Construction and Building Materials 59 (2014) 10–16

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

High temperature properties of rejuvenating recovered binder

with rejuvenator, waste cooking and cotton seed oils
Meizhu Chen a, Feipeng Xiao a,⇑, Bradley Putman b, Bingbing Leng a, Shaopeng Wu a
a
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan Univ. of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, USA

h i g h l i g h t s

 Rejuvenator, waste cooking and cotton seed oils were employed for rejuvenation of RAP.
 High temperature characteristics of rejuvenated asphalt binder were tested.
 The used rejuvenated additives can reduce the viscosity value and fail temperature.
 Rejuvenator, cotton seed oil or waste cooking oil result in an increase of phase angle.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Rejuvenator, waste cooking and cotton seed oils contain a great amount of unsaturated fatty acids,
Received 9 January 2014 similar to the light oil component of asphalt binder which usually decreased due to a long term aging
Received in revised form 17 February 2014 procedure. Based on the rejuvenation theory and some related studies, rejuvenator, waste cooking and
Accepted 19 February 2014
cotton seed oils can be used for asphalt regeneration. The objective of this study was to investigate the
Available online 12 March 2014
high temperature rheological properties of rejuvenating aged asphalt binder with rejuvenator, waste
cooking and cotton seed oils. The materials used for this study included three sources of aged asphalt
Keywords:
(recovered from reclaimed asphalt pavement), one virgin asphalt (PG 64-22), and three rejuvenating
Asphalt
Aging
materials: rejuvenator, waste cooking and cotton seed oils with three percentages (0%, 5%, and 10% of
Rejuvenating rejuvenating asphalt). The used mass ratio of aged to virgin asphalt is 1:3 (i.e. 25% aged binder) in this
High temperature properties study. The high temperature characteristics of these rejuvenated asphalts were tested including rutting
Waste cooking oil resistance factor (phase angle and complex modulus), failure temperature and rotational viscosity. The
results indicated that the rutting resistance factor and the complex modulus of rejuvenated binders
decreased due to the addition of rejuvenator, cotton seed oil or waste cooking oil while their phase angles
increased. In addition, the aged asphalt used a small amount of waste cooking oil or cotton seed oil can
more easily achieve the demand of PG 64 binder in rutting resistance factor, phase angle, complex
modulus and failure temperature of aged asphalt compared with rejuvenator. Finally, waste cooking
oil or cotton seed oil can slightly reduce the viscosity value of the aged asphalt and thus decrease the mix-
ing and compaction temperatures of the mixture.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Waste cooking oil, a type of the waste greases produced during
the cooking and food processing, contains large amounts of toxic
substances such as alfatoxin but also is a kind of available resource
for further recycling. Management of such oils and fats poses a
significant challenge because of their disposal problems and possi-
ble contamination of the water and land resources. In general, the
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 864 6504821.
E-mail address: fpxiao@gmail.com (F. Xiao).
amount of the reused waste cooking oil accounts for 20–30% of the
total consumption of the cooking oil [1]. The annual waste cooking
oil produced in China is about 5–7.5 million tons and only 4 million
tons can be collected as a recycled resource [1]. Waste cooking oil
has become one of the environmental pollutants and seriously
affects the food safety in China. In recent years, the waste cooking
oil incidents occur frequently (using wasted cooking oil as a
common oil into the food), which seriously endangers the health
of human being.
Some researchers did a lot of research projects in the reuse of
waste cooking oil [2–4]. One method is to produce soap, which

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.032
0950-0618/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Chen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 59 (2014) 10–16 11

results in the secondary pollution but the recycled amount of Table 1

waste cooking oil is very limited. Another way is to produce G/sin d and failure temperature values of recovered and virgin asphalt binders.

biodiesel, which has some disadvantages such as high energy con- Testing temperature A B C PG 64-22
sumption and cost. Waste cooking oil, similar to the light oil com- 
G /sin d (kPa) 64 °C 123.31 1.51
ponent in asphalt, contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids. The oil 70 °C 55.06 0.88
component of asphalt reduces after a long term performance. 76 °C 5.94 24.74 9.64
According to asphalt rejuvenating theory [4–8], a low viscosity 82 °C 2.85 11.30 4.58
88 °C 1.45 5.26 2.29
oil content (i.e. regenerative agent) or softer virgin asphalt can be Failed temp. (°C) 90.8 101.0 91.7 65.8
added into aged asphalt to coordinate its chemical composition
and proportion to produce new asphalt binder. Therefore, waste
cooking oil can be used for asphalt regeneration [9], which may
highest failure temperature while other two aged binders have a similar failure
be expected to increase the utilization of waste cooking oil, with temperature. All rheological tests were performed in accordance with AASHTO
better environmental, social and economic benefits, and capacious and ASTM Superpave specifications in this study.
applications prospects. A US Patent has mentioned that the waste The recovered binder, rejuvenator, and virgin binder (PG 64-22) were blended
cooking oil can be used as a rejuvenator to soften asphalt [10]. at 145 °C and a speed of 200 rpm for 15 min based on their contents. Then samples
were immediately used for viscosity and DSR tests. Viscosity was measured using a
Wen reported that waste cooking oil can be used to produce bioas-
spindle spinning at a 20 rev/min rate according to AASHTO T316 [18] after 30 min
phalt [11]. Asli and Karim [12] used physical index and rheological of thermal stabilization at four different temperatures (e.g. 120, 135,150 and
properties index to evaluate the effect of waste cooking oil on the 160 °C). A number 10 spindle and a specimen weight of 8.5 g were used for this test.
indoor aged asphalt, and concluded that the waste cooking oil can Two replicates were tested for all samples.
be used as a regenerative agent in recycled asphalt which can yield The high temperature rheological properties of each binder were measured
using a DSR at different grade-specific testing temperatures according to AASHTO
the lower penetration value and similar to its original bitumen. T315 [19]. In this research, a one millimeter gap and 25 mm diameter plate for
The cotton seed oil can be edible after refined, but crude cotton all binders were used to obtain DSR values at high temperatures. Each binder was
seed oil can damage sperm cells. The cotton seed oil can also pro- measured in terms of phase angle (d) and complex shear modulus (G) values start-
duce soap and biodiesel, but has the same problem of waste cook- ing from its PG temperature until failed in accordance with Superpave
specifications.
ing oil. The major components of the cotton seed oil is fatty acids,
The grade determination feature of the DSR was used to determine the failure
similar to the light oil component in asphalt, so it can be also used temperature for each sample. This procedure tests the sample at a starting temper-
for asphalt regeneration. ature (i.e., 64 °C for PG 64-22) and increases the temperature to the next PG grade if
To find a more environmentally friendly alternative asphalt is a the G/sin d value is greater than the value required by AASHTO M320 [20]
big challenge. As used in asphalt pavement, bioasphalt should be (1.000 kPa for original binder).

easy to mix and lay down. In addition, it is also stiff enough to

withstand traffic loading. Meanwhile, it should not crack at a rela-
tively low temperature. Asphalt mixture lacking high temperature
stability is prone to yield the permanent deformation at a high per-
formance temperature. State Highway Research Program (SHRP)
indicates that asphalt provides 40% of the rutting resistance ability
of an asphalt mixture [13]. The key to improve the high tempera-
ture resistance to deformation of bituminous pavement is to accu-
rately evaluate high temperature performances of asphalt [14–16].
Consequently, rheology has become a useful tool in characterizing
the asphalt high temperature performance. SHRP protocol brought
up a series of tests in a very wide range of temperatures which al-
low obtaining information about the suitability of a given asphalt
in a further application [17].
Some research articles have proven that waste cooking oil is one
of rejuvenating agents that possibly improve the aged bitumen
properties to the similar level of the virgin bitumen [11,12], but
no research was found to compare the effect of waste cooking oil
to other rejuvenators on rheological properties. Moreover, it is a
known fact that effect of the regenerative agents on various as-
phalts is also different. The objective of this paper is to conduct a
laboratory investigation on the high temperature properties of
the recovered asphalt binder rejuvenating with rejuvenator, waste
cooking and cotton seed oil. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test
and rotational viscosity test were conducted at different tempera-
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Rutting resistance factor (G/sin d)
G/sin d reflects the irrecoverable deformation of asphalt during
the loading process. Asphalt, with a higher G/sin d value but a
smaller flow deformation at high temperature, has a higher rutting
resistance.
Fig. 1 shows that the influence of the amount of R, O or W on the
rutting resistance factor of different binders. It was observed that
the rutting resistance factors of the rejuvenated binders strongly
depend on the R, O or W contents and the test temperatures.
Generally, their rutting resistance factors decrease as test temper-
atures and R, O or W concentrations increase. The rejuvenated
asphalts containing W or O show lower G/sin d values than those
with the same content of R at the same test temperatures. Thus,
under the same condition, the asphalt containing R has a better
9.0
8.0
A-5%R
7.0 A-5%O
A-5%W
(kPa)

6.0 A-10%R
tures on the rejuvenating asphalt to determine the rutting resis- A-10%O
5.0
tance factor, phase angle, complex modulus, failure temperature A-10%W
G*/sin

4.0 PG64-22
and rotational viscosity.
3.0

2.0
2. Experimental process and materials 1.0

Three sources of aged asphalts (referred to as A, B, and C) recovered from RAP 0.0
46 52 58 64 70 76
materials were used to blend with one type of virgin asphalt (PG 64-22) and three
percentages (0%, 5%, and 10%) of rejuvenator, cotton seed oil, and waste cooking oil Temperature ( )
(referred to as R, O, and W). The mass ratio of recovered aged asphalt to virgin as-
phalt is 1:3. Table 1 shows that G/sin d and failure temperature values of recovered Fig. 1a. G/sin d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt A with different
and virgin asphalt binders. It can be observed that the recovered binder B has the contents of R, O or W.
12 M. Chen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 59 (2014) 10–16

14.0 14.0
B-5%R
12.0 12.0 A-5%R
B-5%R B-5%O
B-5%O C-5%R
10.0 B-5%W 10.0

(kPa)
B-5%W
(kPa)

B-10%R C-5%W
8.0 B-10%O 8.0 C-5%O
B-10%W A-5%O

G*/sin
PG64-22 6.0 A-5%W
G*/sin

6.0 PG64-22

4.0 4.0

2.0 2.0

0.0
0.0 46 52 58 64 70 76
46 52 58 64 70 76
Temperature ( )
Temperature ( )
 Fig. 2a. G/sin d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt with 5%R, 5%O or
Fig. 1b. G /sin d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt B with different
5%W.
contents of R, O or W.

8.0
7.0
7.0 B-10%R
C-5%R 6.0 A-10%R
6.0 C-5%W C-10%R
C-5%O B-10%O

(kPa)
5.0
(kPa)

5.0 C-10%R C-10%O

C-10%O A-10%O
C-10%W 4.0 B-10%W
4.0
G*/sin
G*/sin

PG64-22 C-10%W
3.0 A-10%W
3.0 PG64-22

2.0 2.0

1.0 1.0

0.0 0.0
46 52 58 64 70 76 50 56 62 68 74
Temperature ( ) Temperature ( )

Fig. 1c. G/sin d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt C with different Fig. 2b. G/sin d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt with 10%R, 10%O or
contents of R, O or W. 10%W.

rutting resistance than asphalt containing W or O. In addition, the

G/sin d values of the regenerative asphalt containing 5%W are
slightly higher than the ones with 10%R at the same test tempera-
tures. In addition, the asphalts containing 5%W have close G/sin d
values with those with 5%O and virgin binder (PG 64-22) at the
same test temperatures, 5%W and O can be seen as an optimum
dosage to produce PG 64 binder from selected aged binders.
Figs. 1a and 1c show that the rutting resistance factors of the as-
phalts A or C containing 5%R, 5%O or 5%W were slightly lower than
1.0 kPa at a temperature range from 64 °C to 70 °C. Fig. 1b shows
that the asphalt B containing 10%R, 5%O or 5%W has similar trends.
Thus, the content of W or O is generally a small amount.
Fig. 2 shows the effect of the regenerative agent on the rutting
resistance factors of two contents of three rejuvenators with three
aged asphalts. For example, under an identical condition, asphalt A
containing 5% or 10%W shows a lower rutting resistance factor
than asphalt C. In addition, asphalt C containing 5% or 10%W shows
a lower rutting resistance factor than asphalt B. Thus, the rutting
resistance of asphalt B containing W is the best. Similarly it can
be noted that asphalt B containing R has the highest G/sin d values
in this study. Obviously, the resources of recovered aged binders
and types of rejuvenators play an important role in determining
the rutting resistance of rejuvenated asphalts.
Fig. 3 shows the influences of the amount of R, O or W on the
phase angle. It was observed that the phase angle strongly depends
on the amount of R, O or W and test temperatures. Generally, the
phase angle of the binders increases with an increase of the test
temperatures and the addition of R, O or W. The regenerative as-
phalts containing R shows lower phase angles than the ones con-
taining W or O at the same condition. Thus, the elastic recovery
performance of asphalt with R is better than asphalt containing
W or O. In addition, the phase angle of the regenerative asphalt
containing 5%W is slightly lower than the ones with 10%R. Addi-
tionally, the regenerative asphalt containing 5%O has slightly lower
the phase angle than the ones with 5%W. Moreover, these rejuve-
nated asphalts have close phase angles with PG 64-22 binder.
Fig. 4 shows the effect of three aged binder resources and three
contents of rejuvenators. For example, asphalt B containing 5% or
10%W showed a lower phase angle than asphalt C while asphalt
C containing 5% or 10%W showed a lower phase angle than asphalt
A. Thus, the elastic recovery ability of asphalt A containing W was
the best amongst three rejuvenated asphalts. Similar trends can be
obtained from asphalt A containing R. Obviously, Phase angle
values of these rejuvenated asphalts is noticeably dependent on
the rejuvenator type and aged binder resource.

3.2. Phase angle 3.3. Complex modulus

The phase angle is defined as the time lag between shear strain G is dynamic shear complex modulus and it is the reciprocal of
and shear stress; hence it reflects the viscous response of the dynamic shear complex compliances. G is defined as the ratio of
asphalt. Generally, asphalt having a smaller phase angle has a maximum (shear) stress to maximum strain and it provides a mea-
better elastic recovery performance [21]. sure of the total resistance to deformation during shear loading.
 M. Chen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 59 (2014) 10–16 13

10000 88

86
8000

Complex Modulus (Pa)

A-10%W
84

Phase Angle (Deg)

A-10%O
6000
82
A-10%R

A-5%W 80
4000
A-5%O
78
A-5%R
2000
PG64-22 76

0 74
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72
Temperature ( )

Fig. 3a. G and d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt A with different contents of R, O or W.

14000 88

12000 86
Complex Modulus (Pa)

10000 84
B-10%W

Phase Angle (Deg)

B-10%O
8000 82
B-10%R

6000 B-5%W 80
B-5%O

4000 78
B-5%R

PG64-22
2000 76

0 74
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
Temperature ( )

Fig. 3b. G and d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt B with different contents of R, O or W.

10000 88

86
Complex Modulus (Pa)

8000
PG64-22
84
Phase Angle (Deg)

C-10%W
6000
82
C-10%O

C-10%R
80
4000
C-5%W

C-5%R
78

2000
C-5%O
76

0 74
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72
Temperature ( )

Fig. 3c. G and d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt C with different contents of R, O or W.

Asphalt that has a large complex modulus has a better resistance to temperatures. The regenerative asphalt containing W or O shows
flow deformation. a lower complex modulus than the ones containing R at the same
Fig. 4 shows the influences of the R or O or W content on the condition. Thus, the resistance to flow deformation of the asphalt
complex modulus. Generally, the complex modulus of the binders containing R was better than the asphalt containing W or O.
decreases with an increase of the test temperatures and the Fig. 4 shows the effect of the three aged binder resources and three
addition of R or O or W. It was observed that the complex modulus rejuvenators on complex modulus. For example, Similar to rutting
strongly depends on the percentage of R or O or W and test resistance factor and phase angle, asphalt B containing rejuvenator
14 M. Chen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 59 (2014) 10–16

14000 88

12000 86

Complex Modulus (Pa)

10000 B-5%R 84

Phase Angle (Deg)

A-5%R

8000 B-5%O 82
C-5%R

6000 B-5%W 80
C-5%W

4000 A-5%O 78
C-5%O

A-5%W
2000 76
PG64-22

0 74
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78
Temperature ( )

Fig. 4a. G and d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt with 5%R, 5%O or 5%W.

7000 88

6000 86
Complex Modulus (Pa)

C-10%R
5000 84

Phase Angle (Deg)

B-10%O

B-10%R
4000 B-10%W
82

C-10%W
3000 C-10%O 80
A-10%R

2000 A-10%W 78
A-10%O

PG64-22
1000 76

0 74
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72
temperature ( )

Fig. 4b. G and d values vs. temperature for rejuvenating asphalt with 10%R, 10%O or 10%W.

100.0 0% 2.4
5%W
94.0
Pass fail temperature ( )

5%R
2.0
Rotiopnal viscosity (Pa.s)

5%O
88.0 A-5%O A-5%W
10%W
1.6
82.0 10%R
10%O A-5%R PG64-22
76.0 1.2

70.0
0.8
64.0
0.4
58.0

52.0 0.0
A B C 105 120 135 150 165 180
Asphalt binder type Temperature ( )
Fig. 5. Failed temperatures of asphalt binders. Fig. 6a. Regression analysis of rational viscosity and temperature of rejuvenating
asphalt A with R, O or W.
have the highest resistance to flow deformation. In addition, as-
phalt resource and rejuvenator type can remarkably affect the G of time–temperature equivalence principle. If the failure tempera-
value in this study. ture is high, it is more difficult to yield a permanent deformation of
asphalt concrete. In other words, when asphalt has an increase in
3.4. Failed temperature failure temperature, the rutting resistance of the mixtures will be
improved. Generally, it is similar to G/sin d.
There is a critical temperature when mixture above or below Fig. 5 shows that the influence of the amount of R, O or W on the
this temperature, time–temperature equivalence principle is no failure temperature of different binders. It was observed that the
longer applicable, and this temperature is called failure temperature failure temperature of the rejuvenated binders strongly depend
 M. Chen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 59 (2014) 10–16 15

2.0 it can be pumped and handled at the hot mixing facility; also to
determine the mixing and compacting temperatures of asphalt
mixtures. In order to study the effect of various temperatures on
Rotiopnal viscosity (Pa.s)

1.6
PG64-22 B-5%W
different rejuvenated asphalts, the viscosity-temperature curves
B-7%O B-10%R were developed and regression analysis were conducted as shown
1.2
in Fig. 6 and Table 2.
Generally, as expected, the viscosity of the rejuvenated binders
0.8 decreases as test temperature increases. In this study, the viscos-
ity–temperature curves conform to a power function, and all coef-
0.4 ficients of determination values are 0.99 or higher. The relationship
can be expressed y = CxD. In the equation, y is rotational viscosity, x
0.0 is temperature, C and D are regression coefficients. The viscosity
105 120 135 150 165 180 value increases as the C increases. The regression coefficient D
Temperature ( ) reflects temperature susceptibility of asphalt. The temperature
susceptibility improved as the jDj increased. C and jDj of Table 2
Fig. 6b. Regression analysis of rational viscosity and temperature of rejuvenating
shows that asphalt A containing 5%R or 5%O or 5%W has an increase
asphalt B with R, O or W.
in the viscosity compared with PG 64-22 binder, but the effect of R
was not obvious. Asphalt B containing 10%R or 7%O or 5%W has a
2.0 lower viscosity compared with PG 64-22 binder, but the effect of
W was not obvious. Compared to PG 64-22 binder, the viscosity
of asphalt C containing 5%R or 5%W was reduced. In a word,
Rotiopnal viscosity (Pa.s)

1.6
C-5%R C-5%O additional R, O and W can slightly reduce the viscosity value of
PG64-22 C-5%W
the rejuvenated asphalt and thus decrease the mixing and compac-
1.2 tion temperatures of the mixture.

0.8 4. Conclusions

0.4
0.0
105 120 135 150
Temperature ( )
Fig. 6c. Regression analysis of rational viscosity and temperature of rejuvenating
asphalt C with R, O or W.
on the R, O or W contents. Generally, their failure temperature de-
crease as the addition of R, O or W. The rejuvenated asphalts con-
taining W or O show lower failure temperature values than those
asphalts with the same content of R. Thus, under the same condi-
tion, the asphalt containing R has a higher failure temperature than
asphalt containing W or O. In addition, the asphalts containing
5%W have close failure temperature values with the asphalt with
5%O, rejuvenated asphalts with 10%R and virgin binder (PG 64-
22), but the failure temperature values of the regenerative asphalt
containing 5%W are slightly higher than the same kind of rejuve-
nated asphalts with 10%R. 5%W and 5%O can be seen as an opti-
mum dosage to produce PG 64 binder from selected aged binders.
3.5. Rotational viscosity
The viscosity of an asphalt binder was used to determine the
flow characteristics of the binder to provide some assurance that
Based on the test results from three types of aged asphalt bind-
ers and three rejuvenate agents in terms of a series of conventional
and specific tests, the following conclusions can be drawn:
165 180
(1) The addition of R or O or W reduced the rutting resistance
factor of the rejuvenated asphalt binder regardless of aged
binder sources. Under the same condition, the rutting resis-
tance of asphalt containing R was better than that of asphalt
containing W or O. The regenerative asphalt containing 5%W
or 5%O could significantly decrease the rutting resistance
factor of aging asphalt to the value of virgin asphalt.
(2) The phase angles of binders increased due to the addition of
R or O or W. Under the same condition, the elastic recovery
performance of asphalt with R was better than that of
asphalt with W or O. The regenerative asphalt containing
5%W could noticeably increase the phase angle of aged
asphalt compared with R or O.
(3) The complex modulus of binders decreased due to the addi-
tion of R or O or W. In addition, the resistance to flow defor-
mation of the asphalt containing R was better than that of
the asphalt containing W or O. The regenerative asphalt con-
taining 5%W or O could remarkably decrease the complex
modulus of aged asphalt compared with rejuvenator.
(4) Generally, the failure temperature decrease as the addition
of R, O or W. The regenerative asphalt containing 5%W or

Table 2
Viscosity and temperature regression analysis.

Asphalt type 120 °C (Pa s) 135 °C (Pa s) 150 °C (Pa s) 165 °C (Pa s) Regression equation Coefficient of determination (R2)
6.919
PG64-22 1.528 0.648 0.313 0.169 y = 4E + 14x 0.993
A-5%R 1.640 0.684 0.328 0.178 y = 6E + 14x6.994 0.999
A-5%W 2.016 0.788 0.378 0.208 y = 1E + 15x7.133 0.997
A-5%O 2.054 0.848 0.400 0.213 y = 1E + 15x7.134 0.9993
B-10%R 1.043 0.457 0.228 0.142 y = 1E + 13x6.323 0.9949
B-5%W 1.485 0.632 0.306 0.165 y = 3E + 14x6.906 0.9994
B-7%O 1.360 0.625 0.444 0.302 y = 5E + 09x4.61 0.9743
C-5%R 1.773 0.758 0.489 0.275 y = 1E + 12x5.693 0.9894
C-5%W 1.301 0.569 0.284 0.158 y = 8E + 13x6.636 0.9992
C-5%O 1.628 0.688 0.332 0.179 y = 4E + 14x6.937 0.9993
16 M. Chen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 59 (2014) 10–16
5%O can be seen as an optimum dosage to produce PG 64
binder from selected aged binders.
(5) As expected, the addition of W, O. and R reduced the viscos-
ity values of rejuvenated binders in this study, but this
reduction was more significant as using rejuvenators W
and O.
5. Future research
Waste cooking oil, rejuvenator, and cotton seed oil as rejuvenat-
ing agents used for softening aged bituminous pavement, there is a
series of key technology problems needed to be solved. Firstly,
chemical performance characteristics of the rejuvenated binders
should be studied. Secondly, the rejuvenating mechanism needs
to be explored. Thirdly, the performance properties of rejuvenated
asphalt mixtures used these rejuvenator, cotton seed and waste
cook oil should be conducted. Fourthly, the low temperature prop-
erties of these rejuvenated binders and mixtures are strongly
recommended to evaluate. Finally, the rejuvenating technology
used for recycled asphalt mixture needs to make a thorough
inquiry.
References
[1] Ji Xing, Li Shumei, Li Li, Wang Xuan. Issues of China’s waste crease collection
and utilization system. China Res Compr Util 2005(3):9–12 [in Chinese].
[2] Kulkarni MG, Dalai AK. Waste cooking oil–an economical source for biodiesel:
a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006;45(9):2901–13.
[3] Hameed BH, Goh CS, Chin LH. Process optimization for methyl ester production
from waste cooking oil using activated carbon supported potassium fluoride.
Fuel Process Technol 2009;90(12):1532–7.
[4] Özbay N, Oktar N, Tapan NA. Etherification of free fatty acids in waste cooking
oils (WCO): role of ion-exchange resins. Fuel 2008;87(10–11):1789–98.
[5] Xu Zhenwen, Tan Wei, Guo Dedong. Experimental investigation of regenerant
for bituminous mixture. Shanxi Architectur 2007;33(8):76–7 [in Chinese].
[6] Lu Weimin. Recycling Principle of asphalt and technical requirement of
recycling agent. Petroleum Asphalt 2007(06):1–6 [in Chinese].
[7] Kuang Dongliang, Yu Jianying, Cai Zhengwen, Song Xiandong. Effect of
rejuvenator on properties of aged bitumen of different aging degree.
Highway 2011(5):153–7 [in Chinese].
[8] Fan TongJiang, Xu Dongliang, Jia Jingpeng, Chen Fuqiang. Recycling technology
for asphalt concrete pavement and its development in overseas. J Chongqing
Jiaotong Univ 2007;26(3):82–7 [in Chinese].
[9] Yao Jiaxin, Han Yi, Dou Shouzhang. Development of Z type of asphalt
reclamation agent. Tianjin Constr Sci Technol 2009(5):42–6.
[10] Asphaltrejuvenation. US20100034586A1. <http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/
20100034586>.
[11] http://www.cea.wsu.edu/environment/bioasphalt.
[12] Asli H, Karim MR. Effect of waste cooking oil as a rejuvenating agent for aged
bituminous pavement. In: The 8th international conference on geotechnical ad
transportation engineering; 2010.
[13] AASHO, PP-93. Standard Practice for the Laboratory Evaluation of Modified
Asphalt Systems; 1995.
[14] Dessouky Samer, Reyes Christopher, Ilias Mohammed, Contreras David,
Papagiannakis AT. Effect of pre-heating duration and temperature
conditioning on the rheological properties of bitumen. Constr Build Mater
2011;25:2785–92.
[15] Xiao Feipeng, Punith VS, Amirkhanian Serji N. Effects of non-foaming WMA
additives on asphalt binders at high performance temperatures. Fuel
2012;94:144–55.
[16] Tasdemir Yuksel. High temperature properties of wax modified binders and
asphalt mixtures. Constr Build Mater 2009;23:3220–4.
[17] García-Morales M, Partal P, Navarro FJ, Gallegos C. Effect of waste polymer
addition on the rheology of modified bitumen. Fuel 2006;85:936–43.
[18] AASHTO T 316. Standard Method of Test for Viscosity Determination of
Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer, STANDARD published 2010 by
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials.
[19] AASHTO T 315. Standard Method of Test for Determining the Rheological
Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR),
STANDARD published 2012 by American Association of State and Highway
Transportation Officials.
[20] AASHTO M 320. Standard Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt
Binder, STANDARD published 2010 by American Association of State and
Highway Transportation Officials.
[21] Shen Junan, Serji Amirkhanian, Xiao Feipeng, Tang Boming. Influence of
surface area and size of crumb rubber on high temperature properties of
crumb rubber modified binders. Constr Build Mater 2009;23:304–10.