APPLICATIONS OF WALLIS THEOREM

Mihály Bencze1, Florentin Smarandache2

1
Department of Mathematics, Áprily Lajos College, Braşov, Romania;
Chair of Department of Math & Sciences, University of New Mexico,
2

Gallup, NM 87301, USA

Abstract: In this paper we present theorems and applications of Wallis theorem

related to trigonometric integrals.

Let’s recall Wallis Theorem:

Theorem 1. (Wallis, 1616-1703)
π π
2 2
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ...⋅ (2n)
∫ sin xdx = ∫ cos xdx =
2n +1 2n+1
.
0 0
1⋅ 3⋅ ...⋅ (2n + 1)
Proof: Using the integration by parts, we obtain
π π
2 2 π

I n = ∫ sin 2n +1
xdx = ∫ sin x sin xdx = − cos x ⋅ sin 2nx
2
2n
0
+
0 0
π
2

( )
+2n ∫ sin 2n +1 x 1 − sin 2 x dx = 2nI n−1 − 2nI n
0
from where:
2n
In = I n −1 .
2n + 1
By multiplication, we obtain the statement.
We prove in the same manner for cos x .

Theorem 2.
π π
2 2
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2n − 1) π
∫ sin xdx = ∫ cos xdx = ⋅ .
2n 2n

0 0
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2n) 2
Proof: Same as the first theorem.

∞
Theorem 3. If f (x) = ∑ a2 k x 2 k , then
k=0
π π
2 2
π π ∞
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k − 1)
∫ f (sin x)dx = ∫ f (cos x)dx =
2
a0 +
2
∑a 2k
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k)
.
0 0 k =1

1
 ∞
Proof: In the function f (x) = ∑ a2 k x 2 k we substitute x by sin x and then
k=0
π
integrate from 0 to , and we use the second theorem.
2
∞
Theorem 4. If g(x) = ∑ a2 k +1 x 2 k +1 , then
k=0
π π
2 2 ∞
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k)
∫ g(sin x)dx = ∫ g(cos x)dx =a + ∑ a
0 0
1
k =1
2 k +1
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k + 1)
.
∞
Theorem 5. If h(x) = ∑ ak x k , then
k=0
π π
2 2
π ∞
⎛π 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k − 1)
∫ h(sin x)dx = ∫ h(cos x)dx = a0 +a1 + ∑ ⎜ a2 k +
0 0
2 ⎝
k =1 2 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k)
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2 k ) ⎞
+ a2 k +1 .
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2 k + 1) ⎟⎠
Application 1.
π π
2 2 ∞
1
∫ sin(sin x )dx = ∫ sin(cos x )dx =∑ (−1)
k

0 0 k=0 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2 k + 1)2

2 2

x 2 k +1
∞
Proof: We use that sin x = ∑ (−1) . k

k=0 (2k + 1)!

Application 2.
π π
2 2
π (−1)k
∞

∫ cos(sin x )dx = ∫ cos(cos x )dx = ∑

2 k = 0 4 k ( k !)2
.
0 0

∞
x2k
Proof: We use that cos x = ∑ (−1)k .
k=0 (2k)!
Application 3.
π π
2 2 ∞
1
∫ sh(sin x )dx = ∫ sh(cos x )dx =∑ 1
0 0 k=0
2
⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2 k + 1)2
2
.

∞
x 2 k +1
Proof: We use that shx = ∑
k = 0 (2k + 1)!

Application 4.

2
 π π
2 2
π ∞
1
∫ ch(sin x )dx = ∫ ch(cos x )dx = 2
∑4 k
( k !)2
.
0 0 k=0
∞ 2k
x
Proof: We use that chx = ∑ .
k = 0 (2k)!

Application 5.
∞
1 π2
∑ k2 6
k =1

1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k − 1) x 2 k +1
∞
Proof: In the expression of arcsin x = x + ∑ we substitute x
k =1 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2 k )(2k + 1)

π2 ∞ 1
by sin x , and use theorem 4. It results that =∑ .
8 k = 0 (2k + 1)2
Because:
∞
1 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
∑ k 2 ∑ (2k + 1)2 4 ∑ k 2
= +
k =1 k=0 k =1
we obtain:
∞
1 π
∑ k2 = 6 .
k =1
Application 6.
π π
2 2
π π ∞
Bk
∫ sin x ctg( sin x)dx = ∫ cos x ctg( cos x)dx = 2
−
2
∑ (k !)
k =1
2
0 0

where Bk is the k-th Bernoulli type number (see [1]).

∞
4 k Bk 2 k
Proof: We use that xctgx = 1 − ∑ x .
k =1 (2k)!
Application 7.
π π
2 2 ∞
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k)
∫ arctg(sin x)dx = ∫ arctg(cos x)dx = 1 +∑ (−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)
k
2
.
0 0 k =1

x 2 k +1 ∞
Proof: We use that arctgx = ∑ (−1) . k

k=0 2k + 1
Application 8.
π π
2 2 ∞
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k )
∫ arg th(sin x)dx = ∫ arg th(cos x)dx = 1 +∑
0 0 k =1 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)
2
.

∞
x 2 k +1
Proof: We use that arg th x = ∑ .
k = 0 2k + 1

3
 Application 9.
π π
2 2 ∞
1
∫ arg sh(sin x)dx = ∫ arg sh( cos x)dx = ∑ (−1) .
k

0 0 k =1 (2k + 1)2
1⋅ 3 ⋅ ...⋅ (2k − 1)x 2 k +1
∞
Proof: We use that arg shx = ∑ (−1) k
.
k=0 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ...⋅ (2k)(2k + 1)

Application 10.
π π
2 2
22 k −1 (4k − 1) Bk
∞

∫0 tg( sin x)dx = ∫0 tg( cos x)dx = ∑

k =1 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2k − 1) k
2 2 2
.

∞
2 2 k (4 k − 1)Bk 2 k −1
Proof: We use that tg x = ∑ x .
k =1 (2k)!

Application 11.
π π
2
sin x 2
cos x π ∞ 2 2 k −1 − 1 B
( )
∫0 sin(sin x) dx = ∫0 sin(cos x) dx = 2 + π ∑
k
2k 2
k =1 2 (k!)

Proof: We use that

x
= 1 + 2∑
∞ 2 2 k −1 − 1 B
k 2k
x .
( )
sin x k =1 (2k)!

Application 12.
π π
2
sin x 2
cos x π ∞ 2 2 k −1 − 1 B
( )
∫0 sh(sin x) dx = ∫0 sh(cos x) dx = 2 + π ∑
k
2k 2
.
k =1 2 (k!)

Proof: We use that

x ∞
= 1 + 2∑ (−1) k
2 2 k −1 − 1 Bk 2 k
x .
( )
shx k =1 (2k)!
Application 13.
π π
2 2
π ∞
Ek
∫ sec(sin x)dx = ∫ sec(cos x)dx = + π∑ ,
2 k +1
0 0
2 k =1 2 (k!)2
where Ek is the k-th Euler type number (see [1]).
∞
Ek 2 k
Proof: We use that sec x = 1 + ∑ x
k =1 (2k)!
Application 14.
π π
2 2
π ∞
Ek
∫ sec h(sin x )dx = ∫ sec h(cos x )dx = + π ∑ (−1)k 2 k +1
.
0 0
2 k =1 2 ( k !)2
∞
Ek 2 k
Proof: We use that sec h x = 1 + ∑ (−1)k x .
k =1 (2k)!

4
REFERENCES

[1] Octav Mayer – Theoria funcţiilor de o variabilă complexă – Ed.

Academiei, Bucharest, 1981.
[2] Mihály Bencze – About Taylor formula – (manuscript).

[Published in “Octogon”, Vol. 6, No. 2, 117-120, 1998.]