Introduction to Electronics instrument

Digital multimeter DMM:

A multimeter is an instrument that allows us to make multiple electrical measurements
using the same tool.we can use DMM as
• Voltmeter to measure voltage
• Ammeter to measure current
• Ohmmeter to measure resistance

Cathode ray oscilloscope CRO :

It is used to obtain waveforms when the different input signals are given. In the early
days, it is called as an Oscillograph. The oscilloscope observes the changes in the
electrical signals over time.By seeing the waveform, we can analyze some properties like
amplitude, frequency, rise time, distortion, time interval and etc.

Voltmeter :
It is also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for measuring the potential
difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit. Some
voltmeters are intended for use in direct current (DC) circuits; others are designed for
alternating current (AC) circuits.

Ammeter :
It is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are
measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents,
in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as millimeters or micrometers.
• A frequency meter is an instrument that displays the frequency of a
periodic electrical signalsVarious types of frequency meters are used.
Many are instruments of the deflection type, ordinarily used for measuring
low frequencies but capable of being used for frequencies as high as 900
Hz. These operate by balancing two opposing forces. Changes in the
frequency to be measured cause a change in this balance that can be
measured by the deflection of a pointer on a scale.

• The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts

of any given circuit.The internal construction of a wattmeter is such that it
consists of two coils. One of the coil is in series and the other is connected
in parallel. The coil that is connected in series with the circuit is known as
the current coil and the one that is connected in parallel with the circuit is
known as the voltage coil. Power in an electric circuit is the product
(multiplication) of voltage and current, so any meter designed to
measure power must account for both of these variables.

• The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilises by

the electric HYPERLINK "https://circuitglobe.com/electrical-
load.html"load is known as the energy meter. The energy is the
total power consumed and utilised by the load at a particular
interval of time. It is used in domestic and industrial AC circuit
for measuring the power consumption. The meter is
less expensive and accurate. The energy meter has the
aluminium disc whose rotation determines the power consumption
of the load. The disc is placed between the air gap of the series and
shunt electromagnet. The shunt magnet has the pressure coil, and
the series magnet has the current coil.

• Ohmmeter, instrument for measuring electrical resistance, which is expressed

in ohms. In the simplest ohmmeters, the resistance to be measured may be
connected to the instrument in parallel or in series. If in parallel
(parallelohmmeter), the instrument will draw more current as resistance
increases.

• Resistive loads are typically used to convert current into forms of energy such
as heat. resistive loads generate no magnetic fields. Common examples include
most electrical heaters, and traditional incandescent lighting loads.

• A capacitance meter is a piece of electronic test equipment used to

measure capacitance, mainly of discrete capacitors. Depending on the sophistication
of the meter, it may display the capacitance only, or it may also measure a number of
other parameters such as leakage, equivalent series resistance (ESR),
and inductance.

• AC loads that are predominantly inductive in nature so that the alternating

 current lags behind the alternating voltage when the current flows into the
load.Any devices or equipment that have coils in them are inductive in
nature. Examples of inductive load are motors, solenoids, contactor coils,
compressors, speakers,
• DC sources In direct current (DC), the electric charge (current) only
flows in one direction. Electric charge in alternating current (AC), on
the other hand, changes direction periodically. The voltage in AC
circuits also periodically reverses because the current changes
direction.
• Battery
• Dynamo
• Fuel cell
• Solar panels
• Wind turbines
• Rectified AC
• Thermocouple
• Energy from bacteria
• AC sources
• Generators
• Alternator
• LC Oscillator
• A transformer is a static device which transfers a.c electrical
power from one circuit to the other at the same frequency, but
the voltage level is usually changed.
Step-up Step-down transformer
transformer
reduces the output voltage.
increase the
output voltage.

Voltage Input voltage is low while Input voltage is high while

the output voltage is high. the output voltage is low.

Winding High voltage winding is the High voltage winding is

secondary winding. the primary winding.

Current Current is low on the Current is high on the

secondary winding. secondary winding.

Rating of output 11000 volts or above 110v ,24v, 20v, 10v, etc.
voltage

Size of the Primary winding is made Secondary winding is

conductor up of thick insulated made up of thick insulated
copper wire. copper wire

Application Power plant, X-rays Doorbell, voltage

 machine, microwaves, etc. converter, etc.

• An autotransformer is a kind of electrical transformer where

primary and secondary shares same common single winding. So
basically it’s a one winding transformer.
• Compensating voltage drops by boosting supply voltage in
distribution systems.
• Auto transformers with a number of tapping are used for starting
induction and synchronous motors.
• Auto transformer is used as variac in laboratory or where
continuous variable over broad ranges are required.
• In electronics, a center tap (CT) is a contact made to a point halfway along a
winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a
potentiometer. Taps are sometimes used on inductors for the coupling of signals,
and may not necessarily be at the half-way point, but rather, closer to one end.

• A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical

load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a
source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result,
power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters.

BASIS MOTOR GENERATOR

Function The Motor converts Electrical Generator converts

energy into Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy to
Electrical energy.

Electricity It uses electricity. It generates electricity

Driven The Shaft of the motor is driven The Shaft is attached to

element by the magnetic force the rotor and is driven by
developed between armature mechanical force.
and field.

Current In a motor the current is to be In the generator current is

supplied to the armature produced in the armature
windings. windings.

Rule Motor follows Fleming’s Left Generator follows Fleming’s

Followed hand rule. Right hand rule.

Example An electric car or bike is an Energy in the form of

electricity is generated at
 example of electric motor. the power stations.

• A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of
DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems.

• A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally the word

referred to a literal bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In
the 1970s the solderless breadboard became available and nowadays the term
"breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these.

• A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used

to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.
Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the
sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and sawtooth shapes.

The basic idea of a “series” connection is that components are

connected end-to-end in a line to form a single path through
which current can flow:

The basic idea of a “parallel” connection, on the other hand, is

that all components are connected across each other’s leads.
In a purely parallel circuit, there are never more than two sets
of electrically common points, no matter how many
components are connected. There are many paths for current
flow, but only one voltage across all components: