A point is a zero-dimensional mathematical object that has position only and has no length, no

width nor thickness.

1.2 LINE
A line is a one-dimensional figure having no thickness and extending infinitely in both
directions.
a. A ray is a straight line which is limited from one
side and infinite from another side. A

b. A segment or line segment is a part of a straight A

line which is limited from both sides. B

c. Parallel lines are straight lines which lie in the Line 1

same plane and do not intersect no matter
how long they are extended. Line 2

d. Intersecting lines are two or more different Line 1 Line2

lines that meet at the same point.
Mensuration is the mathematical name for calculating the areas, volumes, length of sides,
and other geometric parts of standard geometric shapes such as circles, spheres, polygons, e. Transversal Line is a line that cuts across Transversal line
prisms, cylinders, cones, etc., through the use of mathematical equations or formulas.
two or more lines.
GEOMETRY is the branch of mathematics which deals with the properties and relations in
space of points, lines, surfaces and solids. f. Broken line is a set of line segments connected and to end.

PLANE GEOMETRY is concerned chiefly with the study of the properties, sizes and shape
of figures all of whose points lie in the same plane. It deals with 2-D figures.

SOLID GEOMETRY is concerned primarily with the study of the properties, sizes and g. Points on the same line are said to be collinear.
shapes of figures all of whose points do not lie in the same plane. It deals with 3-D figures.

CHAPTER l: REVIEW OF PLANE GEOMETRY

1.1 POINT
h. Midpoint is the point exactly halfway between two endpoints of a line segment.
1.3 ANGLE
An angle is a space formed by two rays called sides sharing a common endpoint called
vertex.

ALTERNATE INTERIOR ALTERNATE EXTERIOR CORRESPONDING ANGLES

 POLYGONS Regular: A polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.

The term “polygon” is a combination of two Greek words, “poly” which means “many”
Examples of Regular or Irregular
If all angles are equal and all sides are equal, then it is regular, otherwise it
and “gonia” which means “angle”. It is a two-dimensional closed figure bounded by
is irregular
straight line segments.
A polygon always has as many angles as it has sides. And in general, polygons are
named to indicate the number of sides or angles they contain. Thus, a hexagon
has six ( hexa- means "six") sides and six angles.

Terminology used in describing polygon: Parts of polygon

Side: Any one of the straight lines that make up the polygon.
Regular Irregular
Vertex: A point where any two of the sides of a polygon meet to form an angle.
Angle: A figure formed by the intersection of two sides. Concave or Convex
Diagonal: A line that joins any two nonadjacent (not next to each other) vertices. A convex polygon has no angles pointing inwards. More precisely, no internal
Interior angle: Angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon. angle can be more than 180°.
Exterior angle: Angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon. If any internal angle is greater than 180° then the polygon is concave.
Apothem(of a regular polygon) : The segment connecting the center of a (Think: concave has a "cave" in it)
polygon and the midpoint of a side. This is a perpendicular bisector of the opposite
side.
Central angle(of a regular polygon): The angle subtended by a side about
the center.
Convex Concave
Perimeter: The sum of the length of all sides
Area: The space enclosed within the polygon. Simple or Complex
Parts of Regular Polygon: Parts of a Polygon: A simple polygon has only one boundary, and it doesn't cross over itself.
A complex polygon intersects itself! Many rules about polygons don't work
when it is complex.

PENTAGON: Simple Complex

Types of Polygons
Equilateral: A polygon in which all sides are equal in length.
Equiangular: A polygon in which all angles are the same size.
TRIANGLE is the simplest polygon since it has the least number of sides (3 sides). The
greek word for triangle is TRIGONON.
 QUADRILATERAL

In Euclidean plane geometry, a quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides (or edges)
and four vertices or corners. This is a general term for a four-sided polygon.The
origin of the word "quadrilateral" are the two Latin words quadri, a variant of four,
and latus,meaning "side".A quadrilateral is also known as tetragon or quadrangle.
The common parts of a quadrilateral are described as follows:
1. SIDES: These are line segments joining any two adjacent vertices(corners). Parallelogram
2. INTERIOR ANGLES: An interior angle is the angle formed between two adjacent sides. In Euclidean geometry, a parallelogram is a simple quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. The
3. BASE: This is the bottom side that is perpendicular to the altitude. opposite or facing sides of a parallelogram are of equal length and the opposite angles of a
4. HEIGHT or ALTITUDE: It is the distance between two parallel sides of a quadrilateral. parallelogram are of equal measure.
5. DIAGONAL: This is the line segment joining any two non-adjacent vertices.
d₁

d₂

FORMULA :
Perimeter = 2(a +b)
Area = bh where b is the base and h is the height
Area = ab sinӨ where a and b are the sides of parallelogram and Ө is any interior angle

a) d1 (long diagonal) = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐

b) d2 (short diagonal) = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐

c) d² = a² + b² - 2ab cos Ө ( if the sides and included angle are given)

 Kinds of a Parallelogram

A rectangle is essentially a parallelogram in which the interior angles are all right angles.
A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all the sides are equal. Rhombus is all called P = 2b + 2h
A = bh parallelogram, rhomb, and diamond
Equilateral height d
equilateral parallelogram, rhomb and diamond. A rhombus with an interior angle of 45ᵒ is.
d = √𝒃𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐
sometimes called lozenge.
d

base

A square is a special type of a rectangle in which all the sides are equal.
Since all sides and interior angles are eqal, a square is classified as a regular polygon of
four sides.

A = a²
P = 4a
d = a √𝟐
b
where:
Formula: where: a = side
 P = 4b P = perimeter
1
 A = 2 d₁d₂ A = area
 A = bh b = base
𝑑₁
 α = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
(𝑑₂) h = height
α = acute angle
2 2
 𝑑 𝑑
b = √( 21 ) + ( 22 ) d₂ = longer diagonal

d₁ = shorter diagonal