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Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels With Pressure and Thermal Effects
Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels With Pressure and Thermal Effects
Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels With Pressure and Thermal Effects
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Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels with Pressure and Thermal
Effects
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Shankarachar Sutar
CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
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Abstract: This paper presents an analytical procedure for estimation of the radial and circumferential stresses in spherical pressure
vessels under thermal and pressure loadings. The study includes in understanding the temperature distribution across the elemental
section, for estimation of hoop and radial stresses under combined pressure and temperature loadings. A finite element model is
simulated using ABAQUS to find the stress distribution under the combined effect of thermal and pressure loadings. The
VON-MISES yield criterion determines the stress distribution. The equations derived are functions of temperature and radius of the
wall. Results for transient temperature, stress and displacement of the vessel wall is found theoretically and compared with FEM, and
have shown good agreement.
ΔV Volume element
Nomenclature
Cp Specific heat
A Area Ra Inner radius
a Inner radius Rb Outer radius
b Outer radius
1. Introduction
F Force
h Conduction heat transfer coefficient PVs (pressure vessels) are widely used in chemical
I Time moment and petroleum industries, and in nuclear power plants.
K Conduction heat transfer coefficient They are usually subjected to high pressures and
m Node temperatures, which may be of constant time duration
P Pressure or frequent cycles of start-ups and shut-downs.
q Heat flux p Factors such as the material of construction of the
r Radius pressure vessel, the shape, which in present case is
t Time spherical, chemical composition and physical
T Temperature properties of the substances stored, etc. govern the
U Radial displacement performance of pressure vessels.
V Volume The pressure vessels are designed with utmost care,
Y Young’s modulus because any rupture means, release of all the stored
ΔA Area element contents, if flammable can lead to an explosion, or
Δt Time element toxic, both will cause loss of life and property. The
materials of pressure vessels are generally ductile such
240 Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels with Pressure and Thermal Effects
as austenitic type stainless steels and mild steels. The stress analysis of thick walled cylinders with
Cylindrical or spherical pressure vessels (e.g., variable internal pressure is considered to conduct
hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, pipes, boilers and elastic analysis of uniform cylinder and cylinder with
tanks) are used in industry to store both liquids and holes. It is predicted both from theory (lame’s
gases under pressure. When the pressure vessel is formulae) & finite element method by Nath [7].
subjected to internal/external pressures, the material The spherical pressure vessel FE analysis a contact
undergoes deformation, and hence stresses, in all elements were tested to determine their usefulness in
directions. The normal stresses resulting from this modeling, the interaction between pressure vessel
pressure are functions of the radius of the element cylinder walls and end caps are studied by Heckman
under consideration, the shape of the pressure vessel [8].
as well as the applied pressure. A vertical pressure vessel has been designed using
In certain applications, the pressure vessels store graphical based software named PVElite. For
contents under high pressure and temperature designing of vertical leg supported pressure vessel
environment, and so the combined effect of pressure some input parameters like volume, inside diameter,
and temperature gains importance. design pressure (either inside pressure or external
Two types of analyses are commonly applied to pressure), temperature, material, processing fluid. Etc.
pressure vessels. The most common method is based is required by Vyas et al. [9]. Stress distribution in the
on a simple mechanics approach and is applicable to spherical vessel shell is calculated according to
thin-walled pressure vessels which by definition have membrane shell theory. By using of the Mises strength
a ratio of inner radius ri, to wall thickness t, i.e., ri/t is theory, the functional relations of both equivalent
10. The second method is based on elasticity solution stress and pressure vessel mass with wall thickness
and is always applicable regardless of the r/t ratio and were studied by Kozak et al. [10]. The Tresca yield
can be referred to as the solution for thick-walled condition used in this study. When the applied
pressure vessels. FEA (finite element analysis) tool is pressure exceeds the minimum pressure required to
applied to simulate the conditions under study and initiate the yielding at the inner radius, plastic zone
determine the stresses. starts to be formed. The residual stress components
also were calculated using elastic and elasto-plastic
2. Literature
solution results by Mailak [11].
Design and analysis of spherical pressure vessels
3. Mathematical Model
was studied by Afkar [1] he developed a new
analytical method for calculating temperature stress We know the following from first principles as
and strain. The effect of combined loading, i.e., referred in Figs. 1 and 2 for below derivation:
structural and thermal was dealt briefly by Whally [2]. = Hoop stress; = Hoop strain;
Elastic-plastic analysis of spherical pressure vessels = Radial stress; = Radial strain
was studied by Akis [3], who had considered elastic, change in length ( + )d − d
= =
partially plastic and fully plastic stress states of original length d
internally pressurized spherical vessels. The behaviour = = (1)
of pressure vessel in case of fluctuating load is studied ( )
by Vyas and Solanki [4]. Process equipment was = = = (2)
designed by Joshi [5]. A study on failure criteria of where dr is sectional thickness, r—radius, —radial
spherical pressure vessels is discussed by Yoon [6]. pressure; —stress at radius r.
Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels with Pressure and Thermal Effects 241
=− ( +2 ) (7)
= + (8)
(1 + )( + )+ (1 − ) + = 0 (9)
where A1 and B1 are constants. At inner radius r = The present work considers convective heat transfer
and = . from fluid to the inner wall. For convection heat
Substituting in Eq. (12), transfer rate is given by the equations:
= −A (14) = (17)
Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels with Pressure and Thermal Effects 243
(23)
At node 1,
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ( ) ∆ ( ) ( ∆ ) ∆ . ∆ ∆
= ∆
+ ∆
+ ∆ ∆ ∆
(24)
( ∆ ) ∆ ( ∆ ) ∆ ( ∆ ) ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
The temperature effect term, β is given by Whally Table 2 below gives a comparison of temperature
[2] as distribution, between the theoretical and finite element
( − ) analysis.
= =
(1 − ) Comparison of the theoretical and FEM results
9.7 × 10 × 190 × 10 (500 − 300)
=
1 − 0.305
= 530 MPa obtained for radial and hoop stresses and strains when
Steady state temperature relation is given by pressure and temperature are considered as shown in
Table 2.
1−
= + ∆ × Fig. 4 shows the temperature distribution with
−1 respect to nodes, BLUE indicates the theoretical
Since, the study is considered within elastic limit, temperature distribution which is linearly decreased
so substituting a = r, in the above relation, we obtain from inner to outer wall thickness of spherical
the steady state temperature as (T = 500 °K) pressure vessel and RED indicates FEM temperature
Radial stress distribution which has non uniformity drop in the
− thickness of spherical pressure vessel.
= −1 − 1− +
−1 −1
Tables 3 and 4 shows the results of FE and
Theoretical of Radial stress, strain and Hoop stress in
+1 1− − 1− this study it is found that difference between them is
−1 less than 5% and it is within acceptable limit.
= 1.0 MPa (Compression)
Radial strain
ε = −3.2518 × 10 + (9.7 × 10 × 500)
= 4.817482 × 10
Hoop stress
= +1 − 1+
2 2
−1 −1
+ +1 1− − 1+
2 2
−1
= 265.7 MPa (Compression)
Hoop strain
ε = 3.2518 × 10 +
(9.7 × 10 × 500) = 4.882518 × 10 Fig. 4 Temperature distribution with respective to nodes.
Fig. 7 Radial stress and strain plots considering pressure and temperature.
Fig. 8 Hoop stress and strain plots considering pressure and temperature.
248 Design and Analysis of Spherical Pressure Vessels with Pressure and Thermal Effects
using ABAQUS software. It is found that the stress [3] T. Akis, Elasto plastic analysis of functionally graded
spherical pressure vessels, Journal of Computational
distribution under the combined effect of thermal and
Materials Science 46 (2009) 545-554.
pressure loading. Also, the stress and displacement of [4] J. Vyas, M. Solanki, Design and analysis of spherical
the vessel wall is found theoretically for transient pressure vessels, Thesis, U.V Patel College of
temperature, and is compared with FEA and is in good Engineering, Gujarat, India, 2010.
[5] M.V. Joshi, Process Equipment Design, Macmillan
agreement.
Company, India, 1976.
Acknowledgments [6] H.-S. Lee, J.-H. Yoon, J.-S. Park, Y.-M. Yi, A study on
failure characteristic of spherical pressure vessel, Journal of
The authors are grateful to CSIR-Indian Institute of Materials processing Technology 164-165 (2005) 882-888.
[7] R.R. Nath, Design and analysis of thick walled Cylinder
Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India and
with holes, B.Sc. Thesis, NIT, Rourkela, 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osmania [8] D. Heckman, Finite element analysis of pressure vessels,
University College of Engineering for providing the MBARI (1998) 1-7.
infrastructural facilities for support. Authors also [9] B.P. Vyas, R.M. Tayade, A.D Kumbhani, Design of
would like acknowledge their thanks to the colleagues vertical pressure vessels using PVElite software,
International Journal of Engineering Research &
of CSIR-IICT for helping in drafting work.
Technology (IJERT) 2 (3) (2013) 1-8.
[10] D. Kozak, J. Sertic, Optional wall-thickness of the
References
spherical pressure vessel with respect to criterion about
[1] A. Afkar, M.N. Camari, A. Paykani, Design and analysis minimal mass and equivalent stress, in: Annals of the
of a spherical pressure vessel using finite element method, Faculty of Engineering of Engineering Hunedoara,
World Journal of Modelling and Simulation 10 (2) (2014) TOME IV 4 (2) (2006) 173-178 .
126-135. [11] M.F. Mailak, Behaviour of thick spherical pressure
[2] E. Whalley, The design of pressure vessels subjected to vessels under high pressure, Al-Qadisiya Journal for
thermal stress, Int. J. of Mech. Sci. 1 (1960) 379-395. Engineering Sciences 2 (2009) 863-873.