PS 108 | Introduction to International Relations

KEY PLAYERS
1. State to State Relation

S S Elements

2. State to MNC’s/ TNC’s (Multinational/ Transnational of

Corporations) – Foreign Direct Investors Power

S Responses

3. State to IGO (International Government Organizations)

A means;
 Global: UNO
goals
 Regional: ASEAN, APEC

4. State to INGO (International Non-Government

Organizations)
Based on A relationship
Resources POWER
and a process
S

5. Multinational Corporation to Multinational Corporation -

Trade Wars (US – China)

Can be
6. IGO – IGO measured

Quota Control

7. INGO – INGO  Import limitation, parameter; quantity

Tariff

 Import tax

8. MNC – INGO THE CAPACITY TO CONTROL BEHAVIOR

1. Influence
 A mean to an end.
2. Resources
 Any physical or mental object or quality or avail as an
9. IGO – MNC
instrument of inducement to persuade, reward,
threaten or punish.
3. Relationship
4. Power as Quantity; Power is Relative

BASIS IN FORMULATING POLICY AND STRATEGY

Foreign Policy 1. Plan
2. Relationship and Process
 A form of communication intended to change or sustain the
3. Resources
behavior of those upon whom the acting government is
4. B’s probable response
dependent for achieving its own goods.
5. Cost of taking actions
 Sum total of a state’s relations with the external
environment.
MODELS OF INFLUENCE
Power
1. The exercise of influence
 The general capacity of a state to control behavior of others

Influence
A B
To do x A Influence B
To do x
 PS 108 | Introduction to International Relations

2. Influence is multilateral 3. Granting of rewards

 In some instances, the credibility of a government is not very
Influences high, and the state B before complying with A’s wishes, may
A B insist that A is actually give the reward in advance
 Frequently, in armistice negotiation neither side will
To do y unilaterally take steps to demilitarize an area ore demilitarize
To do x troops until the other shows evidence of complying with the
agreements.
3. There is a type of relationship that involves anticipated reaction.
4. Threat of punishment
 Power and influence may be measured by scholars; a. Positive threats
Perceptions of Influence and capabilities.  State A threatens to increase tariffs or
 Hard Power institutes trade boycott or embargo against B.
 Soft Power b. Threats of deprivation
 Negative Power or deterrence  State A threatens to withdraw foreign aid or
in other way withhold reward or other
 Resources advantage that it readily grants to B.
 Mobilized in support if the acts taken to influence state 5. Infliction of non – violent punishment
B’s behavior.  In this situation, threats are carried out in the hope of altering
B’s behavior which, in most cases, could not be altered by
other means.
MEASUREMENT OF RESOURCES – HANS MONGENTHOU
 Problem
(HARD POWER INDICATOR)
o It often results in reciprocal measures by the other
state, thus inflicting damages on both, and not
Indicators of a Nation’s Power Do not measure necessarily bringing about a desired state affair.
a state’s power  Soft Power
 Production of iron ore, coal &
or influence  American English (Universal Language)
hydroelectricity
 Economic growth rates  US Dollar (Universal Currency)
 Education levels  Culture
 Education
 Population growth rates
 Military resources EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
 Transportation Systems Only its potential
 Sources of Raw Material capacity to wage TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
 Rare Earth Materials war. (1648)
Napoleon Bonaparte
(World System)
 Capability
 Sovereignty
 Is always the capacity to do something
 Diplomacy
 Its assessment is most meaningful
 Negotiations
 Alliances
VARIABLE AFFECTING EXERCISE OF INFLUENCE

1. Distinction between a state’s overall capabilities and the

relevance of resources. CONGRESS OF VIENNA
2. Needs between the two countries.
3. Level of technical expertise.  Multilateral
4. Two small sates of approximately equal capabilities make similar  Concert of Europe
demands upon a “major” power and neither of the small states is  Institutionalization of
dependent upon the larger state – vice versa. Diplomacy
5. The empherneral quality of responsiveness (transient,  Europe’s Hegemon and
momentary) Alliance

HOW INFLUENCE IS EXERCISED

1. Persuasion
 Simply initiating or discussing a proposal with other eliciting WORLD WAR I
favorable response without explicitly holding out the (1914 - 1919)
possibility of rewards or punishment.
 One cannot always assume that the exercise of influence is  League of Nations
always against the wishes of others and that there are only  “Balance of Power”
two possible outcomes of the act either favoring A or B.

2. The offer of rewards

 This is the situation where A promises to do something WORLD WAR II
(1914 - 1919)
favorable to B if and only if it comply to the wishes of A.
 United Nations Organization
 “Collective Security”
 PS 108 | Introduction to International Relations

 Balance of Power  Collective Security

 An equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent  Is a device of crisis which postulates a commitment
one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering  Terra Nullius
with the interests of another.  Open inhabited island
 This refers to the process by which counterbalancing  Government
coalitions (alliances) have repeatedly been formed in history  An institution that formulates and carries out the will of
to prevent one state from conquering an entire region. the state
 Sovereignty
WAYS IN PURSUING BALANCE OF POWER  Supreme will or power of the state to command and
1. Policy of alliances enforce obedience into all
2. Armaments increase or race
 1986 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
o Prohibits the transfer of nuclear weapons and
production technologies to non-nuclear 1. Discovery and Occupation
weapons states 2. Cession
 By gift
 Equilibrium Model  By purchase
 Balancing the power of major powers 3. Avulsion
 Balancing of power systems  Drastic/ sudden or abrupt change/s in the territory

POST – NAPOLEONIC PERIOD (1815 – 1914)

 Concert of Europe
 Four powers of Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia dominated
and they constructed a post Napoleonic political order (after
Napoleon’s final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium on
June 18, 1815)
 First goal is to establish a new balance of power in Europe.
 Ruled by a central coalition
 Containing conflict from escalating to war
 Still allowed subtle jockeying and competition between the
major states.

 World War I
 Triple Entente [UK, France, Russia (Allies)]
 Triple Alliance [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Central
Powers)]
 League of Nations

 World War II
 Dictatorship of Germany, Japan, Italy (Axis Forces)
 UK, US, France, Russia (Allied Forces)

CRITIQUES OF BALANCE OF POWER

1. Contradictory
 States are urged to increase their power at the same
time seeking preponderance of power told to oppose
anyone
2. Accurate, timely information about other states
3. Problems determining the strength of adversaries and the
trustworthiness of allies; worst case analysis
4. Risk averse
5. Not been effective; there were nuclear proliferation

 States can increase mutual strength, deter attack, defend

themselves:
1. Help reduce costs
2. Exerting leverage
3. Acquiring benefits; overseas bases and support
facilities

 Arms Control
1. Direct opposition
2. Competition (kaleidoscope of overlapping alliances)