Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Short Notes On Structural Analysis - PDF 57 Watermar - PDF 85 PDF
Short Notes On Structural Analysis - PDF 57 Watermar - PDF 85 PDF
Static Indeterminacy
• If a structure cannot be analyzed for external and internal reactions using static equilibrium
conditions alone then such a structure is called indeterminate structure
• It is related with the support system of the structure and it is equal to number of external
reaction components in addition to number of static equilibrium equations.
• It refers to the geometric stability of the structure. If after knowing the external reactions it is
not possible to determine all internal forces/internal reactions using static equilibrium equations
alone then the structure is said to be internally indeterminate.
Kinematic Indeterminacy
• It the number of unknown displacement components are greater than the number of
compatibility equations, for these structures additional equations based on equilibrium must be
written in order to obtain sufficient number of equations for the determination of all the
unknown displacement components.
• The number of these additional equations necessary is known as degree of kinematic
indeterminacy or degree of freedom of the structure.
(i) Three Hinged Parabolic Arch of Span L and rise 'h' carrying a UDL ovr the whole span
DS 0
BMC 0
wl 2
H
8h
wx 2
MX VA x Hy
2
where, H = Horizontal thrust
wl
V A = Vertical reaction at A
2
2
V x wx Simply supported beam moment i.e., moment caused by vertical
A
2
reactions.
Hy = H-moment
D S = Degree of static indeterminacy
BM C = Bending Moment at C.
(ii) Three Hinged Semicircular Arch of Radius R carrying a UDL over the whole span.
wR
H
2
wR2
MX [sin sin2 ]
2
wR2
Mmax
8
BMC 0
Point of contraflexure = 0
(iii) Three Hinged Parabolic Arch Having Abutments at Different Levels
(a) When it is subjected to UDL over whole span.
wl 2
H A HB
2( h1 h2 )
l h1
l1
h1 h2
l h2
l2
h1 h2
BMC 0
(b) When it is subjected to concentrated load W at crown
wl
H 2
h1 h2
(iii) Three Hinged Semicircular Arch Carrying Concentrated Load W at Crown
W
H VA VB
2
l 2 4h2
(i) h T
4h
Where, h = free rise in crown height
l = length of arch
h = rise of arch
α = coefficient of thermal expansion
T= rise in temperature in 0C
1
(ii) H
h
Where, H = horizontal thrust
and h = rise of arch
h
(iii) % Decrease in horizontal thrust 100
h
ds
My El
H
y 2ds
El
DS = 1
Where, M = Simply support Beam moment caused by vertical force.
(i) Two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a concentrated load 'w' at the town.
w
H
(ii) Two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a load w at a section, the radius vector
corresponding to which makes an angle α with the horizontal.
w
H sin2
(iii) A two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a UDL w per unit length over the
whole span.
4 wR
H
3
(iv) A two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a distributed load uniformly varying
from zero at the left end to w per unit run at the right end.
2 wR
H
3
(v) A two hinged parabolic arch carries a UDL of w per unit run on entire span. If the span off
the arch is L and its rise is h.
wl 2
H
8h
(vi) When half of the parabolic arch is loaded by UDL, then the horizontal reaction at support
is given by
wl 2
H
16h
(vii) When two hinged parabolic arch carries varying UDL, from zero to w the horizontal thrust
is given by
wl 2
H
16h
(viii) A two hinged parabolic arch of span l and rise h carries a concentrated load w at the
crown.
25 wl
H
128 h
l T
H
y 2ds
El
4El T
(i) H
R2
where H = Horizontal thrust for two hinged semicircular arch due to rise in temperature by
T 0C.
15 El0T
(ii) H
8 h2
where l 0 = Moment of inertia of the arch at crown.
H = Horizontal thrust for two hinged parabolic arch due to rise in temperature T 0C.
1.6hL2
y PE
L Lx x 2
2
Eddy's Theorem
M X y
where, M X = BM at any section
y = distance between given arch linear arch
Trusses:
Degree of Static Indeterminacy
(i) DS m re 2 j where, D S = Degree of static indeterminacy m = Number of members,
re = Total external reactions,
j = Total number of joints
(ii) D S = 0 Truss is determinate
If D se = +1 & D si = –1 then D S = 0 at specified point.
(iii) D S > 0 Truss is indeterminate or dedundant.
Truss Member Carrying Zero forces
(i) M 1 , M 2 , M 3 meet at a joint
M 1 & M 2 are collinear
M 3 carries zero force
where M 1 , M 2 , M 3
represents member.
Indeterminate Truss
(i) Final force in the truss member
PkL
S = P + kX and X AE
k 2L
AE
sign convn +ve for tension, –ve for compression
where,
S = Final force in the truss member
K = Force in the member when unit load is applied in the redundant member
L = Length of the member
A = Area of the member
E = Modulus of elasticity
P = Force in the member when truss become determinate after removing one of the member.
P = Zero for redundant member.
Deflection of Truss
PL
yC k L T
AE
Where, y C = Deflection of truss due to effect of loading & temp. both.
If effect of temperature is neglected then
PkL
yC
AE
Coefficient of thermal expansion
T = Change in temperature
T = +ve it temperature is increased
T = -ve it temperature is decreased
P & K have same meaning as mentioned above.
Stiffness Method for Truss
AB B A
AE
PAB [BX AX cos By Ay sin ] where, AB =Axial deflection of member AB.
L
P AB = Force in member AB (Axial force)
(iii) Flexural
Displacement
L 4El
(a) with far end fixed 4El L
(b) with far end L 3El
hinged 3El L
(iv) Torsional
Displacement
L GlP
Gl p L
Betti's Law
Pmmn Pnnm
• Stiffness of beam
(i) Stiffness of member BA when farther end A is fixed.
4El
k
L
(ii) COF = 0
a
(iii) COF=
b
Fixed Convention
+ve Sagging
–ve Hogging
and All clockwise moment +ve
and All Anti clockwise moment –ve
Span length is l
M AB MBA
Pl Pl
8 8
Pab2 Pa2 b
l2 l2
wl 2 wl 2
12 12
wl 2 wl 2
30 20
11 2 5
wl wl 2
192 192
5 2 5
wl wl 2
96 96
M0 b(3a l ) M0 a(3b l )
L2 L2
MO MO
4 4
6El 6El
l2 l2
0 3El
l2
6El(1 2 ) 6El(1 2 )
2
l l2
wa2 wa2
12l 2 12l 2
(6l 2 8l 6.a 3a2 ) (4l 3a)
2El 3
M AB M AB 2A 2B
l l
(ii) The slope deflection equation at the end B for member BA can be written as :
2El 3
MBA MBA 2B 2A
l l
where, L = Length of beam, El = Flexural Rigidity M AB MBA are fixed end moments at A &
B respectively. M AB & M BA are final moments at A & B respectively. A and B are rotation of
joint A & B respectively.
Settlement of support
Sign Convention
M Clockwise
M Anti-clockwise
Clockwise
Anti-clockwise
+ve, if it produces clockwise rotation to the member & vice-versa.
The number of joint equilibrium conditions will be equal to number of ' ' components &
number of shear equations will be equal to number of ' ' Components.