CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

Areas with continental climates have colder winters, longer-lasting snow, and shorter
growing seasons. They are the transition zones between mild and polar climates.
Continental climates experience extreme seasonal changes. Regions of the world that
experience continental climate includes much of North America, Central Russia, and
Siberia.

WARM SUMMER

Warm Summer Climate, also known as Humid Continental Climate, consists of regions that
often have wet summer season, similar to monsoon climates. It exhibits large seasonal
temperature contrasts with hot summers and cold winters. Most of Eastern Europe, including
Romania and Georgia, as well as northern China, has warm summer climates.
ARCHITECTURE
1. Palace of Parliament, Romania

Bucharest owns the second largest administrative building in the world, the Palace of
Parliament. Built during Ceaușescu’s rule, the building is a symbol of Communist
architecture. Higher floors of the building are built with wood, as colder winds during the
winter sweep higher parts of the land.

2. Rustaveli Theatre, Georgia

The structure of the theater was built in 1887 to house the Artist’s Society of Georgia. The
design uses a lot of elements from the Rococo style.
 3. The Forbidden City, Northern China

The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China. It houses the
Palace Museum and was the former Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the
end of the Qing dynasty.

COOL SUMMER

Cool summer climates have winters with low temperatures and snow. Cold winds,
sweeping in from the Arctic, dominate winter weather. Much of Scandinavia, eastern
Europe and Russia, as well as south and south central Canada, fall into the cool summer
subtype as well.
ARCHITECTURE

1. Chateau Frontenac, Quebec City, Canada

Designated a national historic site in 1981, the Chateau Frontenac is a perfect

example of chateau-style hotels built by Canadian railway companies in the late 19th
century.

2. St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia

The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed, commonly

known as Saint Basil's Cathedral, is a church in
Red Square in Moscow, Russia and is one of the
most recognizable symbols of the country.
 3. Børsen, Norway

Børsen is a 17th-century stock exchange in the center of Copenhagen. Børsen is most noted
for its distinctive spire, shaped as the tails of four dragons twined together, reaching a
height of 56 metres.

SUBARCTIC

Regions in the north with cool summer climates are locations with subarctic climates.
These regions, including northern Scandinavia and Siberia, experience very long, cold
winters with little precipitation. Subarctic climates are also called boreal climates or taiga.
ARCHITECTURE

1. Tobolsk Kremlin, Siberia

The Tobolsk Kremlin is the sole stone kremlin in Siberia. It is located in Tobolsk, Tyumen
Oblast, Russia.

2. Intercession Church, Khanty – Mansiysk, Siberia

The Church of the Intercession of the Theotokos in Samarovo is a Siberian Baroque

church in Khanty-Mansiysk. It belongs to the Tobolsk and Tyumen Diocese of the Russian
Orthodox Church.
 3. NOVAT – Novosibirsk State Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet, Novosibirsk

The Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre is one of the most important theatres in Novosibirsk
and Siberia. It is located at the center of Novosibirsk at Lenin square.

POLAR CLIMATE

The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers. Every
month in a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 °C. Regions with polar
climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area.
TUNDRA

In tundra climates, summers are short, but plants and animals are plentiful. Temperatures
can average as high as 10° Celsius (50° Fahrenheit) in July. People have adapted to life on
the tundra for thousands of years. Parts of Canada, Siberia, Greenland, and Iceland have
tundra climates.

ARCHITECTURE

Houses by the hill in Nuuk, Greenland

The colours were practical and indicated the function of the building: Commercial houses
were red; hospitals were yellow; police stations were black; the telephone company was
green and fish factories were blue.
University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland

The University of Greenland is Greenland's only university. It is in the capital city of

Nuuk. Most courses are taught in Danish, a few in Greenlandic and classes by exchange
lecturers often in English. The university had an enrollment of 205 students in 2018.

Harpa, Reykjavik, Iceland

Harpa was designed by a Danish architectural firm in coöperation with the Icelandic-Danish
artist Ólafur Elíasson. Harpa’s design is inspired by basalt columns, just like Hallgrimskirkja.
These basalt columns appear as geometrically shaped structures on the exterior of the
building, made of metal and glass of different colors.
ICE CAPS

Few organisms survive in the ice cap climates of the Arctic and Antarctic.
Temperatures rarely rise above freezing, even in summer. In fact, Antarctica, covered by an
ice cap a mile thick, is one of the largest, driest deserts on Earth.