Submitted by: Deepankumar.

Submitted On:

Topic: Light Dependence Resistance

Class – XII
DAWN SCHOOL

A PHYSICS PROJECT

“LIGHT SENSOR AND DARK

SENSOR USING LIGHT
DEPENDENT RESISTOR”

BY
DEEPANKUMAR.V
OF CLASS XII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION

In the society, sometimes street lights glow

in day time due to any reason. In mines
area people face many difficulties due to
absence of light in the nights. In frontier
and hilly areas, people face many problems
due to damaged street lights. For solve
above these problems, we create a device
in which the lights glow in night and in day
time, they off automatically and don't
glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above
problems and can also save electricity and
men's power.
PRINCIPLE

This project is based on Light Dependent

Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a resistance, in
which opposing power of current depends on
the presence of quantity of light present, i.e.
the resistance of LDR increases or decreases,
according to quantity of light which falls on it.
If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR
increases and when light falls on it, the
resistance of LDR decreases and act as a
conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light
and darkness changes its resistance is
depending on the different types of LDR.
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

1. TRANSISTOR: When a thin slice of p-type is

sandwiched between two blocks of n-type,
then n-p-n transistor is formed. It consists of
emitter, base, and collector. In the project,
common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is
used.

2. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has

generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of
different colours corresponding to the value of
resistance. In project, we use carbon
resistance of two 100 kilo-ohms, 470 ohms
and 330 ohms.
3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance
which is used to complete the circuit.

4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

semiconductor light source. When a light-
emitting diode is forward-biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with
electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. In this project,
we use led of white colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular

prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top. In project,
we use 9-Volt battery.
6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical,
flexible strand or rod of metal. These are used
to connect components.
Aim

(a) Dark sensor using L.D.R, led, battery,

transistor and a few resistors.

(b) Light sensor using L.D.R, led, battery,

transistor and a few resistors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
(a) Dark Sensor

(b) Light Sensor

WORKING
(a) Dark Sensor

Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls

on LDR then the resistance of LDR will decrease
and approximate equal to 10 ohms. 9V DC comes
from 330 ohms resistance and passes through an
LED to the collector end of the BC-547 transistor.
Also 9V DC comes though a 100 kilo-ohms
resistance to one end of LDR and to the base of
the transistor. When DC voltage comes through
the base of transistor, the current starts to flow
through the emitter of transistor and completes
the circuit to the negative end of the DC voltage.
Another end of the 100 kilo-ohms resistor is
connected to the emitter. When light falls on the
LDR, the resistance offered by the LDR is very high
(nearly millions). The current will not flow through
the LDR and the circuit won’t be shunted.
Therefore the circuit is complete through the 100
kilo-ohms resistor and the led will glow. When no
light falls on the LDR, the LDR offers very low
resistance (nearly 10 ohms) and the circuit is
shunted and therefore the led doesn’t glow. The
LDR is also connected to minimise the current flow
to the battery.
USES

• It can be used in street lights.

• It can be used in mines areas.
• It can be used in hilly areas.
• It can be used in frontier areas.
• It can be used in houses.
• It can be used in jail lights.
• By using laser, it can be used for safety
purposes.
(b)Light sensor
Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When light
falls on LDR then the resistance of LDR will
decrease and approximate equal to 10 ohms.
9V DC comes from 470 ohms resistance and
passes through an LED to the collector end of
the BC-547 transistor. Also 9V DC comes
though one end of LDR and the other end to
100 kilo-ohms and to the base of the
transistor. When DC voltage comes through
the base of transistor, current starts to flow
through the emitter of transistor and
completes the circuit to the negative end of
the DC voltage. Another end of the LDR is
connected to the emitter. When light falls on
the LDR, the resistance offered by the LDR is
very high (nearly millions). Therefore the
circuit is not complete and the led will not
glow. When no light falls on the LDR, the LDR
offers very low resistance (nearly 10 ohms)
and therefore the led glows. The 100 kilo-
ohms is connected to minimise the current
flow to the battery.
USES

• By using laser, it can be used for safety

purposes.
• It can be used to find the intensity of sunlight
falling on the LDR.
• It can be used in mines areas for current
indicator using another light.
• It can be used in hilly areas.
• It can be used in houses.
• By using buzzer, it can be used for security
purposes in jails.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Expe
riment7.pd

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter

• 230nsc1.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.htm
l

• tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_
bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_basics.pdf

• hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.ht
ml