Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Questions
Questions
Key points:
• Momentum and impulse
• Condition for conservation of momentum and why
• How to solve collision problems
• Centre of mass
Ref: 9-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Page 1
Momentum is a vector:
tf
where J Fdt Favet is called the impulse of force F .
ti (area under the F-t curve)
Impulse-momentum principle : The net impulse on an object is
equal to the change in momentum of the object.
J p
Example 9-1: Force of a tennis serve.
For a top player, a tennis ball may leave the
racket on the serve with a speed of 55 m/s
(about 120 mi/h). If the ball has a mass of
0.060 kg and is in contact with the racket for
about 4 ms (4 x 10-3 s), estimate the average
force on the ball.
[Solution]
J Favet p x
p mv 0
Fave
t t
0.06 55
0.004
800 ( N )
i-clicker question 14-1
A 0.140-kg baseball is dropped from rest. It has a speed of
1.20 m/s just before it hits the ground. It rebounds with a
speed of 1.00 m/s. The ball is in contact with the ground
for 0.0140 s. What is the average force exerted by the
ground on the ball during that time?
A) 2.00 N
x
B) 10.00 N F t p
C) 22.0 N Fx t p x
D) 24.0 N
p x m( v fx vix )
E) 12.0 N Fx
t t
0.1401.00 ( 1.20 )
0.014
22 ( N )
MasteringPhysics Assignment #6
Impulse-Momentum Theorem, Part I
• Consider a particle of mass m=5.00kg moving along the x axis. It is
at rest at t=0.00 sec. A varying force F(t)=6.00t2-4.00t+3.00 is
acting on the particle between t=0.00 sec and t=5.00sec. Find the
speed v of the particle at t=5.00 sec.
J p p f pi m( v f vi ) mv f x
t2
J Fdt
t1
t2 5
J x Fx dt 6t 2 4t 3 dt 2t 3 2t 2 3t
5
0
t1 0
2( 5 )3 2( 5 )2 3( 5 ) 2( 0 )3 2( 0 )2 3( 0 )
215 ( N S )
Jx 215
v fx 43 ( m / s )
m 5
Many-body System
F12
Two students pulling each other on ice. 1 2
Internal forces: F12 and F21 .
External forces: F21
m1 g , m2 g , FN1 and FN1
dp1 dp2
Newton’s law: m1 g FN 1 F12 , m2 g FN 2 F21
dt dt
Adding the two equations
dp1 dp2
m1 g FN 1 m2 g FN 2 F12 F21
dt dt
dP
Fext Fint dt . P is the total momentum of the system
Since the internal forces always cancel, F21 F12 , Fint 0
dP
Fext
dt
(only external forces can change the total momentum)
Demo
Conservation of Momentum
dP
When Fext 0, 0, i.e., P cons tan t
dt
1 m2 mM
Eliminate v : v 2 ( m M )gh , v 2 gh
2 mM m
Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions
Example 9-13: Proton-proton collision.
A proton traveling with speed 8.2 x 105 m/s collides elastically with
a stationary proton in a hydrogen target. One of the protons is
observed to be scattered at a 60°angle. At what angle will the
second proton be observed, and what will be the velocities of the
two protons after the collision?
Elastic collision: mA mB m
1 2 1 1
mvA mvA2 mvB2
2 2 2
i .e., v A2 vA2 vB2 (1)
Conservation of momentum:
mv A mv A mvB , i .e., v A v A vB ,
3 unknowns : vA , vB , B .
x : v A vA cos A vB cos B (2)
3 equations : (1), (2), (3).
y : 0 vA sin A vB sin B (3)
i-clicker question 14-3
A car with a mass of 1200 kg and a speed of 12 m/s heading north
approaches am intersection. At the same time, a minivan with a
mass of 1300 kg and speed of 24 m/s heading east is also
approaching the intersection. The car and the minivan collide and
stick together. Consider the total momentum and the total kinetic
energy of the two vehicles before and after the collision.
WhatA.is the
Both velocity of momentum
the total the wreckedand
vehicles just after
total kinetic the collision?
energy are
conserved.
Hit and stick: vC vV vR
B. The total momentum is conservedbut the total ykinetic (N)
Conservation
energyof momentum:
is not conserved.pC pV PR
C. Neither the total momentum nor the total kinetic energy is
PR conserved.
mV vV mC vC 34400 ( kg m / s )
2 2
In general,
mA x A mB xB mA y A mB yB
xCM , yCM ,
mA mB mA mB
Exercise 9-15: Three particles in
2-D.
Three particles, each of mass
2.50 kg, are located at the
corners of a right triangle
whose sides are 2.00 m and 1.50
m long, as shown. Locate the
center of mass.
[Solution]
m A x A mB xB mC xC m A y A mB y B mC yC
xCM yCM
m A mB mC m A mB mC
x A xB xC ( m A mB mC ) y A y B yC
1 1
3 3
0 2.0 2.0 0 0 1.5
1 1
3 3
1.33 ( m ) 0.50 ( m )
Example 9-17: CM of L-shaped flat object.
Determine the CM of the uniform thin L-shaped object shown.
[Solution] The object consists of two
rectangular parts: A and B, whose
centres of mass are (xA, yA) and (xB, yB).
x A 1.03m, y A 0.10m
xB 1.96m, yB 0.74m
mA t( 2.06 0.20 )
0.412 t ( density , t thickness )
mB t( 1.48 0.20 ) 0.296t
The sum of all the forces acting on a system is equal to the total
mass of the system multiplied by the acceleration of the center of
mass: