Simply Supported Primary Composite Beam

Example: Simply supported primary composite beam
CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 16

Title Example: Simply supported primary composite beam
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

Made by Arnaud LEMAIRE Date August 2005
Checked by Alain BUREAU Date August 2005
Example: Simply supported primary composite

beam
This worked example deals with a simply supported composite beam. Two
secondary beams are connected to this primary beam.
6,0 m
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
6,0 m 3,0 m 3,0 m
9,0 m
The secondary beams are represented by two concentrated loads :
1 1
1 1
1 : Lateral restraints at the construction stage

Created on Thursday, February 14, 2008


The beam is a I-rolled profile in bending about the strong axis. This example
includes :
- the classification of the cross-section,
- the calculation of the effective width of the concrete flange,
- the calculation of the shear resistance of a headed stud,
- the calculation of the degree of shear connection,
- the calculation of the bending resistance,
- the calculation of the shear resistance,
- the calculation of the longitudinal shear resistance of the slab,
- the calculation of the deflection at serviceability limit state.
This example does not include any shear buckling verification of the web.
Partial factors
• γG = 1,35 (permanent loads) EN 1990
• γQ = 1,50 (variable loads)
• γM0 = 1,0 EN 1993-1-1
• γM1 = 1,0 § 6.1 (1)
• γV = 1,25 EN 1994-1-1
§ 6.6.3.1
• γC = 1,5 EN 1992-1-1


Basic data
Design a composite beam of a multi-storey building according to the data
given below. The supporting beams are not propped. The profiled steel
sheeting is parallel to the primary beam.
• Span length : 9,00 m

• Bay width : 6,00 m
• Slab depth : 14 cm
• Partitions : 0,75 kN/m2
• Secondary beams (IPE 270) : 0,354 kN/m
• Imposed load : 2,50 kN/m2
• Construction load : 0,75 kN/m2
• 25 kN/m3
Reinforced concrete density :
Try IPE 400 – Steel grade S355 tf

z Euronorm
Depth ha = 400 mm 19-57
Width b = 180 mm tw
Web thickness tw = 8,6 mm y y

ha
Flange thickness tf = 13,5 mm
Fillet r = 21 mm
z
Mass 66,3 kg/m
b
Section area Aa = 84,46 cm2

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 23130 cm4
Elastic section modulus /yy Wel,y = 1156 cm3
Plastic section modulus /yy Wpl.y = 1307 cm3
Radius of gyration /zz iz = 3,95 cm
Modulus of elasticity of steel Ea = 210 000 N/mm2


Profiled steel sheeting

Thickness of sheet t = 0,75 mm
Slab depth h = 140 mm
Overall depth of the profiled steel sheeting excluding embossments
hp = 58 mm
b1 = 62 mm b2 = 101 mm e = 207 mm
Connectors
Diameter d = 19 mm
Overall nominal height hsc = 100 mm
Ultimate tensile strength fu = 450 N/mm2
Number of studs n = 74, 1 row
(Stud at beam mid-span ignored)
b0
h
hsc
hp
0,5hp
b1
b2
Concrete class : C 25/30 EN 1992-1-1

Value of the compressive strength at 28 days fck = 25 N/mm2 § 3.1.3
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecm = 31 000 N/mm2 Table 3.1



Permanent load :
To take into account the troughs of the profiled steel sheeting , the weight of
the slab for the secondary beams is taken as:
0,106 + 0,145 0,058
25 × 3,0 × (0,14 – × ) = 7,86 kN/m
2 0,207
Concentrated loads during the construction stage :

FG = (0,354 + 7,86) × 6,0 = 49,28 kN
Permanent loads in the final stage :

So, the value of the concentrated loads on the primary beam is:
FG = (0,354 + 7,86 + 0,75 × 3,0) × 6,0 = 62,78 kN
Self weight of the primary beam :

qG = 9,81 × 66,3 × 10-3 = 0,65 kN/m
Variable load (Imposed load) :

Concentrated loads during the construction stage :
FQ = 0,75 × 3,0 × 6,0 = 13,5 kN
Concentrated loads in the final stage:
FQ = 2,5 × 3,0 × 6,0 = 45,0 kN
ULS Combination : EN 1990

γG FG + γQ FQ = 1,35 × 62,78 + 1,50 ×45,0 = 152,25 kN § 6.4.3.2
γG qG + γQ qQ = 1,35 × 0,65 = 0,877 kN/m
Eq. (6.10) is used. In some countries, the National Annex may specify the use
of equations (6.10a) and (6.10b).
ULS Combination during the construction stage:

γG FG + γQ FQ = 1,35 × 49,28 + 1,50 ×13,5 = 86,78 kN
γG qG + γQ qQ = 1,35 × 0,65 = 0,877 kN/m


Moment diagram
465,6 kNm
Maximum moment at mid span :

My,Ed = 3,0 × 152,25 + 0,125 × 0,877 × 9,02 = 465,6 kNm
Maximum moment at mid span (sequence of construction) :
My,Ed = 3,0 × 86,78 + 0,125 × 0,877 × 9,02 = 269,2 kNm
Shear force diagram

156,20 kN
Maximum shear force at supports :

Vz,Ed = 152,25 + 0,5 × 0,877 × 9,0 = 156,20 kN
Maximum shear force at supports (sequence of construction) :
Vz,Ed = 86,78 + 0,5 × 0,877 × 9,0 = 90,73 kN
Yield strength
Steel grade S355 EN 1993-1-1
The maximum thickness is 13,5 mm < 40 mm, so : fy = 355 N/mm2 Table 3.1
Note : The National Annex may impose either the values of fy from the
Table 3.1 or the values from the product standard. Does not matter in
this case.
Section classification :
235
The parameter ε is derived from the yield strength : ε = = 0,81
f y [N/mm 2 ]
Note : The classification is made for the non composite beam. For the
composite beam the classification is more favourable for the web.


Outstand flange : flange under uniform compression EN 1993-1-1

c = (b – tw – 2 r) / 2 = (180 – 8,6 – 2 × 21)/2 = 64,7 mm Table 5.2
c/tf = 64,7 / 13,5 = 4,79 ≤ 9 ε = 7,29 Class 1 (sheet 2 of 3)
Internal compression part : EN 1993-1-1

c = ha – 2 tf – 2 r = 400 – 2 × 13,5 – 2 × 21 = 331 mm Table 5.2
c / tw = 331 / 8,6 = 38,5 < 72 ε = 58,3 Class 1 (sheet 1 of 3)
The class of the cross-section is the highest class (i.e. the least favourable)
between the flange and the web, here : Class 1
So the ULS verifications should be based on the plastic resistance of the
cross-section.
Construction stage
Moment resistance EN 1993-1-1

The design resistance for bending of a cross section is given by : § 6.2.5
Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd = Wpl,y fy / γM0 = (1307 × 355 / 1,0) / 1000
Mc.Rd = 463,98 kNm
My,Ed / Mc,Rd = 269,2 / 463,98 = 0,58 < 1 OK
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling

To determine the design buckling resistance moment of a laterally
unrestrained beam, the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling must be
determined. The restraint provided by the steel sheet is in this case quite small
and it is neglected. The following calculation determines this factor by a
simplified method for lateral torsional buckling. This method avoids
calculating the elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling.
Non-dimensional slenderness
The non-dimensional slenderness may be obtained from the simplified
method for steel grade S355: See NCCI
L/iz 300/3,95
λ LT = = = 0,853 SN002
89 89


For rolled profiles, λ LT,0 = 0,4 EN 1993-1-1

§ 6.3.2.3(1)
Note : The value of λ LT,0 may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is 0,4.
So λ LT = 0,853 > λ LT,0 =0,4
Reduction factor
For rolled sections, the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling is EN 1993-1-1
calculated from : § 6.3.2.3 (1)
⎧ χ LT ≤ 1.0
1 ⎪
χ LT = 2
but ⎨ χ ≤ 1
φLT + φLT
2
− β λ LT ⎪⎩ LT λ 2LT
[ ( )
where : φLT = 0,5 1 + α LT λ LT − λ LT,0 + β λ LT
2
]
αLT is the imperfection factor for LTB. When applying the method for rolled EN 1993-1-1
profiles, the LTB curve has to be selected from the table 6.5 : Table 6.5
For ha/b = 400 / 180 = 2,22 > 2 Î Curve c (αLT = 0,49) Table 6.3
λ LT,0 = 0,4 and β = 0,75
Note : The values of λ LT,0 and β may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended values are 0,4 and 0,75 respectively.
We obtain : φLT = 0,5 [1 + 0,49 (0,853 − 0,4) + 0,75 × (0,853)2 ] = 0,884

1
and : χ LT = = 0,730
0,884 + (0,884) 2 − 0,75 × (0,853) 2
Then, we check : χLT = 0,730 < 1,0

2
but : χLT = 0,730 < 1 / λ LT = 1,374
So : χLT = 0,730


Design buckling resistance moment

Mb,Rd = χLT Wpl,y fy / γM1
Mb,Rd = (0,730 × 1307000 × 355 / 1,0) × 10-6 = 338,7 kNm EN 1993-1-1
My,Ed / Mb,Rd = 269,2 / 338,7 = 0,795 < 1 OK § 6.3.2.1
Shear Resistance
The shear plastic resistance depends on the shear area, which is given by:
Av,z = A – 2 b tf + (tw + 2 r) tf EN 1993-1-1
2
Av,z = 8446 – 2 × 180 × 13,5 + (8,6 + 2 × 21) × 13,5 = 4269 mm § 6.2.6 (3)
Shear plastic resistance EN 1993-1-1

Av,z ( f y / 3 ) 4269 × (355 / 3 ) ×10 −3 §6.2.6 (2)
Vpl,z,Rd = = = 874,97 kN
γ M0 1,0
Vz,Ed / Vpl,z,Rd = 90,73 / 874,97 = 0,104 < 1 OK
Note that the verification to shear buckling is not required when : EN 1993-1-1
hw / tw ≤ 72 ε / η § 6.2.6 (6)
The relevant value of η is : η = 1,2
hw / tw = (400 – 2 × 13,5) / 8,6 = 43 < 72 × 0,81 / 1,2 = 48,6 EN 1993-1-5
§ 5.1 (2)
Interaction between bending moment and shear force

If Vz,Ed < Vpl,Rd / 2 then the shear force may be neglected. EN 1993-1-1
So, Vz,Ed = 90,73 kN < Vpl,Rd / 2 = 874,97 / 2 = 437,50 kN OK § 6.2.8 (2)
Final stage
Effective width of concrete flange

The effective width is constant between 0,25 L and 0,75 L, where L is the EN 1994-1-1
span length. From L/4 to the closest support, the effective width decreases § 5.4.1.2
linearly. The concentrated loads are located between 0,25 L and 0,75 L.


The total effective width is determined by: (Figure 5.1)

beff,1 = b0 + ∑ bei
b0 is the distance between the centres of the outstand shear connectors,

here b0 = 0 ;
bei is the value of the effective width of the concrete flange on each side of the
web and taken as bei = Le / 8 but ≤ bi = 3,0 m
beff,1 = 0 + 9,0 / 8 = 1,125 m, then beff = 2 × 1,125 = 2,25 m < 3,0 m
Design shear resistance of a headed stud

The shear resistance should be determined by :
0 ,8 f u π d 2 / 4 0 ,29α d
2
f ck Ecm EN 1994-1-1
PRd = k l × Min ; § 6.6.3.1
γV γV
hsc / d = 100 / 19 = 5,26 > 4, so α = 1
Reduction factor (kl)

For sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beam, the reduction factor
for shear resistance is calculated by : EN 1994-1-1
b0 ⎛ hsc ⎞ § 6.6.4.1
kl = 0,6 ⎜ ⎟
hp ⎜ hp − 1⎟ but ≤ 1
⎝ ⎠
Where : nr = 1
hp = 58 mm
hsc = 100 mm
b0 = 82 mm
82 ⎛ 100 ⎞
So, kl = 0 ,6 ⎜ − 1⎟ = 0 ,614 ≤ 1 OK
58 ⎝ 58 ⎠
0 ,8 × 450 × π × 19 2 / 4 0 ,29 × 1 × 19 2 25 × 31000

PRd = 0 ,614 × Min ; .10 −3
1,25 1,25
= 0,614 × Min (81,66 kN ; 73,73 kN)

PRd = 45,27 kN


Degree of shear connection

The degree of shear connection is defined by :
Nc EN 1994-1-1
η=
N c,f § 6.2.1.3 (3)
Where : Nc is the design value of the compressive normal force in the
concrete flange
Nc,f is the design value of the compressive normal force in the
concrete flange with full shear connection
At the load location:

The compressive normal force in the concrete flange represents the force for
full connection.
Ac is the cross-sectional area of concrete, so at the load location:
Ac = beff hc
with hc = h - hp = 140 – 58 = 82 mm
Ac = 2250 × 82 = 184500 mm2
f ck 25 3
So, N c,f = 0,85 Ac f cd = 0,85 Ac = 0,85 ×184500 × 10 = 2614 kN
γC 1,5
Since the maximum moment is nearly reached at the load location, the studs
should be placed between the support and the concentrated load. However
studs should also be placed between the concentrated loads.
3,0 m 1,5 m
e1
e2
31 studs spaced at e1 = 95 mm and 6 studs spaced at e2 = 220 mm



So, the resistance of the shear connectors limits the normal force to not more
than:
N c = n × PRd = 31 × 45,27 = 1403 KN
Nc 1403
So, η= = = 0 ,537
N c,f 2614
The ratio η is less than 1,0 so the connection is partial.
Verification of bending resistance

Minimum degree of shear connection
The minimum degree of shear connection for a steel section with equal
flanges is given by :
EN 1994-1-1
⎛ 355 ⎞ § 6.6.1.2
η min = 1 - ⎜⎜ ⎟(0 ,75 - 0 ,03Le ) with Le ≤ 25
⎟
f
⎝ y ⎠
Le is the distance in sagging bending between points of zero bending moment

in metres, for our example : Le = 9,0 m
So, ηmin = 1 – (355 / 355) (0,75 – 0,03 × 9,0) = 0,520
Then, ηmin = 0,520 < η = 0,537 OK
Plastic Resistance Moment at the load location

The design value of the normal force in the structural steel section is
given by : EN 1994-1-1
N pl,a = Aa f y / γ M0 = 8446 × 355 × 10 / 1,0 = 2998 kN
3
§ 6.2.1.2 and
So, N pl,a > N c = η × N c,f = 0 ,537 × 2614 = 1403 kN § 6.2.1.3
With the ductile shear connectors and the cross-section of the steel beam in
Class 1, the resistance moment of the critical cross-section of the beam MRd at
the load location is calculated by means of rigid-plastic theory except that a
reduced value of the compressive force in the concrete flange Nc is used in
place of the force Ncf.
Here, the plastic stress distribution is given below:


- Nc=η Nc,f= 1403 kN
hp
797 kN
MRd
+ hn
Na= 2201 kN
The position of the plastic neutral axis is : hn = 388 mm

Then the design bending resistance of the composite cross-section is :
MRd = 738 kNm
So, My,Ed / MRd = 465,6 / 738 = 0,63 < 1 OK
Shear Resistance EN 1994-1-1

The shear plastic resistance is the same as for steel beam alone. § 6.2.2.2
So, Vpl,z,Rd = 874,97 kN
Vz,Ed / Vpl,z,Rd = 156,20 / 874,97 = 0,18 < 1 OK
Interaction between bending moment and shear force

If Vz,Ed < Vpl,Rd / 2 then the shear force may be neglected. EN 1993-1-1
So, Vz,Ed = 156,20 kN < Vpl,Rd / 2 = 874,97 / 2 = 437,50 kN OK § 6.2.8 (2)
Longitudinal Shear Resistance of the Slab

The plastic longitudinal shear stresses is given by :
ΔFd EN 1992-1-1
vEd =
hf Δx § 6.2.4
Where Δx = 9,0 / 2 = 4,5 m (Figure 6.7)


The value for Δx is half the distance between the section where the moment is
zero and the section where the moment is a maximum, and we have two areas
for the shear resistance.
ΔFd = Nc / 2 = 1403 / 2 = 701,5 kN
hf = h - hp = 140 – 58 = 82 mm
ΔFd 701,5 × 103
vEd = = = 1,9 N/mm2
hf Δx 82 × 4500
To prevent crushing of the compression struts in the concrete flange, the

following condition should be satisfied :
vEd < ν f cd sin θ f cosθ f with ν = 0,6[1 − f ck / 250] and θf = 45 °
⎡ 25 ⎤ 25
vEd < 0,6 × ⎢1 − ⎥ × × 0,5 = 4,5 N/mm2 OK
⎣ 250 ⎦ 1,5
The following inequality should be satisfied for the transverse reinforcement :

Asf fyd / sf ≥ vEd hf / cot θf where fyd = 500 / 1,15 = 435 N/mm2
Assume the spacing of the bars sf = 200 mm and there is no contribution from
the profiled steel sheeting
1,9 × 82 × 200
Asf ≥ = 71,6 mm2
435 × 1,0
We can take 10 mm diameter bars (78,5 mm2) at 200 mm cross-centres could
be used for this design.
Serviceability Limit State verifications

Formula for the calculation of the deflection due to G + Q :
5 qG L4 a × (3L2 − 4a 2 )
wG = + FG
384 E I y 24 E I y
a × (3L2 − 4a 2 )
wQ = FQ
24 E I y
So, w = wG + wQ


Construction stage
SLS Combination during the construction stage :

FG + FQ = 49,28 + 13,5 = 62,78 kN
qG = 0,65 kN/m EN 1990
§ 6.5.3
Deflection during the construction stage :

Iy is the second moment of area of the steel beam.
5 × 0,65 × 9000 4 3000 × (3 × 9000 2 - 4 × 3000 2 )

wG = + × 49280
384 × 210000 × 23130 × 10 4 24 × 210000 × 23130 × 10 4
wG = 1,1 + 26,2 = 27,3 mm
3000 × (3 × 9000 2 - 4 × 3000 2 )

wQ = × 13500 = 7,2 mm
24 × 210000 × 23130 × 10 4
So, w = wG + wQ = 27,3 + 7,2 = 34,5 mm
The deflection under (G+Q) is L/261
Final stage
SLS Combination
FG + FQ = 62,78 + 45,0 = 107,78 kN EN 1990
qG = 0,65 kN/m § 6.5.3
Deflection at the final stage :

Iy depends on the modular ratio (n) depending on the type of loading. By
simplification, we can take :
n0 = Ea / Ecm = 210000 / 31000 = 6,77 for short-term effects (Q) EN 1994-1-1
4
So Iy = 82458 cm at mid span § 7.2.1
And n = 3Ea / Ecm = 20,31 for permanent loads (G)

So Iy = 62919 cm4


Note : It may be used for both short-term and long-term loading, a EN 1994-1-1
nominal modular ratio (n) corresponding to an effective
modulus of elasticity for concrete Ec,eff taken as Ecm / 2. § 5.4.2.2 (11)
wG = 27,3 mm
3000 × ( 3 × 9000 2 - 4 × 3000 2 )
wpartitions = × 13500 = 2,6 mm
24 × 210000 × 62919 × 10 4
3000 × ( 3 × 9000 2 - 4 × 3000 2 )
wQ = × 45000 = 6,7 mm
24 × 210000 × 82458 × 10 4
So, w = wG + wpartitions + wQ = 27,3 + 2,6 + 6,7 = 36,6 mm
The deflection under (G + Q) is L/246

Note 1 : The limits of deflection should be specified by the client. The

National Annex may specify some limits. Here the result may be
considered as fully satisfactory.
Note 2 : Concerning vibrations, the National Annex may specify limits EN 1993-1-1
concerning the frequency. Here the total deflection is low and the § 7.2.3
mass fairly high and by experience there is no problem of vibration.

SX015a-EN-EU.doc
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE Example: Simply supported primary composite beam
Reference(s)
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT
Name Company Date
Created by Arnaud LEMAIRE CTICM 29/08/05
Technical content checked by Alain BUREAU CTICM 29/08/05
Editorial content checked by
Technical content endorsed by the

following STEEL Partners:
1. UK G W Owens SCI 11/1/06
2. France A Bureau CTICM 11/1/06
3. Sweden A Olsson SBI 11/1/06

4. Germany C Müller RWTH 11/1/06
5. Spain J Chica Labein 11/1/06
Resource approved by Technical G W Owens SCI 09/06/06

Coordinator
TRANSLATED DOCUMENT
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Simply Supported Primary Composite Beam

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Example: Simply supported primary composite beam

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

Example: Simply supported primary composite

6,0 m 3,0 m 3,0 m

The secondary beams are represented by two concentrated loads :

1 : Lateral restraints at the construction stage

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 2 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 3 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

• Span length : 9,00 m

Reinforced concrete density :

Try IPE 400 – Steel grade S355 tf

Web thickness tw = 8,6 mm y y

Section area Aa = 84,46 cm2

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 4 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

Profiled steel sheeting

(Stud at beam mid-span ignored)

Concrete class : C 25/30 EN 1992-1-1

Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecm = 31 000 N/mm2 Table 3.1

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 5 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

Concentrated loads during the construction stage :

Permanent loads in the final stage :

Self weight of the primary beam :

Variable load (Imposed load) :

ULS Combination : EN 1990

ULS Combination during the construction stage:

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 6 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

Maximum moment at mid span :

Shear force diagram

Maximum shear force at supports :

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 7 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

Outstand flange : flange under uniform compression EN 1993-1-1

Internal compression part : EN 1993-1-1

Moment resistance EN 1993-1-1

Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 8 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

For rolled profiles, λ LT,0 = 0,4 EN 1993-1-1

We obtain : φLT = 0,5 [1 + 0,49 (0,853 − 0,4) + 0,75 × (0,853)2 ] = 0,884

Then, we check : χLT = 0,730 < 1,0

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 9 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

Design buckling resistance moment

Shear plastic resistance EN 1993-1-1

Vz,Ed / Vpl,z,Rd = 90,73 / 874,97 = 0,104 < 1 OK

Interaction between bending moment and shear force

Effective width of concrete flange

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 10 of 16

Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-1, EN 1994-1-1

The total effective width is determined by: (Figure 5.1)

b0 is the distance between the centres of the outstand shear connectors,

Design shear resistance of a headed stud

hsc / d = 100 / 19 = 5,26 > 4, so α = 1

Reduction factor (kl)

0 ,8 × 450 × π × 19 2 / 4 0 ,29 × 1 × 19 2 25 × 31000

= 0,614 × Min (81,66 kN ; 73,73 kN)

CALCULATION SHEET Document Ref: SX015a-EN-EU Sheet 11 of 16