ALONA MAE IGHOT GRADE 12-B

EVOLUTION OF MEDIA

•PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (Before 1700)

People discover fire, developed paper from plants, and forge weapon and tools with
stone, bronze, copper, and iron.
Papyrus In Egypt (2500BC)

first papyrus was only used in Egypt, but by about 1000 BC people all over West Asia
began buying papyrus from Egypt and using it, since it was much more convenient than
clay tablets(less breakable, and not as heavy!). People made papyrus in small sheets
and then glued the sheets together to make big pieces. (craft project?)
http://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Papyrus/
Cave Paintings (35,000BC)

In prehistoric art, the term “cave paintings” encompasses any parietal art which
involves the application of colour pigments on the walls, floors or ceilings of ancient
rock shelters. A monochrome cave paintings is a picture made with only one colour
(usually black)-see, for instance, the monochrome images at Chauvet
http://www.visioninconsciousness.org/Ancient_Civilizations_25.htm
Clay Tablets In Mesopotamia (2400BC)
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ṭuppu) were used as a writing
medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the
Iron Age. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often
made of reed (reed pen).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_tablet
Acta Diurna in Rome (130BC)
Acta Diurna were daily Roman official notices, a sort of daily gazette. They were carved
on stone or metal and presented in message boards in public places like the Forum of
Rome. They were also called simply Acta. History[edit]. The first form of Acta appeared
around 131 BC during the Roman Republic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Diurna
Dibao In China (2nd Century)
The Chinese “Dibao” is the earliest and oldest newspaper in the world. During West
Han time, Han government carried out the “Jun xian zhi” 郡县制, the eparch and county
system which is helpful in concentrating the central power. The country was divided into
many eparches and counties but governed by the central government as a whole. Every
eparch sets up its office in the capital Chang’an, which has the same function as the
provincial office in today Beijing. These offices were called “Di”s. “Di” Officers are
selected by the eparchial government. Their responsibilities included collecting the
messages announced by the administrative agents or even the empire, then writing
them on the bamboo placard or the damask, and deliver them to their shire leaders via
the early post station for reading. So these placards or damasks with information were
called “Dibao”s
http://chailibrary.com/dibao-chinese-first-newspapers/
Codex In The Mayan Region (5th Century)
Maya codices (singular codex) are folding books written by the pre-Columbian
Mayacivilization in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican bark cloth. … The Maya
developed their huun-paper around the 5th century, which is roughly the same time that
the codexbecame predominant over the scroll in the Roman world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_codices
Printing Press using wood blocks (220AD)
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely
throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on
textiles and later paper. Prior to the invention of woodblock printing, seals and stamps
were used for making impressions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing
•INDUSTRIAL AGE

The Industrial Age is a period of history that encompasses the changes in economic
and social organization that began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other
countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven
machines such as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of
industry in large establishments.
While it’s commonly believed that the Industrial Age was supplanted by the Information
Age in the late 20th century, a view that’s become common since the Revolutions of
1989, as of 2013 electric power generation is still based mostly on fossil fuels and much
of the Third World economy is still based on manufacturing. Thus it is debatable
whether we have left the Industrial Age already or are still in it and in the process of
reaching the Information Age.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Age
A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a
print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for
texts, the invention and spread of the printing press was one of the most influential
events in the second millennium.
The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes
Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. Gutenberg, a goldsmith by
profession, developed a printing system, by adapting existing technologies to printing
purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. His newly devised hand mould made
possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. The
printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen
European countries. By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe
had already produced more than twenty million volumes. In the 16th century, with
presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200
million copies. The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of
printing, and lent its name to a new branch of media, “the press“.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press

Newspaper the London Gazelle (1640’s)

The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government,
and the most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom, in which
certain statutory notices are required to be published. The London Gazette claims to be
the oldest surviving English newspaper and the oldest continuously published
newspaper in the UK, having been first published on 7 November 1665 as The Oxford
Gazette. This claim is also made by the Stamford Mercury and Berrow’s Worcester
Journal, because The Gazette is not a conventional newspaper offering general news
coverage. It does not have a large circulation. Other official newspapers of the UK
government are The Edinburgh and The Belfast Gazettes, which, apart from
reproducing certain materials of nationwide interest published in The London Gazette,
also contain publications specific to Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively. In turn,
The London Gazette carries not only notices of UK-wide interest, but also those relating
specifically to entities or people in England and Wales. However, certain notices that
are only of specific interest to Scotland or Northern Ireland are also required to be
published in The London Gazette.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette
Typewriter (1800)

A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for writing characters

similar to those produced by printer’s movable type. A typewriter operates by means of
keys that strike a ribbon to transmit ink or carbon impressions onto paper. Typically, a
single character is printed on each key press. The machine prints characters by making
ink impressions of type elements similar to the sorts used in movable type letterpress
printing. At the end of the nineteenth century, the term typewriterwas also applied to a
person who used a typing machine.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter
Telephone (1876)

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users

to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone
converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals
suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances,
and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user.
In 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United
States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human
voice. This instrument was further developed by many others. The telephone was the
first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large
distances. Telephones rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and
households, and are today some of the most widely used small appliances.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone
Motion Picture Photography / Projection (1890)

The history of film technology traces the development of film technology from the
initial development of “moving pictures” at the end of 19th century to the present time.
Motion pictures were initially exhibited as a fairground novelty and developed into one of
the most important tools of communication and entertainment in the 20th century. Major
developments in motion picture technology have included the adoption of synchronized
motion picture sound, color motion picture film, and the adoption of digital film
technologies to replace physical film stock at both ends of the production chain by
digital image sensors and projectors.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_film_technology

Commercial Motion Pictures (1913)

1913 was a particularly fruitful year for film as an art form, and is often cited one of the
years in the decade which contributed to the medium the most, along with 1917. The
year was one where filmmakers of several countries made great artistic advancements,
producing notable pioneering masterpieces such as The Student of Prague
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_in_film
Motion Picture with Sound (1926)

A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically

coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of
projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound
motion pictures were made commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult
to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, and amplification and recording quality
were also inadequate. Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening
of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film
Telegraph

Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, “at a distance” and γράφειν gráphein, “to write”) is
the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio)
messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus
semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas pigeon post is not.
Telegraphy requires that the method used for encoding the message be known to both
sender and receiver. Many methods are designed according to the limits of the
signalling medium used. The use of smoke signals, beacons, reflected light signals, and
flag semaphore signals are early examples. In the 19th century, the harnessing of
electricity led to the invention of electrical telegraphy. The advent of radio in the early
20th century brought about radiotelegraphy and other forms of wireless telegraphy. In
the Internet age, telegraphic means developed greatly in sophistication and ease of use,
with natural language interfaces that hide the underlying code, allowing such
technologies as electronic mail and instant messaging.
souce: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy

Punch Card

A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to contain
digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined
positions. The information might be data for data processing applications or, in earlier
examples, used to directly control automated machinery.
Punched cards were widely used through much of the 20th century in source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card
•ELECTRONIC AGE

The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the
power of
transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In
this age, long distance communication became more efficient.

Example Forms of Media:

• Transistor Radio
• Television (1941)
• Large electronic computers
• Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM
704 (1960)

• OHP, LCD projectors

•NEW / INFORMATION AGE

The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social
network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal
computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound
and data are digitalized. We are now living in the information age.

Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet

Explorer (1995)
• Blogs: Blogspot (1999), Wordpress
(2003)
• Social networks: Friendster (2002),
Multiply (2003), FB (2004), Instagram
• Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr
(2007)
• Video: YouTube (2005)