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Report On Rigid Inclusion Method
Report On Rigid Inclusion Method
METHOD
UCTION:
INTRODU
The Rigid Inclusion Me
ethod is a verry recent techhnique of groound improveement, develo oped based o on the
concept of
o introducingg cementiouss columnar in mns) into softt or weak ground.
nclusions (cooncrete colum
Accordingg to available literature, th
he Rigid Inclu
usion methodds have been used successsfully for indu ustrial
projects. TThis method has proved to o be an efficie
ent and econ nomical altern
native to Piling foundatio ons.
usions are tyypically used when allowaable settlemeents need to be relativelyy small and limited
Rigid inclu
time is available in the construction n program to allow for connsolidation an nd creep settlement.
DESIGN C
CONCEPT:
The desiggn concepts for Piles an usions are pprofoundly different, butt the constru
nd Rigid Inclu uction
methods are somewhaat similar. Reffer Figure‐1 fo or different fooundation co
oncepts.
For piling applications, the structural load is coompletely trannsferred into o the piles, w
with the loadss then
transmitteed into the so
oil formation via shaft fricttion and end bearing resistance.
Figure‐1:: Different Fo
oundation C
Concepts.
LOAD‐TR
RASNFER PLA
ATFORM:
Figure‐2:: The compo
onents of a riigid inclusion
n foundationn system (So
ource: After ASIRI, 2011))
DESIGN M
METHODS:
There are
e two available design methods:
1) Eqquivalent stre
ength methodd
2) Design method d based on re
esearch carrie
ed out in Frannce (The ASIRI National Pro
oject)
WORKIN
NG PRINCIPLE BASED ON
N ASIRI GUID
DELINES:
As per ASSIRI guideline ept of Rigid Inclusions inccludes various interactions between (1
es, the conce 1) the
inclusionss (concrete columns) themselves, (2 2) the load‐ttransfer plattform directlly supportingg the
foundatio on, and (3) thee soil and load transfer between the in clusions (colu umns).
Figure‐3: Axial Load‐distribution insside a rigid incclusion (Sourrce: After ASSIRI, 2011)
Thhe design is based on th
he equilibrium
m of externaal loads, app
plied by the structure and the
coolumn resistaance in the ground.
Th he design rellies mainly on n shaft frictio on values to determine th he load‐settleement behavvior of
thhe column. Understandin
U ng the two main contribbuting aspects governingg the skin frriction
caapacity of the concrete column
c is crittical to the ddesign of thee system: (1)) the in situ shear
sttrengths of th
he soil, and (2)
( the capab bility of the innstallation m
method to inccrease or deccrease
thhis shear strength.
Siingle columns experience negative skin n friction aboove the neutral plane of eequal settlem ments,
ass shown in Figure‐3.
F To validate the structural caapacity of eaach column, the negativee skin
frriction needs to be conside ered in the de esign.
Th he actual axial load might be smaller than the asssumed load, as the structtural load is partly
trransferred intto the soil bettween the concrete colum mn heads The maximum acctive load (Q++Fn) is
ap pplied at the neutral plan ne. To reach e equilibrium, ssufficient reaaction forces below the neeutral
plane must be e mobilized. Typically,
T the
e neutral pla ne is located d inside the ssoft soil form
mation
(aabove the bearing layer) aand the posittive skin frictiion able to b be mobilized in the soft laayer is
negligible. Con nsequently, th he concrete ccolumns needd to be embeedded into a stiff bearingg layer
too be able to
o mobilize su ufficient reacction forces. Typical emb bedment lenggths into stifff soil
foormations ran nge from 1–4 4 m. It is important to acctivate sufficcient base ressistance and shaft
frriction to keeep the system m in balance. If the requireed reaction fforces cannott be activated d, the
neutral plane m moves downw ward, resultin ng in increaseed settlementt of the soil block
APPLICABLE SOIL CO
ONDITIONS:
PPLICATIONSS:
FIELD AP
Soil improovement systems are usuaally applicable e to designs tthat allow for moderate tto high settlement.
Rigid Incllusions improve the origginal soil forrmation, andd structures can be dessigned as sh
hallow
foundatioons. Typical appplications arre shown in Figure‐4, they include, but are not limiteed to:
• Slabs an
nd foundation
ns for industriial and comm
mercial buildinngs
• Storage reservoirs an
nd tanks (watter, oil produccts, or liquid cchemicals)
• Retentio
on systems, such as reinfo
orced earth walls
• Highwayy embankments
• Railway embankmen
nts
The Rigid Inclusion Me
ethod is also ccalled as Con
ntrolled Moduulus Columnss (CMC) or Drrilled Displaceement
Columns ((DDC) or Controlled Stiffne
ess Columns ((CSC) or Conccrete Injected
d Columns (CIIC).
Figure‐4: Examples of rrigid inclusion
n applicationss (Source: Aftter Menard brochure)
LIMITATIIONS:
In contrasst to piled foundations, inn which high structural (pooint) loads arre applied an
nd the settlem
ments
are small,, Rigid Inclusio
ons are not su
uitable for
1. high‐rise buildings (G+10 flo
oors)
2. Laarge bridges,
3. Sttructures with
h very high ovverturning moments or hi gh lateral loaads.
Rigid Inclu
usions are typ
pically chosen
n if
provides sufficient stabilityy and
(1) the soil formation p
(2) the pre ements are accceptable for the structuree.
edicted settle
If at least one of thesse two criteria is not mett, the alterna tive solution is to design deep foundaations
(piling) to o carry the structural loadss.
CASE STU
UDIES:
Refer to Attachmentt‐1, Section 21.6 for 3 caase studies ((Case Studyy A, B & C).
Refer to Attachmentt‐2 for case study of Oil Tanks.
Example of Settleme
ent criteria using Rigid In
nclusion for hhighway upggrade projecct (Case Stud
dy B)
REFERENCES:
1. Improvement of Soft Soil Formations by Drilled Displacement Columns by M.D. Larisch etal
(2015).
2. The thin line between Deep Foundations and Soil Improvement, S. Varaksin etal (2015)
3. Rigid Inclusions – Keller Brochure.
4. Rigid Inclusions in Sand Formation Resting on Compressible Clay by Mounit Bouassida,
Proceedings of the 15 소 African Regional conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering (2011).
5. Engineering and engineering principles of Control Modulus Column (CMC) by K. Coghlan etal.
6. Design Risks of ground improvement methods including rigid inclusions, Keller.
7. Serviceability and safety in the design of rigid inclusions and combined pile‐raft foundations
by Cecillia Bohn, PhD thesis (Sept 2015).
8. Spread Foundations on Rigid Inclusions Subjected to Complex Loading: Comparison of 3D
Numerical and Simplified Analytical Modelling
ATTACHMENTS:
Attachment‐1: Improvement of Soft Soil Formations by Drilled Displacement Columns
Attachment‐2: The thin line between Deep Foundations and Soil Improvement
Attachment‐3: Rigid Inclusions ‐ Keller Brochure
Attachment‐4: Execution and engineering principles of CMC
Attachment‐5: Stone Columns and Rigid Inclusions used for LNG Tanks