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Pump Primer PDF
Pump Primer PDF
FIRE PHASE
PUMPS AND PRIMERS
OBJECTIVE
REFERENCE
CONTENTS
Fig. 1: Diagram Showing the Operation of a Force Pump Left: Single Acting. Right: Double Acting
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b. Lift Pumps. Similar to force pumps but having a hollow piston with a valve
through which water can pass freely in one direction only. Normally used for wells.
Upstroke
Plunger Valve
c. Bucket and Plunger Pumps. A combination of both Force and Lift Pumps,
having a hollow piston and a trunk which forces water out on down stroke.
Down Stroke
Trunk
Plunger
Valve
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Driven
Wheel
In
Out Inlet
In Out
Gear Pump
8. Centrifugal force. The tendency of a revolving body to fly out from the centers of
rotations.
a. Construction:
(1) The Impeller. A circular metal casting mounted on and rigidly keyed
to a shaft by which to be rotated. Rotation of the impeller causes water to be
discharged from the periphery at high velocity by centrifugal rise. This
induces partial, vacuum to be created at its.
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Vanes Water discharged
at periphery
Water inlet
(2) The Casing. The function of the casing is to convert kinetic energy of
the water when it leaves the impeller to pressure energy. This done by
reducing the velocity of the water. In order to reduce turbulence and velocity
(and in steady a floe to the water as possible, the methods used are:
(a) A volute. It is shaped like the shell of snail and water thrown
from the impeller enters passage which steadily increases in cross-
sectional area until it reach the delivery outlet.
(b) Guide Vanes. They are fixed vanes in the casing adapted to
guide the water along its correct path. A ring of guide vanes is
sometimes referred to as a guide ring or diffuser. It is quite common
to have guide vanes to reduce turbulence at the periphery of an
impeller in a volute casing so that the conversion of kinetic energy to
pressure energy is started by the guide vanes complete by the volute
(Fig. 6).
Volute
Impeller
Water Inlet
Guide Vanes
a. The Speed of Impeller. The faster the impeller rotates, the greater will be
the quantity and also pressure of water. But the speed at which the impeller can be
run is limited, or cavitations will occur.
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b. The Size of the Impeller. The larger the size of the impeller, the greater will
be the quantity and also pressure of water.
c. The Number of Impellers. Two impellers in a pump will only double the
pressure output but the quantity of water produced remains the same as what was
produced by the first impeller.
Diffuser Passages
Water Inlet
Impellers
11. Peripheral Pumps. Sometimes known as the re-generative pump output pressure
which are three or four times as great as those developed by conventional centrifugal
impeller of equal diameter and running at the same speed? Most suitable for hose reel
applications.
a. Operating Principle. The casing forms a torrodial channel at the
periphery or the impeller, except between the adjacent inlet and discharge ports.
The water enters the channel at the inlet port and is moved forward along it by
smearing force file the water is dragged along by the rotation of the impeller, and
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radically outwards between the impeller vanes by centrifugal force. After striking the
outer rim of the channel the water separates and moves down the sides of the
channel to re-enter the impeller at the base of the vanes. This action, in which kinetic
energy imparted to the water by the impeller, is immediately converted back into
pressure energy as the water returns in the channel travels from the inlet to the
discharge port and the cumulative effect produces a large increase in pressure. The
path followed by the water is helical as shown by the arrows in Fig. 8.
Throat
(3) Due to the gap between the orifice and the narrowest portion of the
throat, the high velocity propellant entering the throat will entrain the liquid or
gas which surrounds the jet and draws it into the tube with the stream.
b. Construction. Ejector pumps used for fire-fighting consist of a metal body
having a water inlet to supply the jet, a suction inlet and a delivery outlet. Water is
used as the propellant, which is usually supplied under pressure from the
conventional fire pump (called a primary pump when used in this way.
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c. Operation. The water produced by the primary pump is delivered to the
nozzle of the ejector pump. With the venture effect created when the propellant
leaves the nozzle to enter the throat, the water that is intended to be removed will be
entrained into the suction inlet of the pump until it is caught up in the jet stream and
passed to the discharge side of the pump, from which it is delivers trough hose to the
discharge point.
d. Types of Ejector Pump:
Suction Threat
Suction
Fig. 10: Diagram Showing the Construction of the Hughes ‘Noble’ Ejector Pump.
Base
Strainer
Suction Inlet
Fig. 11: Diagram showing the construction of the merry weather Aquator Ejector Pump
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(6) The primary pump supplying the water (propellant) can be
suitably sited away from the fire for refueling, running adjustments etc.
13. Pump Glands and Seals. At the point where the pump drive shaft enters the casing
is the pump gland, the purpose of which is to prevent leakage. A traditional type of gland
consists of renewable to ensure an adequate seal without exerting too much pressure on the
shaft and consequent friction between shaft and packing.
14. Glands of this type are kept cool by water from the pump, and are often also
lubricated with grease by means of a grease point to provide a seal and prevent overeating
when the pump is run without water, as when priming. Pumps should not be run for long
periods without water as the lubricant in the gland is quickly dissipated and damage is likely
to occur to the shaft. Such damage, in addition to a leakage of water when pumping, would
also make priming difficult.
15. Lubrication of glands of glands of this type should be carried out frequently, and at
the intervals specified by the markers. Adjustments should be mane from time to time as
required, and should be made when the shaft is rotating and the pump is delivering water.
Two glands are shown in Fig.12, one of which has provision for greasing.
Fig. 12: Two Typical Pump Glands, the One on the Right Having Provision for Greasing.
16. Priming is only necessary with centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps cannot ‘pump’
air and are not, therefore, self-priming. A separate primer has to be provided. Some types
can, however, be arranged to engage and cut out automatically without any action on the
part of the operator, and these are known as automatic primers.
17. The priming devices suitable for use with centrifugal pump are:
a. Reciprocating.
b. Exhaust ejector.
c. Rotary:
(1) Water ring.
(2) Sliding vane.
d. Water seal.
18. Of these the rotary sliding vane and the water seal primers are now not widely used,
but all types are described in the following paragraphs:
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a. The reciprocating prime (Fig.13) consists of a small piston (force pump) which
is driven from the main pump drive shaft either by a friction drive, either of when are
brought in and out of the main pump inlet is connected to the suction side of the main
pump by means of a pipe in which is situated a priming valve (a).
Outlet Valve
Spring
Inlet
Priming Valve
Piston
Pump
Waste Pipe
Suction Inlet
b. When the pump is to be primed the priming valve (a) is opened, and the
primer is thus connected with the pump casing and suction. The drive is then
engaged and the piston (b) on its down-stroke causes a reduction in pressure in the
cylinder until the piston uncovers the inlets port (c): then air from the pump and
suction flown in. On its upstroke the piston causes the air to be forced through the
outlet valve (d) and discharged through the waste pipe (e). As the air from the pump
casing and suction exhausted, water will follow, and when all the air has been
priming pump is then disengaged and the valve (a) closed. Normally the priming
speed is about 1,000 rpm with a maximum of 1,500 rpm which must not be
exceeded.
19. Exhaust Gas Ejector Primer. This type of primer, which is operated by the exhaust
gases from the engine, is shown in diagrammatic form in fig.14. When the pump is to be
primed, the priming valve (a) is opened, and the exhaust valve (b) closed. The effect of the
closed valve (b) is to divert the exhaust gases from their normal passage down the exhaust
pipe to the silencer and conduct them to a nozzle (c). The gas discharges from this nozzle
into a throat (pipe (d)) and, on the principle of the jet pump, draws the air from the suction
and pump casing through the valve (a).
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Exhaust Gases
Ejector Nozzle
Priming Valve
Pipe
To Silencer
Fig. 14: Diagram Showing the Operation of an Exhaust Gas Ejector Primer
20. When all the air has been exhausted water will follow, and steam will be seen
discharging from pipe (d). The water and exhaust gases will follow their normal courses into
the pump and silencer respectively. With the exhaust gas ejector type primer, the efficiency
depends on the speed at which the gases leave the discharge nozzle. Priming is for this
reason carried out at high revolutions a fully open throttle, and hence exhausts gas velocity.
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Discharge Port
Housing
Discharge Port
Suction Ports
Water Ring
Impeller
Stationary Boss
Fig. 15: Diagram Showing the Operation of Water Ring Primer
Fig. 16: Diagram the Operation of the Sliding Vane Rotary Primer.
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(2) A close chamber is thus formed between any two blades into
which air is forced by atmospheric pressure as the blades pass the
inlet (b). As the rotor (a) revolves, the blades are forced into their
slots.
(3) The volume of the closed chamber therefore gradually
decreases and the air in is corresponding compressed. Consequently
when the out let (c) is reached the air is expelled, the pressure in the
chamber to that of the atmosphere.
(4) After passing the outlet (c) volume of the closed chamber
expands, reducing the pressures below atmospheric so that when the
inlet (b) is again reached, further air from the suction enters. The
process chamber in turn. Primers of this type are not now widely used
by fire brigades.
Outlet (d)
Air
Pump
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(2) This process continues, the same small quantity of water being used
over and over again, and drawing out additional air each time until all the air
has been exhausted from the suction and pump casing, and water enters the
pump. There is then too much water to be passed by the primary throat alone
and the flow in the secondary throat therefore reverses and water flows from
both (a) and (b) through the separator chamber (c) to the delivery outlet (d).
(3) Water seal primers are used extensively in contractors’ types of pump.
They are not ideal for fire brigade use as priming is comparatively slow, the
maximum lift is limited.
22. Power Take-Off. The power take-off is a device by which the full power developed
at the gearbox of an appliance can be diverted, when required, from its normal path down
the transmission to the rear axle, and instead to drive a fire pump. In fire brigades a power
take-off is used to drive the main fire pump and/or a hose reel pump.
23. Three types of power take-off used for driving fire pumps:
a. From the gearbox; (top take-off)
b. From the drive shaft to the gearbox; (sandwich take-off)
c. From a transfer box
d. Are shown diagrammatically in Fig.18.
P.T.O
To Back Axle
(a) TOP
To Back Axle
(b) SANDWICH
P.T.O
To Back Axle
Fig.18: Diagram showing types of power take-off: (a) from the gearbox; (b) from the drive shaft to the
gearbox; (c) from a transfer box
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24. Cooling System. Internal combustion engines used to propel appliances are
normally water cooled. This is achieved by water circulating through the engine block and
radiator assisted by a water circulatory pump. Cooling is effected by the induced draught set
by a fan behind the radiator, and by the movement of the appliances during which the ram
effect of the air assist further in keeping the radiator, engine block and oil sump cool. This
letter condition is non-existent when an appliance is stationary and in the portable and trailer
pumps, and it is usual to provide supplementary means of cooling for fire brigade pumping
appliances.
26. Direct Cooling System. In the direct system (Fig.19), which was in general use
before the Second World War, water is passed direct from the pump to the water jacket in
the cylinder block, and after circulating through the water passages in the engine is
discharged to waste via the overflow from the header tank.
Dual Filter
Header Tank
Engine
To Waste
Pump
Fig. 19: Diagram Showing the Layout of an Indirect Open-Circuit Cooling System. Inset: the
Operation of the Filter Valve
27. Indirect Cooling system (Open Circuit). In the indirect open circuit cooling
system (Fig. 20) the water from the fire pump does not go directly into the engine cooling
system but passes through a coil installed in the header tank and than discharges to waste.
The system is, in fast, a heat exchanger in which the cooling water passing through the coils
extracts heat from the engine cooling water.
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Cooling Coils Header Tank
Filter in use
Dual Filter
To Waste
Cylinder Block
Fig. 20: Diagram Showing the Layout of an Indirect Open-Circuit Cooling System. Insert: the
Operation of the Filter Valve.
29. The problem of stationary running is not only one of keeping the engine cooling water
overheating, but also of limiting the temperature of the engine lubricating oil, particularly if
the sump is not of large capacity, and in some cases where a supplementary cooling circuit
is fitted, a by-pass is provided in the piping to cool the oil the engine sump.
Thermostat
Close Circuit
Fresh Water (Anti Freezer)
ss ure
Pre
Low
Close Circuit
(water as pump)
e
sur
res
hP
Hig
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Close Circuit
Fresh Water (anti-freezer)
Close Circuit
(Water as pumped)
Fig. 22: Diagram of a Closed-Circuit Cooling System, Showing The Heat Exchanger as a
Separate Unit Through which the Cooling Water Circulates.
Pump
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