Minna no Nihongo Elementary Japanese I Translation & Grammar Notes—English H WR I w2KK BAER - SCARE SeaahR —_ HA ZY-I-42h9-9HOW TO USE THIS BOOK EFFECTIVELY 1. Learn the words The Translation and Grammar Notes introduces the new words for each lesson. Leam these new words by practising making short sentences with them. 2. Practise the Sentence Patterns Make sure you understand the meaning of cach sentence pattem, and do Exercises A. and B aloud until the pattern becomes automatic. 3. Practise holding conversations Practise the sentence pattems using the short dialogues given in Exercise C, but don't stop there; carry on and extend the conversations. The conversations simulate everyday situations that students are likely to encounter, and the best way of acquiring a natural conversational rhythm is to act out the conversations using gestures and facial expressions while listening to the CD. 4. Check your understanding Each lesson ends with some practice questions which you should use to check that you have correctly understood the lesson. 5. Apply what you have learnt ‘Try talking to Japanese people using the Japanese you have learnt, Applying what you have learnt right away, before you forget it, is the quickest way to progress, Learning Sequence for Each Lesson recy / Nore learning point learning point Exercise A Exercise A f ‘ 4 Exercise B Exercise B : any Exercise C Sentence Patterns, Example Sentences, Review and Check t + Sentence Pattems, Example Sentences,| | Exercise C Review and Check 1 1 Conversation Conversation Ww Practice Questions | Study the material by following either Route (1) ‘of Route (2). To make sure you cover all the key learning points, please check the Table of Key ‘Leaming Points at the end of this book.CHARACTERS Mike Miller Sato Keiko American, employee of IMC Japanese, employee of IMC Jose Santos Maria Santos é Brazilian, employee of Brazil Air Brazilian, housewife Karina Wang Xue Indonesian, student at Fuji University Chinese, doctor at Kobe Hospital Yamada Ichiro Yamada Tomoko Japanese, employee of IMC Japanese, bank clerkMatsumoto Tadashi Matsumoto Yoshiko Kimura Izumi Japanese, Japanese, housewife Japanese, announcer department chief at IMC John Watt (9 ash 4 professor at Sakura University Karl Schmidt Lee Jin Ju German, Korean, ii engineer at Power Electric Company research worker at AKC Teresa Santos Yamada Taro Brazilian, schoolgirl (9 yrs.) Japanese, schoolboy (8 yrs.) daughter of Jose and Maria Santos son of Ichiro and Tomoko Yamada Gupta Thawaphon Indian, employee of IMC Thai, student at Japanese language school IMC (computer software company) AKC (TI TH H Ly 9: Asia Research Institute)CONTENTS GENERAL FEATURES OF JAPANESE JAPANESE WRITING INTRODUCTION 1. Japanese Pronunciation IL, Classroom Language Il. Everyday Greetings and Expressions TERMS USED FOR INSTRUCTION KEY TO SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Lesson 1 1. Vocabulary Il. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: How do you do? + Useful Words and Information Countries, People and Languages Lesson 2 1. Vocabulary IL, Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences = Conversation: Thank you in advance for your kindness I, Useful Words and Information Family Names 10 - Grammar Notes Lilt NTH DNUE NL (CD) HYEEL 3. Nut NaC a ane S.NiO No 6.~8k 16 Grammar Notes Lon/en/ bn 2.50 N/40N/50N R2dtH 4m wt NON: By 6.0 substituting for a noun 7. 8.tdTHHLesson 3 1. Vocabulary WN. Tl. Translation ‘Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: I'l take it, please II. Useful Words and Information Department Store Lesson 4 I. Vocabulary Il. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: What time are you open to? Il. Useful Words and Information Telephone and Letters Lesson 5 1. Vocabulary v. Il. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation Does this train go to Koshien? IIL, Useful Words and Information National Holidays Grammar Notes. Llc/EL/BRL/ ob OS 4bb/bbb 2.NId place TF RUL/CHS 4.NIO Ni S.The 2/2/5/© system of demonstratives 6b~ 28 Grammar Notes 15-8 Foy LVET/VERL/VELES VERATLA 3.N (lime) I= -V 4.Nitb NET SNE Ne 6~ Grammar Notes ’ LN (place) 824 /RE4/ wyat 2ESINTE TEREL/ HEREATLE : B.N(vehicle) C PEST /RET/ moat 4.N (person/animal) & V 500 6~t 1e5ttHLesson 6 1. Vocabulary ‘Il. Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation Shall we go together? Tl. Useful Words and Information Food Lesson 7 1. Vocabulary IL ‘Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation; Welcome Il. Useful Words and Information Family Lesson 8 I. Vocabulary 1, Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation: It's time we were ge I, Useful Words and Informat Colours and Tastes 40 WV. Grammar Notes 1.N& V (transitive) 2NE LEt Me Lath teh and tI N (place) TV VEtio velsd ty 46 - Grammar Notes 1.N (tool/means) T V 2s jord/Sentence’ | ~#8T tt 3.N1 (person) [= 4. Ni (person) 8.5 VELE 6. Omission of particles HITET ete. BbvET ete, - Grammar Notes 1. Adiectives 2Nit eagle Tt Nid adj (0) CF 3. trad) N \s-adj (~09) N Ana ~ S.ETE/bEY O.NIt C5 CTH TNUt CA Nett RtIttHLesson 9 1. Vocabulary 1. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: It's a pity... Il. Useful Words and Informat Music, Sports and Films wv. Lesson 10 1. Vocabulary IL. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: Do you have any nam pla? IL. Useful Words and Information Inside the House Lesson 11 1. Vocabulary Vv. Il. Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation: [I'd like to send] this, please I, Useful Words and Information Menu Lesson 12 1. Vocabulary Vv. IL. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation How was the Gion Festival? I. Useful Words and Information Festivals and Places of Note 38 Grammar Notes LNA HYSTA DOV ET NAHE CH MOTT ERCH/ FECT 2¢AtN St ERSILS “4 Grammar Notes LNA HUET /OET 2.PlacelZ NA HY ET /OET 3.Nit placelo HYET/OET 4, Ni (thing/person/place) © No (position) 5.NiP Ne 6 TYTART CTH 10 Grammar Notes 1. How to say numbers 2, How to use quantifiers 3. Quantiter (time period) I= 4. Quantifier 16 Grammar Notes 1. Tense and affirmative/negative forms of noun sentences and %-adjective sentences 2. Tense and affirmative/negative forms of \ ‘adjective sentences B.Nild N2t9 adj TH ANE NE U6 5H adj CTH Ni £N2O 1254 adj CF S.N[O #IT A/ED/ ERA H WBITA adj THO Nod? HILL adj TH Adj (O substituting for a noun)Lesson 13 1. Vocabulary 11, ‘Transtation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation; Separately, please I Useful Words and Information Town Lesson 14 1. Vocabulary Tl. Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation: To Midoricho, please ML. Useful Words and Information Station Lesson 15 1. Vocabulary I. Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation What family do you have? - Useful Words and Information Occupations Lesson 16 1. Vocabulary IL. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: Please show me how to use it Useful Words and Information How to Use a Cash Machine Grammar Notes LNA RRLOTH 2VETF-form AV TH 2 wipe) {27 ™ bes Sat RET YET 4. Cia / 5.c~ 88 + Grammar Notes 1. Verb Groups 2. -form 3.V T-form ¢ 4.V T-form Ot + S.VE+t-form # Lt 3 6.NAV TT ARELE 94 Grammar Notes LV T-formt > 2.V T-formit OTEK 3.V T-form t+ aN V S.NIIS N2€ V 100 Grammar Notes 1, How to join two or more sentences together 2.Vi T-form >. V2 3.Nilt No#* adj 4.NEV 5.C5RoT 6.CH/CONLesson 17 1. Vocabulary Il, Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation What seems to be the matter? Il. Useful Words and Information Body and illness Lesson 18 1. Vocabulary I. Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation What do you like doing? I Useful Words and Information Actions Lesson 19 1. Vocabulary I. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: lll start dieting tomorrow I. Useful Words and Information Traditional Culture and Lesson 20 1. Vocabulary I. Translation Sentence Paterns and E Conversation: Shall we go together? Il, Useful Words and Information How to Address People le Sentences, 106 ~ Grammar Notes 1.V 4. form VAs formee CHES B.V 40 form Utd te EEL AVG forme TE OTH 5. Making an object the topic of sentence 6.N (time) & TIE V 12 Grammar Notes 1. Dictionary form of verbs 2N ‘ } ie Vedietionary form = & caer 3. DLO RIE N 4. Viedietionary form No BAK Va Quantifier (time period) S.teaten 6.40 ct us Grammar Notes 1. V4 -form 2VA-form Te HV ET 3. Vi #-form ') , lat 4. \ adj (~V~ ¢ t-agj [49 ~ IE NE avert 124 Grammar Notes 1. Polite style and plain style 2. Proper use of the polite style or plain style 3. Conversation in the plain styleLesson 21 1. Vocabulary TL, Translation Sentence Pattern Example Sentences k 50, too MI, Useful Words and Information s in Society Conversation: 1 Lesson 22 1. Vocabulary Il. Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: What kind of flat are you looking for? I. Useful Words and Information Clothes Lesson 23 1. Vocabulary IL, Translation Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences Conversation: How do you get there? I, Useful Words and Information Roads and Traffic 130 - Grammar Notes, 1. Plain form © vet 2. Sentences Je eee Plain form 3. sad + aj ) plain form ate 4.1 (place) 7 No4* 5.N (occasion) € 6.NTEV TVA form 0% rain form UNE eat 136 - Grammar Notes 1, Noun modification 2. Vedietionary form BER FE 3.VeF-formé Lt 34 y. Grammar Notes 1. Vedietionary form Vte0 form 20» ssadj(~0) teeadj No V-ictionary form Vr 3. Vedictionary form & . ~ (main clase) 4.N4 adj 5.N€ motionV © &.~ (main claus) : }e3.~ maraeLesson 24 1. Vocabulary IL, Translation Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation Shall | come and help? IL. Useful Words and Information Exchanging Gifts Lesson 25 - 1. Vocabulary 1. Transl: Sentence Pattems and Example Sentences Conversation Thanks for everything II. Useful Words and Information Life Article 1 : Topic and Subject : Clauses APPENDICES 1, Numerals IL. Expressions of time II. Expressions of period IV. Counter suffixes V.. Conjugations of verbs M48 IV. Grammar Notes 1 onet 2, BET VT form) $e cnet 3.Nild Noa? V 154 « Grammar Notes 1. Plain past form 5, ~ (main clause) 2.V f:-form 5. ~ (main clause) 3.V T-form V8 s-form % ¢ T Vag =~ ee} 8, teeadil]—-~e Nt 4bl 5. Subject of a subordinate clause ~ (main clause) 160 163 164 165 168 170GENERAL FEATURES OF JAPANESE 1, Parts of Speech The Japanese language is composed of verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, conjunctions, particles and other parts of speech. 2. Word Order In Japanese, predicates always come at the end of a sentence. Modifiers always appear in front of the word(s) modified. 3. Predicates Predicates are formed from verbs, adjectives, nouns and CF (#2). They inflect according to, for example, whether they are (1) affirmative or negative, (2) past or rnon-past. They do not inflect for person, gender or number. 4. Particles Particles are used after a word or at the end of a sentence. They indicate relationships between words and add various meanings. 5. 01 ission Subjects and objects are often omitted if they can be understood from the context. JAPANESE WRITING ‘There are three types of script in Japanese: hiragana, katakana, and kanji (Chinese characters) Hiragana and katakana are phonetic symbols purely representing sounds, while kanji are ideographs, conveying meanings as well as sounds. Japanese is usually written with a combination of hiragana, katakana, and kanji, with katakana used to write foreign names and loanwords and hiragana used to write particles and the grammatical endings of verbs and adjectives. Romaji (the letters of the Roman alphabet) are also occasionally used to write Japanese (the names of train stations are one example) for the convenience of foreigners. Here are examples of all four types of script: me Sh ik S9- BLY > 24 oad 4 a a oo Mr. Tanaka is going to the department store with Mr. Miller. AB Osaka Oo we (O-kanji G—hiragana A-katakana +x—romaji)INTRODUCTION - Japanese Pronun 1. Kana and Mora Japanese can be written phonetically in kana as shown below. ‘A ‘mora’ is a unit of sound equivalent in length to one Japanese kana (or two of the contracted sounds called yo-on, which are written with small kana). ‘The Japanese language is based on five vowel sounds: 4 (a), $*(i), 7 (u), 4 (e) and #5(0), which are used alone or attached to either a consonant (e.g. k + a= 4") or to a consonant plus the semi-vowel 'y’ (e.g. k+y-+a= ©) (the only exception being a special mora, A, which is not followed by a vowel) All of these sounds are or more or less equal in length when spoken oe hiragana 5 =m ot aim] katakana beow) ® 7) SF ee ean © wo 7 7 Te Te]Je Jali Ve fi a nu no wD w Faow] 7] SF te frie Falta Fa mel | gk na ay ayo Faow] F FTE F Te Fe]to Fa[ta Fs 2 | a | ii ia iu iv Fowl Fh 7 | SF a | a | ii oe Tow) fe) FE Oe t|he Cale ea be} bo | bi bya yu by0 row] fT FE Ge ts|te Esler es po] op | pi pa yu Bo The katakana letters in the square on the right are not in the above table ‘They are used to write sounds which are not original Japanese sounds but are needed for use in loanword2. Long vowels The five vowel sounds mentioned earlier (, $°, , 2 and #5) constitute short vowels in Japanese, but they can be doubled in length (to two moras) to form long vowels. The meaning of a word changes according to the length of its vowel). eg. BILE A (aun) : H1dH ¥ A (grandmother) BUS A(uncle) : #5 C8 A (grandfather) WX (snow) | 1D 3. (courage) R (picture) © & A (yes) EA (take) ! EBA (pass) =< (here) : 55.5 4 (high schoo!) (room) | S6s¥? (plain) A= K card) 977 (taxi) % (supermarket) EXNV=I= (escalator) —/ = b (notebook) [Note] 1) How to write long vowels in hiragana: To lengthen the vowels of the 4-column, \‘-column and 4 -column, ada J Ts] orf 3 Jrespectively. To lengthen the vowels of the 2 -column, add [J (exceptions : 2.2 yes, 122 Isay, B4A% ¥ A. elder sister, and others) To lengthen the vowels of the 4 -column, add [4 J (exceptions | #53584 big, #450 many, & 454 far, and others). 2) How to write long vowels in katakana: To lengthen any vowel in katakana, add the symbol [—J. 3. Pronunciation of A [ 4 Jis one mora long and never appears at the beginning of a word. To make it easier to say, itis pronounced /nv, /mi or /n/ according to the sound that comes after it. S-row], [5 -row] and [4 row, @® Before sounds from the [ f:-row] [1 it is pronounced /n/, eg. AAI (opposite) FLX (sport) #44 (track) Ate (everyone). ® Before sounds from the [i(-tow J, [lf-row J and [ row, it is pronounced /w, eg. LAA (newspaper) ££.U>(pencil) 7 42+ (destiny) @ Before sounds from the [4>-row | and [4°-row], it is pronounced //, eg. TAR (weather) (14454 (study visit)4. Pronunciation of > [> is one mora long and appears before sounds from the #-row, [ -rowJ, [# -row] and [|£-row J. When used in writing loanwords, itis also used before sounds in the #-row], [7 -row J, etc (subordinate) : <-> 4° (commodity price) 8 \0(fite) | #2 $6 (applause) ¥ (sound) | > ¥ (husband) (diary) ¥> L (magazine) > T (stamp) eg, aif (full) 3» 7 (glass) ~ 3 (travel) 6. Pronunciation of 4'-row ‘The consonants of the #-row pronounced [g] when they fall at the beginning of a ‘word, and [9] when they fall elsewhere. However, some people these days make no distinction between these two sounds and pronounce them [g] wherever they fall 7. Devoicing of vowels ‘The vowels [i] and [u] tend to be devoiced and become silent when they fall between voiceless consonants (e.g. + * like). The final vowel [u] of [~ C4 J and [~# 4) also tends to be silent (e.g. L #=\ CF want to do, 3 ¥ £4 listen) 8. Accent ‘The Japanese language has pitch accent; that is, some moras in a word are pronounced high and others low. There are four types of accent, and the meaning of a word changes according to how it is accented. ‘The standard Japanese accent is characterised by the fact that the first and second moras have different pitches, and that the pitch never rises again once it has fallen.‘Types of accent @ Flat (the pitch does not drop) eg. (Sb (garden) laff (nose) {2 2 (name) WEE ® Beginning high (the pitch drops after the first mora) eg. [A (book) TA % (weather) Hj sf (next month) @® Middle high (the pitch drops after the second mora) eg. <(egg) Y=[48 (aeroplane) (CAEL (teacher) @ Ending high (the pitch drops after the last mora) eg. <>\(shoes) [2f|(flower) fF (holiday) BIE El(younger brother) 12/@ (nose) in @ and (3/%|(flower) in @ sound similar, but if the particle 4° is added after these they are accented differently, and @ is pronounced (2/4 while @ is pronounced (3/%|#°. Here are some other examples of words whose meaning differs according to the type of accent: 12/U\(bridge) : TELL (chopsticks) sf |(one) : 14 (position) Japanese language) There are also local differences in accent. For example, the accent in the Osaka area is quite different from the standard accent. Here are some examples: e.g. Tokyo accent Osaka accent (standard Japanese accent) Wa]: THe flower) YZ TLE — Capple) BA : BA< (music) Intonation ‘There are three patterns of intonation in Japanese: © flat @ rising, and @ falling. Questions are pronounced with a rising intonation. Other sentences are usually pronounced flat, but sometimes with a falling intonation. A falling intonation can ‘express feelings such as agreement, disappointment, etc. cg. hk: LA Rige HERE LEt. [onal —etAht Volek HSEtAM, [Frising] wouettaa. [> falling) Sato: I'm going to see the cherry blossoms tomorrow with some friends. Would you like to come with us, Mr. Miller? Miller: ‘That sounds good.Il. Classroom Language Boers. Rovers. aglad. bryat Ib beet. OUR, bON EELS £5 seat. ROEte ait BUR, Gi KA. Ba. Bi Let's begin. Let's finish. Let's take a break. Do you understand? “Yes, Ido. No, I don't Once more [please] Thats fine No, that’s wrong. name test, homework question, answer, example lll. Everyday Greetings and Expressions BEG S wet. TAI BIS. TAlfAlde phate. Bkoeb. HIKLG COST. ThEth. BHO LET Good moming. Hello. Good evening. Good night. Goodbye. ‘Thank you Excuse me/Sorry. Please.TERMS USED FOR INSTRUCTION MER? je Mp? BE mys BM BE ays BRE EN ® & é : Lesson - Sentence Pattern Example Sentence Conversation Exercise Practice Question Answer Text Review Contents, Index grammar sentence mora accent intonation (row [eJeolumn polite style of speech plain style of speech inflection, conjugation 7H-h ~t ns oe eee form ~ form modification exception noun verb adjective \ adjective ts adjective particle adverb conjunetion numeral counter suffix imterrogative noun (predicate) sentence verb (predicate) sentence adjective (predicate) sentence subject predicate object topic affirmative negative perfective imperfective past non-pastKEY TO SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. Symbols Used in I. Vocabulary © ~ indicates a missing word or phrase eg. ~tb REL came from ~ - in cates a missing number eg. —i& — years old ® Words and phrases that can be omitted are enclosed in square brackets: eg. CFE LAL (BMOLETT. Pleased to meet you. 2) Synonymous words and phrases are enclosed in round brackets: eg. EM(CRA) who © Words marked with a star (%) are not used in that lesson but are presented as being relevant. fates © The Exercise C section ((# ® C)) presents expressions used in the lesson’s Exercise C, ® The Conversation section (()) presents words and expressions used in the lesson's Conversation. 2. Abbreviations Used in IV. Grammar Notes N noun (39) eg. 414 #00 (student) >< % (desk) vind) -adjective (4 42 eg. BL L4 (delicious) fA» (high, expensive) trad) adjective (¢B BW eg. 840.4] (beautiful) L¥4[4] (quiet) v verb ($43) eg. hEEF (write) AXE + (cad s sentence () eg. itt ETF. Thisisabook br BLA RRA eat. Tm going to Tokyo tomorrow1. Vocabulary beEL be BO VE (HOD HH) bO A (HO F) ~8k ~bek ~tk XA thts ae B25l eh aA ee Olek BER Lend aR ELIIVA mit ole Ee Whewile at KOA Ke Barge PE Ka (C64) -au ~ me WAS (B69) TAR [tee Er Lesson 1 I you that person, he, she (0 4°72 is the polite equivalent of 5 UE) Mr,, Ms. (suffix added to a name for expressing politeness) (suffix often added to a child's name instead of ~ * 4) (suffix meaning ‘a national o eg. 7419 U A, an American) teacher, instructor (not used when referring to one's own job) teacher, instructor student company employee employee of ~ company (used with a company’s name, e.g. IMC Lewd) bank employee [medical] doctor researcher, scholar university hospital who (4%: f+ is the polite equivalent of tH) = years old how old (#4*<7is the polite equivalent of 428) no,Bo) MHELT. wi REL (ese) £36 Coil at). RUTH BSMIL? hb ~AATH. How do you do? (lit. 1 am meeting a you for the first time, Usually used as the first phrase when introducing oneself.) Tm from ~ (country) Pleased to meet you. (lit. Please be nice to me. Usually used at the end of a self introduction.) Excuse me, but (used when asking someone for personal information such as their name or address) May I have your name? This is Mr/Ms. ~. USA. UK. India Indonesia South Korea Thailand China Germany Japan Brazil fictitious companies a fictitious institute a fictitious hospital fictitious universitiesIl. Translation Sentence Patterns 1, I'm Mike Miller. 2. Mr. Santos isn't a student, 3. Is Mr. Miller a company employee? 4, Mr, Santos is also a company employee. Example Sentences 1. Are you (Mr Mike Miller? ‘Yes, | am [Mike Mille]. 2. Are you a student, Mr, Miller? ‘No, I'm not [a student). 3. Is Mr. Wang a bank employee? No, he isn't [a bank employee]. He's a doctor. 4, Who's that [person]? That's Professor Watt, He's at Sakura University. 5. IsMr. Gupta a company employee? “Yes, he is (a company employee}. Is Karina a company employee, to0? No, she’s a student. 6. How old is Teresa? She's nine [years old] Conversation How do you do? Sato: Good moming Yamada: Good moming. Ms, Sato, this is Mike Miller: How do you do? Tm Mike Miller. Tm from America. Pleased to meet you. Sato: I'm Keiko Sato. Nice to meet you.Ill. Useful Words and Information Bl- A+ <¥I£ Countries, People and Languages [| coumy | ‘People 1 Language | TAIAWSA) [rennk Ri Cnatishy 4 #92 UK) [eroat Ka Cnglism, | 4257 daly) [asurk 4572 (alan) | 497 (any beak WY TH (Pensian) | 47 ania) [ork 2 (1 ind) AZ ERYT Ondonesa) | 4 RYT AVERY TH Undonesian) | v7 Esp) EUR TFET (Arabic) AAA 7 Ausra) | t-z egy Th 328 Gngisn) | 945 (Canady argh 5858 cnglity | 79:7 Rib Frenchy) ‘eh (South Korea) YLT IET (audi Anbia) 27M —N (Singapore) AAA Y (Spain) AAA Yb (Spanish) | 24 criitand) 94% hai “BB (China) “Fal Chinese) 4-7 Germany) FAIR __| 4-7 German) | 8 Uapan) Bee 338% Gapanese) | 797% (France) 79yKk 27: 238 French) ZAYED iippinesy —_| 7 ZIE/ i ¢Fpio) | 772th (Brazil) Z | ev b 770% (Portuguese) XA (Viewam) Xb +2 (Viewamese) ZU—YT (Malaysia) = L—Y Ti (Malaysian) 4 #22 (Mexico) AXA Y%8 (Spanish) DoT Russia) 7% Rasen 13