǀĞƌ͘/Ŷ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐƚĂƚĞƐůŝŬĞ^ŝŬŬŝŵ͕<ĞƌĂůĂ͕DĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͕dĂŵŝůEĂĚƵ͕WŽŶĚŝĐŚĞƌƌLJ
ĂŶĚ hƚƚĂƌĂŬŚĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ƉƵƚ ŵŽƌĞ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐ ŽŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ͘ KƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ ďĞĐŽŵĞƐ
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐĂƌĞƌĞĂĚLJƚŽƉĂLJŚŝŐŚƉƌŝĐĞƉƌĞŵŝƵŵƐŽŶƐƵĐŚĨĂƌŵƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ͘
/Ŷ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞĐůĂƐƐƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƋƵŝƚĞĨĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ
ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐƐŚĂůůďĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ͘ŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŝƐĂďŝŽŵĂƐƐƌĞƐŝĚƵĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞdžƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽĨ
ĐŽŝƌĨŝďĞƌĨƌŽŵĐŽĐŽŶƵƚŚƵƐŬĂŶĚŝƐĂďLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŝƌŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘ŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͕
ďŽƚŚ ŝŶ ƌĂǁ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚĨŽƌŵƐ͕ ŝƐ ŐĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚLJ ŝŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƐŽŝůĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶŚŽƌƚŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ŽƐƚͲĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ǀĂůƵĞͲĂĚĚĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ
ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐŽŵĞĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ
ŽĨ ĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞƉŝƚŚ ŝƐ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ŵƵůƚŝůĂLJĞƌĞĚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ
ƵŶƚŝůƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞŚĞĂƉƌĞĂĐŚĞƐĂŵĂdžŝŵƵŵŽĨϭŵ͘^ƵĐŚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚĂŬĞŽǀĞƌĂŵŽŶƚŚĨŽƌ
ĐŽŵƉůĞƚŝŽŶ͘ŶĞǁŵĞƚŚŽĚǁĂƐŝŶǀĞŶƚĞĚǁŚŝĐŚĞŶĂďůĞƐĨĂƐƚĞƌĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐƌĂƚĞƐ͘ĚŽƉƚŝŽŶŽĨ
ƚŚŝƐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚ ďLJ ĨĂƌŵĞƌƐ ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐŝŶŐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ ďĞŶĞĨŝƚƚĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƐŚĂůů ďĞ ĐŽƐƚ ĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ͘ DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƐŚĂůů ĂĚĚ ƐŽŝů ƚĞdžƚƵƌĞ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ
ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ŚŽůĚŝŶŐ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞďLJ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂƐƐŝƐƚŝŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͘dŚĞŶĞǁĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĂĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĚĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚĐĂŶďĞƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞĚ
ďLJƐŵĂůůĂŶĚŵĞĚŝƵŵĨĂƌŵĞƌƐĂƚƚŚĞŝƌƐŝƚĞƐƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǁŝƚŚŵƵĐŚůĞƐƐĞƌĐŽƐƚ͘

/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ

KƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŐĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŵŽŵĞŶƚƵŵ Ăůů ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐ ŽĨ
ŚƵŵĂŶŚĞĂůƚŚ͘ŽŶĐŽŵŝƚĂŶƚůLJ͕ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵďĂůĂŶĐĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚďLJĞdžĐĞƐƐŝǀĞƵƐĞŽĨĨĞƌƚŝůŝnjĞƌƐ͕
ƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚLJďƌŝĚ ŚŝŐŚ LJŝĞůĚŝŶŐ ƐĞĞĚƐͬĐƵůƚŝǀĂƌƐ ŝŶ ŵŽŶŽ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƌĂŝƐŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͘
KƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŝƐƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞĚĂŝŵŝŶŐĂƚĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůďĂůĂŶĐĞŝŶĂŐƌŽĞĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵǁŚŝĐŚ
ĂƌĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůLJ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ͘ KƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞƐ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŽŶͲĨĂƌŵ
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚůLJŝŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚƚŽŵŽĚĞƌŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞǁŚŝĐŚŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĞdžĐĞƐƐŝǀĞ
ƵƚŝůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶƉƵƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƐLJŶƚŚĞƚŝĐĨĞƌƚŝůŝnjĞƌƐ͕ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐ͕ŝƌƌŝŐĂƚĞĚǁĂƚĞƌ͕
ŚŝŐŚůLJŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂůĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂƉƉůŝĂŶĐĞƐĞƚĐ͘


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KƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐŝƐĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůLJŶĞǁĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵǁŚŝĐŚƌĞůŝĞƐƵƉŽŶĨĞƌƚŝůŝnjĞƌƐ
ŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŽƌŝŐŝŶƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞƐƉĞĐƚƌĂŽĨŵĂŶƵƌĞ͕ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĂŶĚďŽŶĞŵĞĂů͘ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjĞ ŽŶ ĐƌŽƉ ƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝŽŶ ƉůĂŶƚŝŶŐ͘ &Žƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƐĞĐƚ
ƉĞƐƚƐ͕ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ƉĞƐƚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ ŵŝdžĞĚ ĐƌŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŝŶƐĞĐƚ ƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞĚ͘
EĂƚƵƌĂůůLJŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐĂƌĞƉĞƌŵŝƚƚĞĚ͘

DĂƌŬĞƚŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂůůLJŐƌŽǁŶĨŽŽĚ
dŚĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ĨŽƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĨŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ŐƌŽǁŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂůůLJ ŝƐ ĞdžƉĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƋƵŝƚĞ ĨĂƐƚ
ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ ƌĞĂĐŚĞĚ h^Ψ ϲϯ ďŝůůŝŽŶ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϮ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĂƌůLJ ϯϳ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ŚĞĐƚĂƌĞƐ ŽĨ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚ
ĂƌĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂůůLJ ŵĂŶĂŐĞĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ ĂďŽƵƚ Ϭ͘ϵй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ǁŽƌůĚ ĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚϭ͘ dŚĞ
ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĂůůLJŵĂŶĂŐĞĚĨĂƌŵůĂŶĚŚĂĚĂůƐŽŐƌŽǁŶĂƚĂĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĞĚƌĂƚĞŽĨϴ͘ϵйƉĞƌĂŶŶƵŵĨƌŽŵ
ϮϬϬϭ ŽŶǁĂƌĚƐϮ͘ /Ŷ /ŶĚŝĂ͕ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ^ŝŬŬŝŵϯ͕ϰ ͕ <ĞƌĂůĂϱ͕ϲ  ͕ DĂŚĂƌĂƐŚƚƌĂ͕ dĂŵŝů EĂĚƵ͕
WŽŶĚŝĐŚĞƌƌLJĂŶĚhƚƚĂƌĂŬŚĂŶĚϳŚĂǀĞƉƵƚŵŽƌĞĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ͘

^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ
dŚĞƉůĂŶƚŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ͕ĨĂƌŵLJĂƌĚ
ŵĂŶƵƌĞ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶ ŵĂŶƵƌĞ͕ ŶĞĞŵ ĐĂŬĞ͕ ďŽŶĞ ŵĞĂů͕ ĨŝƐŚ ŵĞĂů͕ ƉƌĞƐƐ ŵƵĚ͕ ďŝŽĨĞƌƚŝůŝnjĞƌƐ͕
ǀĞƌŵŝĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ͕ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ͕ƌŽĐŬƉŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞĞƚĐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐĂƌĞƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJůŽǁĞƌ
ŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐǁŚĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĐŽŶǀĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͘KƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐŝƐƌĞƐŽƌƚĞĚƚŽ
ĨŽƌ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƐŽŝů ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ͕ ďĞƚƚĞƌ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ ĂďƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ
ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉĞƐƚŝĐŝĚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĨĂƌŵƉƌŽĚƵĐĞϴĞƚĐ͘KƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐďĞĐŽŵĞƐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞǁŚĞŶƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐĂƌĞƌĞĂĚLJƚŽƉĂLJŚŝŐŚƉƌŝĐĞƉƌĞŵŝƵŵƐŽŶƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉƌŝĐĞƐ
ŽĨĐŽŶǀĞŶƚŝŽŶĂůĨĂƌŵƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ͘/Ŷ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞĐůĂƐƐƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐϵƋƵŝƚĞ
ĨĂƐƚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐƐŚĂůůďĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƚŽƐŽŵĞĞdžƚĞŶƚ͘

ŽŝƌWŝƚŚ
ŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŝƐĂďŝŽŵĂƐƐƌĞƐŝĚƵĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞdžƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĐŽŝƌĨŝďĞƌĨƌŽŵĐŽĐŽŶƵƚŚƵƐŬ
ĂŶĚ ŝƐ Ă ďLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŝƌ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘ EŽƌŵĂůůLJ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĚƵŵƉĞĚ ĂƐ
ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǁĂƐƚĞĂŶĚďĞĐŽŵĞĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚĞĚĂƐĂǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨŚĞĂƉƐŽĨĐŽĂƌƐĞ
ĂŶĚ ĨŝŶĞ ĚƵƐƚƐ͘ &ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ ƐŚŽǁƐ ƚLJƉŝĐĂů ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ĚƵŵƉƐ ;ŚŝůůŽĐŬƐͿ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ
<ĞƌĂůĂĂŶĚdĂŵŝůEĂĚƵŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ǁŚĞƌĞƐƵĐŚĂƉƌŽďůĞŵŝƐǁŝĚĞůLJƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚ͘/ƚŝƐĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞĚƚŚĂƚ
 
ϭ
,ĞůŐĂtŝůůĞƌ͕:ƵůŝĂ>ĞƌŶŽƵĚĂŶĚZŽďĞƌƚ,ŽŵĞdŚĞtŽƌůĚŽĨKƌŐĂŶŝĐŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͗^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐΘŵĞƌŐŝŶŐdƌĞŶĚƐϮϬϭϯZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚĞŽĨ
KƌŐĂŶŝĐŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ;&ŝ>ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂů&ĞĚĞƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨKƌŐĂŶŝĐŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞDŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ;/&KD͕ϮϬϭϯͿ͕ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐͲ
ǁŽƌůĚ͘ŶĞƚͬĨŝůĞĂĚŵŝŶͬĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐͬLJĞĂƌŬͬϮϬϭϯͬǁĞďͲĨŝďůͲŝĨŽĂŵͲϮϬϭϯͲϮϱͲϯϰ͘ƉĚĨ
Ϯ
WĂƵůů͕:ŽŚŶ;ϮϬϭϭͿΗdŚĞhƉƚĂŬĞŽĨKƌŐĂŶŝĐŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͗ĞĐĂĚĞŽĨtŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚΗ͕:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ^ŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕Ϯ
;ϯͿ͕ƉƉ͘ϭϭϭͲϭϮϬ͕ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŽƌŐƉƌŝŶƚƐ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϵϱϭϳͬϭͬWĂƵůůϮϬϭϭĞĐĂĚĞ:^^͘ƉĚĨ
ϯ
Η^ŝŬŬŝŵƌĂĐĞƐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌŽƵƚĞΗ͘dĞůĞŐƌĂƉŚ/ŶĚŝĂ͘ϭϮĞĐĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϭ͕
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚĞůĞŐƌĂƉŚŝŶĚŝĂ͘ĐŽŵͬϭϭϭϭϮϭϯͬũƐƉͬƐŝůŝŐƵƌŝͬƐƚŽƌLJͺϭϰϴϳϯϱϲϲ͘ũƐƉη͘sϯh&Đϲ/ZKDϴ
ϰ
Η^ŝŬŬŝŵƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐƚĂƚĞďLJϮϬϭϱΗ͘dŚĞ,ŝŶĚƵ͘ϵ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϬϭϬ͕ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚŚĞŚŝŶĚƵ͘ĐŽŵͬƐĐŝͲ
ƚĞĐŚͬĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞͬĂƌƚŝĐůĞϲϮϯϯϬϵ͘ĞĐĞ
ϱ
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚŚĞŚŝŶĚƵ͘ĐŽŵͬƚŽĚĂLJƐͲƉĂƉĞƌͬƚƉͲŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůͬƚƉͲŬĞƌĂůĂͬƐƚĂƚĞͲƚŽͲƐǁŝƚĐŚͲĨƵůůLJͲƚŽͲŽƌŐĂŶŝĐͲĨĂƌŵŝŶŐͲďLJͲϮϬϭϲͲ
ŵŽŚĂŶĂŶͬĂƌƚŝĐůĞϲϱϭϳϴϱϵ͘ĞĐĞ
ϲ
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŶĞǁŝŶĚŝĂŶĞdžƉƌĞƐƐ͘ĐŽŵͬĐŝƚŝĞƐͬŬŽĐŚŝͬDͲtŝůůͲ'ĞƚͲdŽƚĂůͲKƌŐĂŶŝĐͲ&ĂƌŵŝŶŐͲ^ƚĂƚĞͲdĂŐͲďLJͲϮϬϭϲͬϮϬϭϰͬϭϭͬϬϳͬĂƌƚŝĐůĞϮϱϭϭϱϯϰ͘ĞĐĞ
ϳ
ZĂŵĞƐŚWĞƚĂů^ƚĂƚƵƐŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ƵƌƌĞŶƚ^Đŝ͕sŽůϵϴ͕EŽϵ͕ƉƉϭϭϵϬͲϭϭϵϰ
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͘ĂĐ͘ŝŶͬŽǁŶůŽĂĚƐͬĂƌƚŝĐůĞͺŝĚͺϬϵϴͺϬϵͺϭϭϵϬͺϭϭϵϰͺϬ͘ƉĚĨ
ϴ
KƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ͘;ϮϬϭϲ͕:ƵŶĞϮϴͿ͘/ŶtŝŬŝƉĞĚŝĂ͕dŚĞ&ƌĞĞŶĐLJĐůŽƉĞĚŝĂ͘ZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚϭϱ͗ϯϮ͕:ƵŶĞϯϬ͕ϮϬϭϲ͕
ĨƌŽŵŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĞŶ͘ǁŝŬŝƉĞĚŝĂ͘ŽƌŐͬǁͬŝŶĚĞdž͘ƉŚƉ͍ƚŝƚůĞсKƌŐĂŶŝĐͺĨĂƌŵŝŶŐΘŽůĚŝĚсϳϮϳϯϰϬϯϮϵ
ϵ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŽĨůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘;ϮϬϭϲ͕:ƵŶĞϲͿ͘/ŶtŝŬŝƉĞĚŝĂ͕dŚĞ&ƌĞĞŶĐLJĐůŽƉĞĚŝĂ͘ZĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚϬϱ͗ϰϯ͕:ƵůLJϭ͕ϮϬϭϲ͕ĨƌŽŵ
ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĞŶ͘ǁŝŬŝƉĞĚŝĂ͘ŽƌŐͬǁͬŝŶĚĞdž͘ƉŚƉ͍ƚŝƚůĞс^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚͺŽĨͺůŝǀŝŶŐͺŝŶͺ/ŶĚŝĂΘŽůĚŝĚсϳϮϯϵϬϲϯϰϭ

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ĂƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚĞĚƐƚŽĐŬŽĨϭϬпϭϬϲ ŵĞƚƌŝĐƚŽŶƐŽĨĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ
ƐƚĂƚĞƐŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂϭϬ͘dŚĞƐĞĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůǁĂƐƚĞƐŚĂǀĞƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůůLJďĞĞŶĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚŽĨďLJďƵƌŶŝŶŐ͘dŚŝƐ
ďƵƌŶŝŶŐŚĂƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĐĂƌďŽŶĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ
ƚŚĞǁĂƌŵŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĂŝŶLJƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƚĂŶŶŝŶƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽůƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŝƌ
ƉŝƚŚĂƌĞůĞĂĐŚĞĚŽƵƚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŝůĂŶĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƌŝŐĂƚŝŽŶĐĂŶĂůƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞďLJŵĂŬŝŶŐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů
ůĂŶĚƐƵŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝǀĞ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJƐƵĐŚůĞĂĐŚŝŶŐŝƐŚĂƌŵĨƵůƚŽƚŚĞ
ĂƋƵĂƚŝĐĂŶĚƐŽŝůďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůŝĨĞ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚĞǁĂLJƐƚŽĚŝƐƉŽƐĞŽĨĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ
ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ͕ŝƐŽĨĐƌŝƚŝĐĂůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂƐ͘




&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͗ŽŝƌWŝƚŚƵŵƉŶĞĂƌĂĐŽŝƌĨŝďĞƌĞdžƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŝƚĞŝŶ<ĞƌĞůĂ


ŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŝƐĂĨůƵĨĨLJ͕ůŝŐŚƚ͕ƐƉŽŶŐLJŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǁŝƚŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚǁĂƚĞƌͲŚŽůĚŝŶŐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJ
ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞĂŶĚŚĂƐĂƐŝnjĂďůĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨĐŽŵďƵƐƚŝďůĞŵĂƚƚĞƌĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚĂůŽǁĂƐŚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͘
/ƚ ŝƐ ĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĂůůLJ Ă ůŝŐŶŽͲĐĞůůƵůŽƐŝĐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƚŚĂƚ ĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐĞƐ ǀĞƌLJ ƐůŽǁůLJ ŝŶ ƐŽŝů͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚƐ
ƉĞŶƚŽƐĂŶͬůŝŐŶŝŶƌĂƚŝŽŝƐϭ͗Ϭ͘ϯϬ͖ƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞůLJĨĂƐƚĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŝŶ
ƚŚĞ ƐŽŝů ŝƐ ϭ͗Ϭ͘ϱϬ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ŝŶ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽǁ ĚƵŶŐ ŐŝǀĞƐ Ă
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ďŝŽŐĂƐϭϭ͘ EĞĂƌůLJ ϳ͘ϱ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ƚŽŶŶĞƐ ŽĨ Đŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ŝƐ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĂŶŶƵĂůůLJ
ĨƌŽŵĐŽŝƌŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂϭϮ͘

Žŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂŶ ĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ ƐƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞ ĨŽƌ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƉĞĂƚ͘ dŚĞ Ɖ, ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ŝƐ ĐůŽƐĞ ƚŽ ŶĞƵƚƌĂů͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞ Ɖ, ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ƉŝƚŚ ŝƐ ĂĐŝĚŝĐ͘ dŚĞ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂů
ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚŝǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚĚƌŽƉƐƚŽϬ͘ϮϯĚ^ͬĐŵ͕ŝŶĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶƚŽŽǀĞƌϬ͘ϳĚ^ͬĐŵ
ĨŽƌƉĞĂƚŵŽƐƐ͘ĞĐĂƵƐĞĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŝƐŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŝŶŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐŽŵĞĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨŝƚƐƵƐĞ
 
ϭϬ
ZĞŐŚƵǀĂƌĂŶĞƚ͘Ăů͕ŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƉŚĞŶŽůŝĐĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐďLJĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚĚĞŐƌĂĚĞĚďLJWůĞƵƌŽƚƵƐƐĂũŽƌĐĂũƵ͕:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ
dŽdžŝĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů,ĞĂůƚŚ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐsŽů͘ϰ;ϭͿ͕ƉƉ͘ϮϵͲϯϲ͕ϱ:ĂŶƵĂƌLJ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶůŝŶĞĂƚ
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐũŽƵƌŶĂůƐ͘ŽƌŐͬ:d,^
ϭϭ
ZĂĚŚŝŬĂ͕>'Ğƚ͘Ăů͕:͘ŚĞŵ͘dĞĐŚŶŽů͘ŝŽƚĞĐŚŶŽů͘ϭϵϴϯ͕ϯϯ͕ϭϴϵͲϭϵϰ
ϭϮ
ŽŝƌŽŵƉŽƐƚ͕ŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝĐǁĂƐƚĞƵƚŝůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶŝŶŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ĞŶƚƌĞĨŽƌ^Žŝů
ĂŶĚƌŽƉDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕dĂŵŝůEĂĚƵŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬĂŐƌŝƚĞĐŚ͘ƚŶĂƵ͘ĂĐ͘ŝŶͬŽƌŐͺĨĂƌŵͬŽƌŐĨĂƌŵͺĐŽŝƌĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ͘Śƚŵů

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ŝŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘

ŽŝƌWŝƚŚĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

ŽŝƌƉŝƚŚǁŚĞŶŝŶŽĐƵůĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƉƌŽƉƌŝĞƚĂƌLJďŝŽĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐW/d,W>h^ϭϯ͕ĂŶĚĞŶƌŝĐŚĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚƵƌĞĂƐŚŽǁƐĂĚĞĨŝŶŝƚĞƌĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝŶůŝŐŶŝŶĂŶĚĐĞůůƵůŽƐĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŽƚĂů
ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂĨƚĞƌĂƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨϯϬĚĂLJƐ͘W/d,W>h^ĂƐƐƉĂǁŶŽĨĞĚŝďůĞ
ŵƵƐŚƌŽŽŵWůĞƵƌŽƚƵƐƐĂũŽƌĐĂũƵW/d,W>h^ŝƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵWůĞƵƌŽƚƵƐƐĂũŽƌĐĂũƵ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂĨĂƐƚͲ
ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ͕ĞĚŝďůĞŽLJƐƚĞƌŵƵƐŚƌŽŽŵ͕ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůůLJĨŽƵŶĚŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂĂŶĚŐƌŽǁƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJŽŶĂƐƵĐĐƵůĞŶƚ
ƉůĂŶƚ;ƵƉŚŽƌďŝĂƌŽLJůĞĂŶƐͿŝŶƚŚĞĨŽŽƚŚŝůůƐŽĨƚŚĞ,ŝŵĂůĂLJĂƐ͘ǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ
ŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐŽĨϭϬͲϭϱƚŽŶƐͬŚĞĐƚĂƌĞŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶĨŽƵŶĚƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů
ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƐŽŝů ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŵĂŶLJ ĨŝĞůĚ ĐƌŽƉƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ
;ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ďLJ ƵƐŝŶŐ W/d,W>h^ ĂŶĚ ƵƌĞĂͿ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ďĞƚƚĞƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĨŽƌ ƐŽŝů ĂŵĞůŝŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ͘
/ŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ƵƌĞĂ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƐƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ ĨŝdžŝŶŐ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐĂƌĞĞƋƵĂůůLJĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐŝŶŐϭϰ͘hƐĞŽĨŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĨŝdžŝŶŐďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂĂůƐŽ
ĞŶƌŝĐŚĞƐƚŚĞĨĞƌƚŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƐŽŝůŝŶĂƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͘

Žŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ͕ ďŽƚŚ ŝŶ ƌĂǁ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ ĨŽƌŵƐ͕ ŝƐ ŐĂŝŶŝŶŐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚLJ ŝŶ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĨŽƌƐŽŝůĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŶŚŽƌƚŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘ŽƐƚͲĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚ
ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨǀĂůƵĞͲĂĚĚĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĨƌŽŵĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ďĞĐŽŵĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ
ĨŽƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŽĨĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƉŝƚŚŝƐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚŝŶĂŵƵůƚŝůĂLJĞƌĞĚ
ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ƉŝƚŚ ůĂLJĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƐƉĞƌƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ůĂLJĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĞĚŝďůĞ W/d,W>h^
ŵƵƐŚƌŽŽŵ ĂŶĚ ƵƌĞĂ Žƌ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ ĨŝdžŝŶŐ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂů ĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞ͘ dŚĞ ĂƐƐĞŵďůLJ ŝƐ Ă ƐŝdžͲůĂLJĞƌĞĚ
ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞĚƵŶƚŝůƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞŚĞĂƉƌĞĂĐŚĞƐĂŵĂdžŝŵƵŵŽĨϭŵ͘dŚĞ
ŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂƉ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ Ăƚ ϮϬϬй ďLJ ƐƉƌŝŶŬůŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĞǀĞƌLJ ĚĂLJ͘ dŚĞ W/d,W>h^
ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚƐƚŚĞĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŝŶŽƉĞŶĂŝƌŝŶĂďŽƵƚϯϬͲϰϱĚĂLJƐƵŶƚŝůƚŚĞƉŝƚŚďĞĐŽŵĞƐďůĂĐŬŝŶĐŽůŽƌ͕
ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ŵŽǀŝŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ŵĂŶƵƌĞ
ƚŚƵƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚŝƐƌŝĐŚĞƌŝŶŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ͕ƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌƵƐ͕ĂŶĚƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵ͘

dŚĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ĂďŽǀĞ͕ ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ ŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ͕ ƐƵĨĨĞƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚǁŽ
ůŝŵŝƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ &ŝƌƐƚ͕ ŝƚ ƚĂŬĞƐ ŽǀĞƌ Ă ŵŽŶƚŚ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂƉƐ ĂƌĞ ůĂƌŐĞƌ ŝŶ
ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͘

^ĞĐŽŶĚ͕ƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŝƌͲƉŝƚŚŚĞĂƉƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĐĂŶĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŚĂƐƚŽďĞůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϭŵ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶĂůĂƌŐĞĂƌĞĂŽĨůĂŶĚƵƐĂŐĞĨŽƌĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ͕ĨŽƌĂŐŝǀĞŶŚĞĂƉŽĨĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͘ŽƚŚ
ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞůŝŵŝƚĂƚŝŽŶƐŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĂƉƌŽƉĞƌĂĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶƚŚĞŚĞĂƉ
ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ͘dŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚĂďŽǀĞƌĞůŝĞƐŽŶŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞůŝŵŝƚŝŶŐ͕
ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ǁŚĞŶ ŵƵůƚŝůĂLJĞƌĞĚ ŚĞĂƉ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ Ă ƉƌŽƉĞƌ ĨůŽǁ ŽĨ Ăŝƌ
ĂůƐŽƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶůŽŶŐĞƌĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐƚŝŵĞƐ͘ŽƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŝƐƐƵĞƐĂƌĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚ
ŚĂƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ŝŶ ĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ƚŝŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ƐŵĂůůĞƌ ƵƐĞ ŽĨ ůĂŶĚ ĂĐƌĞĂŐĞ ĨŽƌ
 
ϭϯ
Z/͕ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĐĐƌŝŝŶĚŝĂ͘ŽƌŐͬWŝƚŚƉůƵƐ͘Śƚŵů
ϭϰ
ZĞŐŚƵǀĂƌĂŶĞƚ͘Ăů͕^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶŽĨhƌĞĂǁŝƚŚ&ƵŶŐŝĂŶĚEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ&ŝdžŝŶŐĂĐƚĞƌŝĂĨŽƌŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŽŝƌWŝƚŚ͕DĂĚƌĂƐŐƌŝĐ͘:͕͘ϵϲ;ϭͲϲͿ͗ϭϰϰͲ
ϭϰϵ͕:ƵŶĞϮϬϬϵ͕ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬƐŝƚĞƐ͘ŐŽŽŐůĞ͘ĐŽŵͬƐŝƚĞͬŵĂũŵĂƐƵͬĂƌĐŚŝǀĞͬϵϲͲϭͲϲ

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ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ͘^ƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂůůLJ͕ǁĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƐŝŵƉůĞĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĨŽƌĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ
ŽĨ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƌŝĐŚ ŝŶ ďŽƚŚ ůŝŐŶŽͲĐĞůůƵůŽƐĞ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůLJƉŚĞŶŽůƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ŝŶ ƐŝƚƵ
ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŽĨůĂƌŐĞŚĞĂƉƐŽĨĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞďLJĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞƐůĂŶĚƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ͘

EĞǁŵĞƚŚŽĚĨŽƌŽŝƌWŝƚŚĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ
Ŷ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞ ĨĂƐƚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ďLJ ƵƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ
ǁŝƚŚŚƵŐĞŚĞĂƉŚĞŝŐŚƚƐĂƐŝŶƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƚŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐƚĂĐŬŚĞŝŐŚƚǁĂƐĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďLJŽƵƌ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨĂĞƌĂƚŝŶŐƚŚĞŚĞĂƉƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƌƐƉĞĐŝĂůĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ƵƚŝůŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂů
ĚĞŶƐŝƚŝĞƐŽĨĂŝƌĂŶĚŐĂƐĞƐƵŶĚĞƌĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚŚĞŝŐŚƚƐ͘dŚĞƚŚĞŽƌĞƚŝĐĂůďĂƐŝƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƐ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŽdžŝĚĂƚŝǀĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĞdžĐĞƐƐŝǀĞ
ƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŽdžLJŐĞŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞ ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚůŝďĞƌĂƚĞ͕ĂƐĞŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ůĂƌŐĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽdžŝĚĞ͘dŚĞ
ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŝƐ ĞdžŽƚŚĞƌŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŚĞĂƉƐ͘ Ɛ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂƉ
ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ĂĐĐĞƐƐŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶŝŶƚŽƚŚĞďƵůŬŽĨƚŚĞŚĞĂƉĂŶĚƌĞůĞĂƐĞŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽdžŝĚĞĂŶĚŚĞĂƚ
ĂƌĞ ƐůŽǁ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ͘ tĞ ǁĞƌĞ
ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞƚŚĞƌĂƚĞƐŽĨĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ͘

dŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶŽĨƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐďLJĐĞůůƐ
ƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů ĐĞůů ŵĂƐƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƐĐŚĞŵĂƚŝnjĞĚ ŝŶ &ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ &ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ ŝƐ
ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ŐĞŶĞƌŝĐ ǁĂLJ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ Ŷ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĨŽƌŵĞĚ͘hƐƵĂůůLJ͕ŝŶŝƐĂďŽƵƚϮͲϱŵĂŝŶƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŵŝƐĂďŽƵƚϯͲϳŵĂũŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘
/ŶŽƵƌĐĂƐĞ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŚƌĞĞƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ŶĂŵĞůLJ͕ƚŚĞƌĂǁĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚ;ďĞĨŽƌĞĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐͿ͕ƵƌĞĂĂŶĚ
ĐĂůĐŝƵŵ ĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨŝǀĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĞĚ ůŝŐŶŝŶƐ͕ ŽdžŝĚŝnjĞĚ
ƉŽůLJƉŚĞŶŽůƐ͕ ůŝŐŶŝŶͲĐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĞƐ͕ ůĂĐĐĂƐĞ ĞŶnjLJŵĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĂĚ ŵŝĐƌŽďĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ
ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐĞŶƌŝĐŚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌŵ͘

KǀĞƌĂůůďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĂƚĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ

Ŷϭ,ɲKɴEɷнĂ,džKLJнď,ůKŵEŶнĐKϮ
ĞůůDĂƐƐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐEŝƚƌŽŐĞŶƐŽƵƌĐĞKdžLJŐĞŶ


ZĂƚĞŽĨĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ;ƌϭͿ 
Ŭ;&ŽƌǁĂƌĚƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶƌĂƚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚͿ

ŶϮ,ɲKɴEɷнĂ͛,ɶKɸнď͛,ƵKǀEǁнĚKϮнĞ,ϮK  ;Ƌ͘ϭͿ

͕ǁŚĞƌĞŶϭ͕ŶϮ͕Ă͕Ă͕͛ď͕ď͕͛Đ͕ĚĂŶĚĞĂƌĞƚŚĞƐƚŽŝĐŚŝŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĐŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘&ƌŽŵ
Ƌ͘ϭ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ΀,ɶKɸ΁ĨŽůůŽǁƐĂƐƵŶĚĞƌ͗

ƌϭсĚͬĚƚ͘΀,ɶKɸ΁сŬ΀,ɲKɴEɷ΁Ŷϭ͘΀,džKLJ΁Ă͘΀,ůKŵEŶ΁ď͘΀KϮ΁Đ  ;Ƌ͘ϮͿ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͗^ĐŚĞŵĂƚŝĐďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ


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dŚĞĂďŽǀĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;Ƌ͘ϮͿŝŵƉůŝĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐǀĂƌŝĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĂƐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ
ĂŶĚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐĞůůŵĂƐƐ΀,ɲKɴEɷ΁͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐƌŝĐŚŝŶĐĂƌďŽŶ
ĂŶĚŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĂŶĚĂůƐŽƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŽdžLJŐĞŶ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐĞůůŵĂƐƐ΀,ɲKɴEɷ΁
ŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶ ƚŽ ďĞ Ɖ, ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ŽƉƚŝŵƵŵ Ăƚ ŶĞƵƚƌĂů Ɖ,͕ ǁĞ ĞŶĚĞĂǀŽƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ
ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ Ɖ, ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ŵĂƐƐ ƌĞŵĂŝŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĞƵƚƌĂů ƌĂŶŐĞ͘ tĞ
ƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ŵĂƐƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ƉŽǁĚĞƌĞĚ ĐĂůĐŝƵŵ ĐĂƌďŽŶĂƚĞ
ƚŽ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ ŵĂƐƐ ŝŶ ĐĂƐĞ ĂĐŝĚŝĐ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͘
tĞĂůƐŽƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐŽĨŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶͲƌŝĐŚƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐůŝŬĞhƌĞĂŽƌĂŶLJ
ŽƚŚĞƌ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶͲĞŶƌŝĐŚŝŶŐ ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞͬƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŶŽ ĚĞĂƌƚŚ ŽĨ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ
ƐŽƵƌĐĞƚŽƚŚĞŵŝĐƌŽďĞƐ͘dŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐŵĂƐƐŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJǀĞƌLJƌŝĐŚŝŶĐĂƌďŽŶƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ŝŶŝƚŝĂů͗EƌĂƚŝŽŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƐƐŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJϭϬϬŽƌĂďŽǀĞ͘
dŽ ǁƌŝƚĞ ƚŚĞ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ŵĂĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƵƐĞĨƵů ƚŽ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕
ĂŶĚĐĞůůƐŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚŝŶ
ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝnjĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚǁŽ ƚLJƉĞƐ͕ ŶĂŵĞůLJ͕ Ă ĐĂƌďŽŶͲƌŝĐŚ
ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ,džKLJ ĂŶĚ Ă ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶͲƌŝĐŚ ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ,ůKŵEŶ͘ dŚĞ ĐĞůůƐ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ
,ɶKɸĂŶĚ,ƵKǀEǁ͕ůŝďĞƌĂƚŝŶŐKϮĂŶĚ,ϮKŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dŚĞĐĞůůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǁŝůůďĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ
ĂƐ ,ɲKɴEɷ͘ dŚŝƐ ĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ϭŐ ŽĨ ĐĂƌďŽŶ ĂƚŽŵƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĞůů ĂŶĚ ŝƐ Ă ĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶƚ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ͘

dǁŽ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂů ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƐƚƵĚLJ͘ dŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂů ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ
ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ĂĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ŚĞĂƉ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚŝŽŶ ŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ Ă ƉŝůŽƚͲƐĐĂůĞ
ĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŚĞĂƉ͘dŚŝƐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŽŐƌĂŵǁĂƐĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĞŶƚƌĂůŽŝƌ
ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚĞ ;Z/Ϳ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ƐƚĂƚĞ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ͘ dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂů
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵǁĂƐĂĨŽůůŽǁƵƉƚŽƚŚŝƐƉŝůŽƚͲƐĐĂůĞĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĂƌĞĂůĨŝĞůĚƐƚƵĚLJĨŽƌĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ
Ă ůĂƌŐĞ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚŚŝůůŽĐŬ ůŽĐĂƚĞĚ ĂƚdŚĂŶŶĞĞƌŵƵŬŬŽŵ ŝŶ ƚŚĞůůĞƉƉĞLJĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚ ŽĨ <ĞƌĂůĂ͕ /ŶĚŝĂ͘
dŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƉŝůŽƚͲƐĐĂůĞƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐƐĐĂůĞĚƵƉĨŽƌƚŚŝƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞĐŽŝƌƉŝƚŚŚŝůůŽĐŬ͘KƵƌĚĞƐŝŐŶŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĂƐĐŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚĂƐĚĞƉŝĐƚĞĚŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͘



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&ŝŐƵƌĞϯ͗^ĐŚĞŵĂƚŝĐǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞĂĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂƐƐĞŵďůLJŽĨŽƵƌĚĞƐŝŐŶ

KƵƌ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ Ă ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ĂĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵƵůƚŝůĂLJĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŝƌͲƉŝƚŚ ŚĞĂƉ ƚŚĂƚ
ĞŶĂďůĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĨůŽǁ ŽĨ ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƋƵĂŶƚŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŽdžLJŐĞŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŝŐŶŽůLJƚŝĐ ŵŝĐƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƐ͘ dŚĞ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵŽĨĂĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞƐĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞƌĨŽƌĂƚĞĚƉŽůLJǀŝŶLJůĐŚůŽƌŝĚĞ;WsͿƉŝƉĞƐ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ
ƚŚĞLJĂƌĞůŝŐŚƚǁĞŝŐŚƚĂŶĚƌĞĐĂůĐŝƚƌĂŶƚƚŽĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶ͘dŚĞƉŝƉĞƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚǁĞƌĞŽĨ
ĂŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĚŝĂŵĞƚĞƌŽĨϭϬϬŵŵĂŶĚǁĞƌĞĞŵďĞĚĚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŚĞĂƉ͕ĞƋƵĂůůLJƐƉĂĐĞĚĨƌŽŵ
ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͕ Ăƚ Ă ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ϲϬ Đŵ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͘ ĂĐŚ Ws ƉŝƉĞ ŚĂƐ Ă ůĂƌŐĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ
ƉĞƌĨŽƌĂƚŝŽŶƐǁŝƚŚĂĚŝĂŵĞƚĞƌŽĨϲͲϭϬŵŵ͕ĂůůŽǀĞƌŝƚƐĐƵƌǀĞĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ƚŽĂůůŽǁƵŶŝŶƚĞƌƌƵƉƚĞĚ
ĨƌĞĞŝŶĨůŽǁŽĨĂŝƌĂŶĚƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂŶŽƵƚůĞƚĨŽƌƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽdžŝĚĞĂŶĚĚŝƐƐŝƉĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŚĞĂƚ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĐŽŶǀĞĐƚŝŽŶ͘

dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨŽƵƌƐƚƵĚLJǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĂĞƌĂƚŽƌĂƐƐĞŵďůLJĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶŝŶdĂďůĞϭ͘


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dŚĞ ƚĂďůĞ ƐŚŽǁƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͬE ƌĂƚŝŽ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ ĂƐ Ă ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ĚĂLJƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ƌĂƉŝĚ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ϱͲϭϱ ĚĂLJƐ͕
ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĂŶŝŶŝƚŝĂůͬEƌĂƚŝŽŽĨϭϭϮ͗ϭƚŽϮϵ͗ϭĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨϭϱĚĂLJƐ͕ĂŶĚĂůŵŽƐƚĨŽůůŽǁƐ
Ă ĨŝƌƐƚͲŽƌĚĞƌ ŬŝŶĞƚŝĐ ƌĂƚĞ͘ ĨƚĞƌ ϭϱ ĚĂLJƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƚĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJ ďĞŐŝŶƐ ƚŽ ƉůĂƚĞĂƵ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŵƉŽƐƚŝŶŐ ďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ŝŶ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Ϯϭ ĚĂLJƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŶ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ͕ ƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌƵƐ͕
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ƐƚĂƌƚŝŶŐ ŶŽŶͲĐŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚ ĐŽŝƌ ƉŝƚŚ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƚŝŽŶĂů ŵĞƚŚŽĚ ŚĂƐ ŶŽ ĂĞƌĂƚŽƌ ĂƐƐĞŵďůLJ ĂŶĚ
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tŚĞŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ŝŶ dĂďůĞ Ϯ ŝƐ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚŽƐĞ ŝŶ dĂďůĞ ϭ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ĐůĞĂƌ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ
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ŽŵƉŽƐƚĞĚŽŝƌWŝƚŚƵƐĞĨŽƌKƌŐĂŶŝĐĨĂƌŵŝŶŐ
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Potential of biocomposting of coir pith using PITHPLUS
substituting organic supplements alternate to Urea for
Agri/Horti end uses
Radhakrishnan. S1, Abesh Reghuvaran2, Geena M.G.3 and Anita Das Ravindranath4

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Abstract

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1. Introduction

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FDXVHGE\LWVDFFXPXODWLRQWarrier and Moudil, 1947).

Table 1 Chemical composition and physical properties of coir pith

Sl No Constituents Unretted coir pith Retted coir pith
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Structure of coir pith

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Figure 1. SEM image of coir pith

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Figure 3. Structure of Lignin

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Composting of coir pith (Conventional method)

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Fig 4 . a, Pithplus b. Sandwiching process of coir pith for composting

Bulk composting of coir pith hillock using perforated PVC pipes

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Figure 5: Schematic diagram of aerator tube assembly

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2. Materials and Methods

Culture Inoculum

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a. Azolla

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Fig.8 Azospirillum brasilense

Culture Conditions

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Table.2 Nutrient status of raw & coir pith organic manure

Parameter Raw coir pith C-POM
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3, Results and Discussion

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Table. 3.Decreasing trend in Lignin content during composting of coir pith (Conventional)

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Figure 11. Decreasing of trend of lignin in pith composting (conventional)

Table 4. Decreasing trend in Lignin content during composting of coir pith with azolla as
biological supplement

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 Figure 12. Decreasing of trend of lignin in pith composting (azolla)

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Fig.13. Graphical representation of decreasing of trend of C: N ratio in composting of coir

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pith (a. conventional b. biological supplements
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(b) As amendment

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9. References

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Dr. Das Anita Ravindranath'LUHFWRU5'7(&HQWUDO&RLU5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH.DODYRRU

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Abstract

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PDNLQJWKHPVXLWDEOHIRULQGRRUSDQHOLQJLQEXLOGLQJ

Introduction

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EHKDYLRU RI WKH RULJLQDO FKHPLFDOO\ XQPRGL¿HG OLJQLQ LQ WKH SODQW WLVVXHV DW WHPSHUDWXUHV DERYH
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PD\RWKHUZLVHEHEXUQWRUDFFXPXODWHFDXVLQJGLVSRVDOSUREOHPV

Materials and methods

Materials

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Methods

Drying of the materials

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Sieving

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SDUWLFOHVRIOHVVWKDQPPVL]HVKRZQKLJKHUVWUHQJWKFRPSDUHGWRWKHERDUGSURGXFHGIURPELJJHU
VL]HSDUWLFOHV

Hot pressing

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SLWK

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Drying in hot air
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oven

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Determination of water absorption

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Where WLVWKHZHLJKWRIWKHVDPSOHEHIRUHLPPHUVLRQLQZDWHUDQG:LVWKHZHLJKWRIWKHVDPSOH
DIWHULPPHUVLRQLQZDWHU>@

Results and discussions

Effect of Moisture

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SURSHUW\RIUHVLOLHQFH&RLUSLWKKDVDSRURXVVWUXFWXUHDQGKDYLQJKLJKZDWHUKROGLQJFDSDFLW\RI
>@7KHSUHVHQFHRIPRLVWXUHLQWKHPDWHULDOFUHDWHVDLUHQWUDSPHQWVLQWKHSURGXFHGERDUGV
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PRLVWXUHOHYHORIOHVVWKDQEHIRUHKRWSUHVVLQJ

Effect of Temperature

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ORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHVSURSHUVHWWLQJRIWKHERDUGKDVQRWWDNHQSODFHDQGDWKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHVFKDUULQJ
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LILWLVQRWFRROHGXQGHUWKHDSSOLHGSUHVVXUHLQVLGHWKHPRXOG

Machining

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RSHUDWLRQVVXFKDVVDZLQJFXWWLQJXVLQJKLJKVSHHGFXWWHUDQGGULOOLQJRSHUDWLRQV7KHUHVXOWVKDYH
EHHQREVHUYHGWREHFRPSDUDEOHZLWKWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOSO\ZRRGDQG0')

Water absorption studies

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ZRRG¿QLVKDQGWKHZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHVWXGLHGE\LPPHUVLQJLQZDWHUDQGFRPSDUHG
ZLWKSO\ZRRGKDYLQJWKHVDPHWKLFNQHVV7KHUHVXOWVZHUHDVIROORZV

Table 1. Water absorption study

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Conclusion and future line of work

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Acknowledgement

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Refferences

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Reduction in Import Duty of Latex Rubber:-

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under HSN Code 4001 1020] meant for use in manufacture of rubberized coir mattresses and
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under HSN code 40012100] used by Tire manufacturing industry

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

General Overview

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Overview of Coir products including mattresses industry

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-101-
%DVLF&XVWRPV'XW\RQLPSRUWRIQDWXUDOODWH[UXEEHU>FODVVL¿DEOHXQGHU+61&RGH@
used in manufacture of rubberized coir mattresses and sheets vis-à-vis natural rubber in dry
IRUP>FODVVL¿DEOHXQGHU+61FRGH@

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Type of Rubber HSN Codes Current Basic Usages

Customs Duty Rate
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GU\IRUP

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LQ,QGLD¶DKXJHVXFFHVV

Request–To reduce the BCD rate on natural latex rubber to 25% to make it at par with the duty
rate on other natural rubber products

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VHFWRU

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 In light of above, it is requested either to reduce the rate of BCD from 70% to 25% in
JHQHUDORQLPSRUWRIQDWXUDOODWH[UXEEHUFODVVL¿DEOHXQGHU+61&RGHRUUHGXFHWKH
rate for the mattress industry for use in manufacture of rubberized coir mattresses or sheets.
-102-
Rubberized Coir Under GST:-

Request for classifying the Rubberized Coir products under the merit/essential goods list i.e.
lower tax bracket under proposed GST regime

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Overview

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-103-
Indirect Tax scenarios

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-104-
 P.K.RAVI*

Rubberised coir
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History of Rubberised Coir Industry

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Natural Rubber Latex – Its Source, Composition and Properties

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________________________________________________________________________________________
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Composition of NR latex

Sl.No. Content of Ingredients Per cent,%

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Main function of the latex

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Raw Materials for rubberized coir mattress

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Natural Rubber Latex Concentrates

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-106-
Centrifuged Latex

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Evaporated Latex

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Creamed Latex

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Preservatives

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Commercial types of NR latex concentrate

Centrifuged types

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-107-
 Requirements for Centrifuged and Creamed Natural Rubber Latex Concentrates

Requirements for centrifuged Requirements for

Sl NR latex creamed NR latex
Characteristics
No Type Type
Type MA Type LA Type HA
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Curled Coir Rope

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Quality parameters of Curled coir rope (,63DUW±6SHFL¿FDWLRQIRU0HFKDQLFDOO\
Extracted Coir Fibres- Machine Twisted Curled Coir Fibres.)
Sl.No. Parameter Requirements
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Process of Manufacture of Rubberised Coir

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Curling

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Spraying

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Drying

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Fabrication and Vulcanisation

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Quality of rubberised coir mattress

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Characteristics of Rubberised Coir cushion

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Applications of Rubberised Coir

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Quality parameters for Rubberised Coir Mattress

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Latex foam backed coir matting

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Grade 1 Grade 11 Grade 111 grade iv

Parameter
Soft Medium Firm ([WUD¿UP
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Spreading Process

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Advantages

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Coir baskets

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FRQLFDOVKDSHV7KH\DUHXVHGLQURRIJDUGHQV

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Coco Pots

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-114-
Coco poles or Plant climbers

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Coir Fiber Liners

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Coir Fiber Disks

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Decorative articles from coir

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Rubber backed coir mats/ Matting Tiles

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Advantages of Rubber Backed Coir Mats/ Matting Tiles
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