PS 108 | Introduction to International Relations

KEY PLAYERS
1. State to State Relation

S S Acts Resources

Elements
2. State to MNC’s/ TNC’s (Multinational/ Transnational
Corporations) – Foreign Direct Investors of

Power
S
Responses
3. State to IGO (International Government Organizations)
 Global: UNO
 Regional: ASEAN, APEC A means;
goals
S

4. State to INGO (International Non-Government

Organizations)
Based on
Resources
S A relationship
POWER
and a process
5. Multinational Corporation to Multinational Corporation -
Trade Wars (US – China)

6. IGO – IGO Can be

measured

7. INGO – INGO Quota Control

 Import limitation, parameter; quantity

Tariff

8. MNC – INGO  Import tax

THE CAPACITY TO CONTROL BEHAVIOR

1. Influence
 A mean to an end.
9. IGO – MNC 2. Resources
 Any physical or mental object or quality or avail as an
instrument of inducement to persuade, reward,
threaten or punish.
3. Relationship
4. Power as Quantity; Power is Relative

Foreign Policy BASIS IN FORMULATING POLICY AND STRATEGY

 A form of communication intended to change or sustain 1. Plan

the behavior of those upon whom the acting government is 2. Relationship and Process
3. Resources
dependent for achieving its own goods.
4. B’s probable response
 Sum total of a state’s relations with the external
5. Cost of taking actions
environment.

Power
MODELS OF INFLUENCE
 The general capacity of a state to control behavior of
1. The exercise of influence
others

Influence
A B A Influence B
To do x
 PS 108 | Introduction to International Relations

To do x  In some instances, the credibility of a government is not

very high, and the state B before complying with A’s
2. Influence is multilateral wishes, may insist that A is actually give the reward in
advance
Influences
A B  Frequently, in armistice negotiation neither side will
Influences unilaterally take steps to demilitarize an area ore
demilitarize troops until the other shows evidence of
To do y
To do x complying with the agreements.

4. Threat of punishment
3. There is a type of relationship that involves anticipated reaction. a. Positive threats
 State A threatens to increase tariffs or
 Power and influence may be measured by scholars;
institutes trade boycott or embargo against
Perceptions of Influence and capabilities.
B.
 Hard Power
b. Threats of deprivation
 Soft Power
 State A threatens to withdraw foreign aid or
 Negative Power or deterrence
in other way withhold reward or other
 Resources advantage that it readily grants to B.
 Mobilized in support if the acts taken to influence state 5. Infliction of non – violent punishment
 In this situation, threats are carried out in the hope of
B’s behavior.
altering B’s behavior which, in most cases, could not be
altered by other means.
MEASUREMENT OF RESOURCES – HANS MONGENTHOU  Problem
(HARD POWER INDICATOR) o It often results in reciprocal measures by the
other state, thus inflicting damages on both, and
Indicators of a Nation’s Power Do not measure a not necessarily bringing about a desired state
state’s power or affair.
 Production of iron ore, coal &
influence  Soft Power
hydroelectricity  American English (Universal Language)
 Economic growth rates  US Dollar (Universal Currency)
 Education levels  Culture
 Population growth rates  Education
 Military resources
 Transportation Systems EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Only its potential
 Sources of Raw Material TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
capacity to wage
 Rare Earth Materials (1648)
war.
Napoleon Bonaparte
(World System)
 Capability  Sovereignty
 Is always the capacity to do something  Diplomacy
 Its assessment is most meaningful
 Negotiations
 Alliances
VARIABLE AFFECTING EXERCISE OF INFLUENCE

1. Distinction between a state’s overall capabilities and the

relevance of resources. CONGRESS OF VIENNA
2. Needs between the two countries.
3. Level of technical expertise.  Multilateral
4. Two small sates of approximately equal capabilities make  Concert of Europe
similar demands upon a “major” power and neither of the small  Institutionalization of Diplomacy
states is dependent upon the larger state – vice versa.  Europe’s Hegemon and Alliance
5. The empherneral quality of responsiveness (transient,
momentary)

HOW INFLUENCE IS EXERCISED

1. Persuasion WORLD WAR I

 Simply initiating or discussing a proposal with other eliciting (1914 - 1919)
favorable response without explicitly holding out the
possibility of rewards or punishment.  League of Nations
 One cannot always assume that the exercise of influence is  “Balance of Power”
always against the wishes of others and that there are only
two possible outcomes of the act either favoring A or B.

2. The offer of rewards WORLD WAR II

 This is the situation where A promises to do something (1914 - 1919)
favorable to B if and only if it comply to the wishes of A.
 Balance of Power
United Nations Organization
3. Granting of rewards  “Collective Security”
 PS 108 | Introduction to International Relations

 An equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent  Open inhabited island

one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering  Government
with the interests of another.  An institution that formulates and carries out the will of
 This refers to the process by which counterbalancing the state
coalitions (alliances) have repeatedly been formed in  Sovereignty
history to prevent one state from conquering an entire  Supreme will or power of the state to command and
region. enforce obedience into all

WAYS IN PURSUING BALANCE OF POWER

MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
1. Policy of alliances
2. Armaments increase or race 1. Discovery and Occupation
 1986 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 2. Cession
o Prohibits the transfer of nuclear weapons  By gift
 By purchase
and production technologies to non-nuclear
3. Avulsion
weapons states
 Drastic/ sudden or abrupt change/s in the territory
 Equilibrium Model
 Balancing the power of major powers
 Balancing of power systems

POST – NAPOLEONIC PERIOD (1815 – 1914)

 Concert of Europe
 Four powers of Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia dominated
and they constructed a post Napoleonic political order
(after Napoleon’s final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo,
Belgium on June 18, 1815)
 First goal is to establish a new balance of power in Europe.
 Ruled by a central coalition
 Containing conflict from escalating to war
 Still allowed subtle jockeying and competition between the
major states.

 World War I
 Triple Entente [UK, France, Russia (Allies)]
 Triple Alliance [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Central
Powers)]
 League of Nations

 World War II
 Dictatorship of Germany, Japan, Italy (Axis Forces)
 UK, US, France, Russia (Allied Forces)

CRITIQUES OF BALANCE OF POWER

1. Contradictory
 States are urged to increase their power at the same
time seeking preponderance of power told to oppose
anyone
2. Accurate, timely information about other states
3. Problems determining the strength of adversaries and the
trustworthiness of allies; worst case analysis
4. Risk averse
5. Not been effective; there were nuclear proliferation

 States can increase mutual strength, deter attack, defend

themselves:
1. Help reduce costs
2. Exerting leverage
3. Acquiring benefits; overseas bases and support
facilities

 Arms Control
1. Direct opposition
2. Competition (kaleidoscope of overlapping alliances)
 Collective Security
 Is a device of crisis which postulates a commitment
 Terra Nullius