GEO3101: ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY MEASUREMENTS

Coursework
Submission date : 14th October 2019
Instructions: Each group of two persons should attempt one Question but should
take interest in other questions.
Question one
(a) Question 2-7 page 29 from the reference book Analysis and adjustment of survey
measurements by Edward M. Mikhail and Gordon Gracie. [10marks]
(b) Derive a Jacobian matrix using several variables, y1, y2............ each function is set of
independent (observed) variables, x1, x2................. [10marks]

Question Two
(a) Explain the concept of ‘linearization’ in adjustment of survey measurements. [05marks]
(b) The figure below shows a level network in which A is a benchmark with known elevation of
150.610m. The following differences in elevations are observed using a direct leveling
procedure.
A B

C
D
From To Difference in level
A B -86.72
B C 142.18
C D 32.47
D A -87.75
A C 55.34
Compute the adjusted elevations of B, C and D using the method of LSA by indirect
observations employing Cholesky’s decomposition method, assuming the measured differences
in elevations are uncorrelated and have equal weight. (15marks)

QUESTION Three
A straight line y = ax + b, must be fitted through three points. The following data is provided:
point x(cm) y(cm) σx2(cm2) σy2(cm2)
1 1.00 2.20 0.04 0.01
2 3.00 3.00 0.04 0.08
3 4.00 4.00 0.04 0.08
The observed quantities x and y are assumed uncorrelated. Find the least squares estimates of the
two parameters a, and b using the method of general least squares. (20marks)

Question Four:
Distances AB, BC, CD, AC and BD are measured using EDM equipment. The observed values
are 100.00m, 100.00m, 100.08m, 200.04m and 200.00m, respectively. All measurements are
uncorrelated and have the same precision. If the measured values are adjusted in accordance with
least squares principle, what is the resulting adjusted distance between A and D? [20marks]

Question Five:
A and B are horizontal control points spaced 100.0m apart. A third point, C, is to be located
along a line normal to AB. Two measurements are made;
Distance AC: l1 =131.2m; angle at A: l2 = 40020’00’’

The standard deviation of l1 is 0.005m; the standard deviation of l2 is 21’’. The two observations
are uncorrelated. Calculate the least squares estimate of the distance between B and C, assuming
distance AB is errorless. [20marks]

Question Six
Assume that the coordinates of a point P is to be determined and for this reason three
sides S1, S2 and S3 from triangulation points A, B and C were measured.

S1
S2
B
P(X, Y)
S3
C
The observed distances were
S1 = 11470.986 ± 0.197m, S2 = 1756.229 ±0.171m and S3 = 7428.289±0.187m
The coordinates of the triangulation point A, B and C area
point Easting (m) Northing(m)
A 1627151.72 236893.71
B 1637700.81 239725.80
C 1644148.94 237852.96
Given the reference variance is 0.197m²
Form the normal equations in the form N∆ = t. [20marks]
Question Seven
Question 2-13 and Question 2-14 page 30 from the reference book Analysis and adjustment of
survey measurements by Edward M. Mikhail and Gordon Gracie. [20marks]