HALAL FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRITY:

FROM A LITERATURE REVIEW TO A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Mohd Hafiz Zulfakar, School of Business IT & Logistics, RMIT University, Melbourne,
Australia
(61 4) 52175225, hafiz.zulfakar@rmit.edu.au
Ferry Jie, School of Business IT & Logistics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
(61 3) 99255812 ferry.jie@rmit.edu.au
Caroline Chan, School of Business IT & Logistics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
(61 3) 99355808 caroline.chan@rmit.edu.au

ABSTRACT

The image of the Halal food industry has been tarnished due to increasing number of fraudulent
Halal certification and physical contamination of Halal food products. Halal food consumers are
now starting to question the authenticity and integrity of the Halal foods that they consumed
especially that came from the non-Muslim majority countries. The main purpose of this paper is
to provide a literature review on Halal food supply chain management and issues pertaining to
Halal integrity, taking into account academic and industry publications published in the last ten
years. This paper will also provide the conceptual framework on the study regarding factors
affecting Halal food supply chain integrity such as traceability, asset specificity, quality
assurance and trust and commitment.

Keywords: Halal Food Supply Chain, Halal Integrity, Literature review, Conceptual
Framework

INTRODUCTION

For the past few years, there is a significant growing demand of Halal products, both from the
Muslim and non-Muslim communities from all over the world. Products ranging from meats and
poultry, manufactured foods and pharmaceutical products are heavily demanded not only from
Muslim countries, but also from Muslim populated countries, whether it is a majority or minority

-1-
populated such as countries in Europe and South America. In fact, the demand from non-Muslim
communities is also increasing [2] [4] [10] [13] [21] [38] [51] [36].

In the year 2010, the Halal food market makes up about 16% of the world food trade and is
estimated to be worth more than USD500 billion a year [42] [44] [52] [53]. Two main reasons
contributing to this market growth are massive agricultural production by exporting countries
and greater purchasing power among Muslim consumers in the importing countries [50]. Besides
that, the recent rising trend of people choosing healthier lifestyle especially with regards to the
foods that they consumed has put Halal food products, already known of its clean and unharmful
ingredients, in the spotlight. Thus, Halal food has the potential to a wider market of world
population, not only for the Muslim consumers.

Halal food consumers especially from the Muslim population are now more aware and have
better education in their daily food consumption purchasing. They do not only concern about the
food ingredients whether it is Halal or not, but also curious about all the activities involved along
the supply chain whether the products that they purchased were truly Halal all the way [14] [28].

Their concerns are valid as most food products are now sourced from various part of the world. It
is not only because of the distance and number of transit handling the foods have to travel but
also whether authenticity of the Halal status from the product origin itself is also in question.

The question here is whether the Halal integrity of the food products can really be guaranteed
and can the food products remain Halal, throughout the whole supply chain process in the
present food trade scenario. This has further trigger rising interest in Halal food supply chain
management, both from the academic and corporate perspective.

The literature in the field of Halal food supply chain management is still limited in quantity,
especially from the peer-reviewed publications. Most of the articles are found from the Halal
Journal (the only trade magazine, published bi-monthly, in the field of Halal industry so far, and
the most referred in the academic paper publications), newspaper articles and internet
publications. No major reviews of the field have been presented in the academic publication.

Among the papers identified in the related search, only one paper so far attempt to review part of
the literature were found. Noordin et al [39] centred their limited review on the Halal
certification systems. The review only included 41 sources related to the Halal industry, of which
is ranging from Halal manual procedures, Halal Malaysian standards, articles from newspapers,
magazines, journals, brochures, slide presentations as well as related Halal related authority
websites in Malaysia. The major limitation of their review is it is only focused to identify the
process, information flows and actors involved in the Halal certification process.

Hence, a literature review was conducted aiming to collect and analyse all relevant publications
in the field of Halal food supply chain management. Based on this process, the major aim of this
paper is to outline the results of a literature review on the field of Halal integrity and Halal food
supply chain management as well as to provide a conceptual framework capturing related past
publications.

-2-
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY

To prepare the groundwork for the subsequent literature review, key terms are defined as follow:

Supply chain management (SCM) is ‘the coordination of production, inventory, location and
transportation among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the best mix of responsiveness
and efficiency for the market being served’ [26]. It also can be defined as the integration of
suppliers, manufacturing, distribution and customers, in which raw materials run from suppliers
to manufacturers who assemble them into finished products and organise delivery into the hands
of customers [30].

Halal in Islam means legal or permitted. Halal can be defined as that which is permitted and
upon which no restriction exists and the doing of which Allah has allowed [7].

Halal food supply chain applies the same principles as conventional supply chain with special
exception on the type of products that are been handled. Halal food supply chain involves the
process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient flow and storage of Halal
certified product from source to the demand point [14]. It can be also referred to the process of
managing the procurement, movement, storage and handling food products through the
organisation and the supply chain in compliance with the general principles of Sharia law [58]
[57].

Integrity, as being defined in the Webster’s New World 3rd Edition, means the quality or state of
being complete; entirety, perfect; and wholeness. In this context, Halal integrity means that the
product remain Halal from the upstream to downstream supply chain, free from any activities
that might breached the Halal status, intentionally or unintentionally.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The search for related publications available was mainly conducted through online databases and
trade magazine. Major databases such as databases provided by Emerald, Elsevier, ProQuest,
Springer and Wiley were used to search related articles. Google Scholar was also used as a tool
to help finds the related articles. Related trade magazines such the Halal Journal magazines and
other magazines related to the food industry were used in this study as the academic papers
published in the subject matter is still limited.

Keywords such as Halal supply chain management, Halal integrity, Halal food industry were
used in the search for the articles. Taking into account the limitations below, the total number of
105 papers was found for this study.

Limitations of the Study

The limitations of this literature reviews study are as followed:

-3-
 1. This analysis aimed only at papers that are written in English. This excludes papers in
other language such as Malay, French, and Dutch language, whereby numerous articles
regarding Halal food industry are published in the foreign languages.
2. Due to the fact of limited of academic publication in the research area of Halal food
industry, other publications were included in the study such as from the trade magazine,
newspapers and book.
3. Publications with technical and science focus such as in the area of Halal food
ingredients, pharmaceutical, animal feeds and in the area of Halal tourism and Halal
finance are excluded in the literature search.
4. There is a possibility that some publications are missing in this study. In reality, it is
difficult to cover all the existing publications related to the Halal food industry.

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS

Distribution across the Type of Publications and Research Theme

The number of literature found during this study comprises 105 papers. The publication year of
articles reviewed ranging from the year 2004 till as recent as 2012. The full list of the articles
reviewed is available in the Appendix section.

The type of publication reviewed according to the type of publication can be divided into six
classifications: Academic journal paper, conference paper, master thesis, book/book chapter,
trade magazine and newspaper; and special report. The summary of the literature according to
the above classification is shown in Table 1 below.

Type of Publication Number of

Paper
(N =105)
Academic Journal Paper 25
Conference Paper 17
Master Thesis 2
Book/book Chapter 2
Trade Magazine and Newspaper 54
Special Report 5

TABLE 1:
Classification of Publication Reviewed

Publications from the trade magazine and newspaper dominated the literature reviews, especially
publication from the Halal Journal magazine published in Malaysia. At present, the Halal Journal
magazine is being considered as the most reliable and comprehensive information regarding the
Halal industry worldwide and is highly cited in any of the present academic publications.

-4-
Dimension of Halal Food Supply Chain

From the publication reviewed, the articles were differentiated into the main themes of the study.
17 different themes have been found and are shown in Table 2. Out of 105 articles reviewed, the
Halal industry market theme dominated the dimension of Halal food supply chain with 35
papers. Even though Halal supply chain/logistics theme is the second most popular theme with
12 publications, only 3 of it came from the journal and conference paper. The publication of
Halal integrity dimension in the journal and conference paper is also limited, despite the fact that
the issue of Halal integrity is widely discussed by within the Halal food industry. The limited
numbers of publication in the research theme of Halal supply chain and Halal integrity show that
there is a significantly huge gap in the body of knowledge.

Type of Publication
Master
Trade Total
Main Theme Journal Conference Thesis/Higher Book/ Book Special
Magazine & Publication
Paper Paper Degree Chapter Report
Newspaper
Research
Halal supply
1 2 1 1 6 1 12
chain/logistics
Halal
2 3 0 0 3 0 8
certification
Halal
2 6 0 0 1 0 9
traceability
Trust in Halal
2 0 0 0 0 0 2
status
Halal industry
3 0 0 0 28 4 35
market
Halal consumer
behavior,
5 3 0 0 2 0 10
perceptions and
awareness
Halal branding 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
Halal quality
2 1 1 0 0 0 4
assurance
Halal standard 0 0 0 0 8 0 8
Halal
competitive 1 1 0 0 2 0 4
strategy
Halal and
information 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
system
Halal
0 0 0 0 2 0 2
slaughtering
Halal education 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
Halal integrity 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
Halal
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
orientation
Halal food
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
hospitality
Halal
0 0 0 1 0 0 1
production
TOTAL 25 17 2 2 54 5 105

TABLE 2:
The Number of Publications Reviewed According To the Publication Main Theme and Publication Type

-5-
Research Methodologies Used In the Literature

Out of the 105 publications reviewed, only 44 publications can be considered as proper research
study. These publications were from the academic journal paper, conference paper and Master
thesis group based from the above classification. Publications that were categorized as
book/book chapter, trade magazine and newspaper; and special report is excluded in this section
of the paper.

Eight research methodologies were used in the publication reviewed: Questionnaire surveys,
interviews, theoretical and conceptual papers, case study, literature reviews, secondary data,
SWOT analysis and modelling papers. Table 3 below shows the assignments of the papers to the
research methodologies.

Number of
Research Methodology
Papers (n=44)
Questionnaire Survey 21
Interviews 2
Questionnaire Survey + Interview 1
Theoretical and conceptual papers 12
Case Study 3
Literature review + interview 1
Secondary Data + Case study 1
SWOT Analysis 1
Modelling paper 2

TABLE 3:
Research Methodologies Employed In the Publication Reviewed

Questionnaire Survey (21 papers) and Theoretical and Conceptual papers (12 papers) are the
most popular research methodology used in the present study related to the Halal industry.
Almost all of the 21 papers that used questionnaire survey as the data collection tools are studies
conducted in relation to the consumer behaviour, perceptions and awareness research theme.
Since the study pertaining to the Halal food supply chain is slowly emerging to mainstream,
conceptual papers on issues relating to Halal traceability and Halal certification are also
increased.

DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Both Halal supply chain management and Halal integrity form the background against which the
literature is conducted. Previous studies have investigated in particular perspective of the Halal
industry mainly in the domain of Halal market industry, Halal food production, Halal
slaughtering and Halal consumer. Most of the studies also are conducted in Muslim majority

-6-
countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and the Middle East whereby the understanding of Halal
matters is already in place, while studies conducted in the non-Muslim majority countries such as
Australia is so limited.

Nevertheless, there is a lack of research until to date being conducted in the area of Halal food
supply chain especially in relation towards factors influencing integrity of the Halal food supply
chain. Based on the three most common Halal food supply chain critical points identified and
developed by Lodhi [34] and other past studies, the following conceptual framework is proposed.
The framework (See Figure 1) will be presented in five parts, which are:
• Halal food supply chain integrity,
• Traceability,
• Assets specificity,
• Quality assurance, and
• Trust and commitment.

Conceptual Framework

Traceability
Halal food supply
Assets specificity
chain integrity
Quality Assurance
Trust & Commitment

FIGURE 1:
A Conceptual Framework of the Factors Influencing the Integrity Of Halal Food Supply
Chain

Halal Food Supply Chain

According to Lodhi [34], there is limited research published on the matter of Halal food supply
chain. He identified that there is a knowledge gap in the issues pertaining to the Halal food
supply chain from the farm to fork.

Lodhi [34] specified that the integral elements of modern halal supply chain are halal control,
halal certification and halal monitoring systems. He also has classified the key stages involved in
the Halal food supply chain which starts with the origin of resource material, followed by
agricultural production system, primary processing, further processing, final processing,
distribution, retail, food service industry and ended with domestic use.

From the literature survey process, most of the scholarly papers found in the Halal industry is
majority focusing on the consumer side especially in the attitude and behaviour field. For

-7-
example, research conducted by Wan Omar, Muhammad and Omar [61] is focusing on the
Muslim consumers’ attitudes towards Halal food products. The study conducted in Kelantan, one
of the states in Malaysia, found out factors such as product ingredients, ownership, marketing
related factors and certified Halal logo have a significant relationship with consumers’ attitude
towards Halal food products while processing factor has no significant relationship with the
consumers’ attitude towards Halal food products.

Besides that, there are also few researches conducted to study the purchasing behaviour of Halal
food products by applying existing theories.

By using the earlier Ajzen’s Theory of Reasoned Action, Suddin, Geoffrey Harvey and Hanudin
[49] conducted a study to test the theory in predicting the intention to choose Halal products
among Malaysian consumers. The results found that attitude and subjective norm factors were
positively related to intention to choose Halal products. However, this study never takes
perceived behaviour control into account as it is the limitations of the theory itself.

On the hand, Shah Alam and Sayuti [8] tried to apply the Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour
in their research theoretical framework. In their study, they have found that all factors in the
Theory of Planned Behaviour, which are attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural
control, have positive and significant influence on Halal food purchasing intention among
consumers in Malaysia.

The above findings are similar with the earlier study conducted by Bonne et al [12] in France.
The study, which is known as the first study that applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour within
a food, religion and migration context found positive personal attitude towards the consumption
of Halal meat, the influence of peers and the perceived control over consuming Halal meat
predict the intention to eat Halal meat among Muslims within a migration population in France.

In order to develop and maintain a well trusted Halal supply chain in the complex and
competitive environment, Lodhi [34] suggests that a complete understanding of the Halal food
supply chain within the context of modern food industry and commence are essential. His view is
also shared by Khan [31] who states that every party in the Halal supply chain needs to be well
versed in order to maintain the Halal integrity of the food product.

Marco Tieman, one of the pioneers and active researcher in the Halal supply chain body of
knowledge, in his recent paper, The Application of Halal in Supply Chain Management: In-
Depth Interviews [59] published in the Journal of Islamic Marketing stated that product and
market characteristics are the important variables in the management of Halal supply chain. He
suggested that currently, there is a need to develop a workable model that is able to describe and
optimize the existing Halal supply chain. According to him, a sustainable Halal supply chain
should be a robust supply chain which strives for a lower vulnerability for Halal contamination.

A recent qualitative study by Omar and Jaafar [42] in Malaysia identified that Halal animal feed,
proper slaughtering and proper segregation are the three most important factors in creating an
effective Halal food supply chain in Malaysia. Out of the three factors found by them, only one

-8-
that is coincide with the common Halal food supply chain critical control points identified by
Lodhi which is the proper segregation factor.

Halal Food Supply Chain Integrity

The foundation of successful Halal industry, regardless of what type of halal products, is the
Halal integrity. Without Halal integrity, there is no Halal market, no Halal industry [18].
Ensuring Halal integrity is the biggest challenge in the Halal industry. Halal integrity offers
reassurance to those of Muslim faith and creates further demand for quality Halal products.

As the Halal products moved upstream and downstream the supply chain, it is important to
ensure that the Halal integrity of that particular product will not be compromised [59]. It is such
a huge challenge to maintain the integrity, because throughout the supply chain, the possibilities
of cross contamination or the tendency of the Halal products to be handled together with non-
Halal products is quite high in the present physical logistics practices. Cross contamination can
happen in various stages of the supply chain movements particularly in these three areas which
are warehousing and storage, transportation, and terminal interchange [56].

As been mentioned earlier, quality control and traceability in the Halal supply chain is highly
sought both from the side of the manufacturers and consumers as the key components towards
ensuring Halal integrity of the Halal food supply chain [55]. The industry players are pushing for
the needs to have a higher quality assurance mean and better traceability process. Quality
assurance and traceability process will help to ensure the integrity status of the Halal food supply
chain is always at its utmost level.

Jaafar [28] argued that while an organisation can have a Halal quality assurance system in
practise, the product Halal integrity is intact as long as the product is still in their custody. Once
the Halal food products move along the supply chain, the quality assurance that has been in place
is as good as the next party that handled the products. If the other party in the supply chain did
not have similar Halal quality assurance program nor do not practise Halal supply chain, the
integrity of the products could not be guaranteed to the consumers.

Therefore, full participation of all stakeholders in the appropriate quality assurance system
within the halal food supply chain is required in order to achieve the integrity of the supply chain
[36] [43].

Traceability

One of the common Halal critical point is the ability to trace the Halal status at every stage of the
supply chain [34] [65]. Traceability is a system that will enable us to possibly trace all the
information related to the product from its origin to the last point of sale before it reached the
consumer [29] [33] [16] [45].

-9-
Halal traceability systems will increase the Halal transparency in the supply chain. It can be used
to trace potentially non-Halal ingredients as well as validate and authenticate that the product is
indeed Halal [29] [36]. This will subsequently lead to the increase of consumer trust on the Halal
industry due to the increased amount of information that the consumer can obtain[65].

From the previous literatures gathered so far, all the researchers agreed that suitable tool needs to
be developed in order to make the Halal traceability process more effective [37] [40] [41] [63].
By manipulating existing information technology platform such as Radio Frequency
Identification Device (RFID), barcode, GSM and internet technology, all the vital particulars
regarding the Halal foods that are being moved along the supply chain can be traced way back to
every stage of handling that the product has been gone through. This is extremely useful when
there is a particular product that is suspected to be no longer Halal or have been cross
contaminated with a non-Halal product. The traceability tool will help identify at which point of
handling that the cross contamination took place.

The above researchers also agreed that the existing tools to validate Halal status are manually
based, lack of security, prone to fraud, incapable of real time monitoring, take longer time to
trace/validate, and not accessible to all group of consumers.

Asset Specificity

Asset specificity refers to any durable investments whether physical or human assets that are
exclusively or dedicated to support a particular transaction or business partner [17] [24] [62].
From the above definition, the term ‘asset specificity’ can be considered similar to the term
‘appropriate storage, transit and equipment’ mentioned by Lodhi in his Halal food supply chain
critical control points.

Lodhi [34], Khan [31] and Talib [53] highlighted the needs for adequate and appropriate
infrastructure to transport, store and market the Halal products; and the necessary training for
organization workforce who deal directly with the Halal products. Traditionally, most of logistics
service providers did not segregate the product whether it is Halal or not. This is simply because
of the reason to achieve economies of scale in their operations cost [54].

Dedicated infrastructures such as transportation fleet, warehouses and storage places, handling
equipments will avoid the possibility of Halal products are being mixed with non-Halal products,
avoid unnecessary human mistake and ensure operations are consistent with the expectations of
the Muslim consumers. Bruil [13] found that consumers in both Malaysia and the Netherlands
preferred the separation of Halal and non-Halal foods in the physical distribution activities.

From the literature gathered so far for this study, many examples from all over the world
especially from the Middle East and South East Asia countries, showed that major players in the
Halal industry have invested in providing dedicated assets for its Halal production operations.
Local, national as well as multinational companies (MNC), have spent enormously to provide
dedicated services and facilities to cater the demand of Halal products. By providing dedicated
- 10 -
services to this group of demand, these companies will try to create a sense of trust and loyalty
from their customer.

As food products move through the supply chain, there are in one of the following three stages:
movement, transformation and storage [56] [57] [58]. Thus, there is a need to ensure that current
infrastructure of these three stages of supply chain are free from the element of cross
contamination, either through providing new facilities or identifying new method to separate the
Halal and non-Halal food products at the same place.

Quality Assurance

One of the means to ensure confidence among Muslim buyers when purchasing Halal food
products is to have the product halal-certified. Beside the Halal traceability system, Halal
certification is the sole identifying mark or document that tells the product has met the necessary
Islamic dietary requirements, or has been proven Halal by the certifying agency [3] [47]. Muslim
consumers actively seek products with Halal certification, not only during their groceries
purchasing activities, but also when they are going to eat at any dining place such as restaurants
and takeaway outlets.

By displaying the Halal certificate or logo, they would know that those particular products have
been prepared in accordance with the Sharia law [1]. In other words, the product is Halal-
compliant and is readily to be consumed without any doubt. According to Riaz [48], ‘Halal
logo/certificate is an authoritative, independent and reliable testimony to support Halal food
claim’. However, to prevent from any abuse or misconduct, the Halal certificate needs to be
issued from a reputable certification organization [48].

Presently, there are no standardised Halal standards in the world. Every country has its own
Halal standards that need to be followed by the Halal players in that particular country. Some
countries, especially non-Muslim countries even have multiple Halal standards due to the
existence of various Halal authorities. This has led to confusion, misunderstanding and even
abuse in the Halal audit and certification process. The then World Halal Forum chairman, Khairy
Jamaluddin, as quoted by Wan Hassan [60] the absence of a global Halal standard have resulted
in the slow growth of Halal industry despite the rising demands for Halal products worldwide.

Variation of the present standard across different organisation is unavoidable due to the different
school of taught in Islam practises. Because of this reason, it is impossible to developed a ‘one-
size-fits-all’ global Halal food standard that can be used by all parties involved in the Halal food
related activities [19]. Abu Omar [5] further elaborates this claim by saying that the success of
achieving a common recognised Halal standard would comprise some compromises on the part
of all certification bodies that had previously been operating based on their own standard.
Though there is different set of standard worldwide, these standards still uphold the Islamic
Sharia compliance.

- 11 -
Certification procedures need to be reengineered and realigned to the reality needs of the market,
reality needs of consumers demand and the reality of the industry itself [18]. Too stringent
procedures will lead to less number of Halal certified products in the market as producers will try
to avoid paying too much for reapplication of certification. Nevertheless, too lenient procedures
will lead the possibility of foods that are not purely Halal is being given Halal certificate.

Among the benefits of having Halal certificate on the product, according to Halal Monitoring
Committee, as quoted by Rajagopal et al. [46] include gaining customer confidence, expanding
existing market and enhancing sales strategies. Rajagopal et al [46] also further claimed that
Halal certification can be used as the new marketing tool to differentiate one’s product from the
other in this highly competitive market. Beside that also, Halal certification removes the Halal
market barrier, increases Halal product range and ensures quality assurance [15]. Hughes [25]
also found out that Halal certification increase the number of potential market that a company
can venture into.

Trust and Commitment

Mutual trust and long term commitment are the integral components of successful supply chain
partnerships [9] [22] [23] [30] [64].

Trust in supply chain partnership can be defined as the willingness to rely on a trading partner in
whom one has confidence [20] [27] [32]. Trust requires transparency between supply chain
partners especially in the aspect of information sharing, most of the time, firms’ guarded
information such as sales volume, production planning and cost and processes information.

In general, commitment refers to the willingness of each partner to exert effort on behalf of a
relationship, normally long term relationships. For example, firm’s commitment in making
specific investment for their trading partner, whether physical or human resource investment.
Studies have showed that by committing such investment, relationship between the supply chain
partners have been improved and eventually enhance future transactions [35].

Tieman [59] in the study has divided Halal supply chain into four phases of which trust is the
fundamental and crucial element in the first (Muslim company) and second (Halal product)
phase. The first phase, according to Tieman, is purely based on trust, whereby the seller who
sells the Halal products has the obligation to God to make sure the products that he sells is in the
Halal state and with this, the buyer will have the confidence that the product that he consumed is
Halal. In the second phase, the trust element is taken place in the form of Halal certification.
Buyer will trust the Halal certification or Halal mark placed on the consumer products or the
seller’s outlet. The certificate or mark issued by the certification body assures the products, its
source and the facility is accordance with the Halal guidelines.

Studies found that Muslim in the European countries would prefer to buy their supply of Halal
meat from the local butchers rather than buying the same products from the mainstream
supermarkets or retailers [11] [12]. Despite the fact that the mainstream supermarkets/retailers

- 12 -
offer higher quality of service and products, the Muslim consumers in France and Belgium
would still buy the Halal meat from their local butchers because of their trust and beliefs that the
local butchers can reassure them that no cross contamination have taken place and the meat is
indeed Halal.

Studies conducted in United Arab Emirates [1] and Canada [6] found that trust is the main factor
in influencing meat purchasing decision among the Muslims and reveal that food producers must
do everything in the production process to meet the Halal specification as a mean to build
customer trust towards the products.

CONCLUSION

Halal food market is huge and lucrative. It is estimated to grow significantly in the next decade.
The Halal food supply chain stakeholders must ensure that there is no contamination,
intentionally or unintentionally, between Halal and non-Halal products. The integrity of the Halal
food can only be protected by ensuring that no direct contact with non-Halal products throughout
the whole supply chain. Contaminated Halal food will eventually lead to wastage and increase in
supply chain cost as the food is no longer consumable by the consumers.

This study is a critical analysis of the existing literatures in the area of Halal supply chain, in
particularly, Halal food supply chain. From this study, a conceptual framework has been
proposed which incorporate factors such as traceability, assets specificity, quality assurance
system and trust and commitment and its relationship towards enhancing the Halal food supply
chain integrity. It also offers other researchers a review of existing literatures regarding Halal
food supply chain, which is yet available so far.

To analyse the relationship between these factors of this conceptual framework, an empirical
approach will be implemented in the next stage of this research project.

Future work might improve this framework by taking a closer look at other factors that can
influence the integrity of Halal supply chain. Such studies might allow specific features to be
investigated in greater detail. Other aspects of research might also be explored in future studies
by other researchers to fill the knowledge gap in this subject matter, such as from the perspective
of the following:
• Halal supply chain performance measurement
• Effects of Halal food supply chain integrity on supply chain performance
• Other type of Halal products, such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals
• Halal transportation, storage and warehousing
• Halal supply chain model
• Single vs Multiple Halal certification authority
• Human resource management in the Halal supply chain industry

- 13 -
 APPENDIX:

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED YEAR 2002 – 2012

A. Academic Journal Paper

No Main Theme Title Author Year

1 Halal supply The application of Halal in supply chain Marco Tieman 2011
chain/ logistics management: In-depth interviews
2 Halal certification Halal certification: Implication for Shambavi Rajagopal 2011
marketers in UAE Sitalakshmi Ramanan
Ramanan Visvanathan
3 Halal certification Simulation of Halal food supply chain with YiHua Lam 2008
certification system: A multi-agent system Saadat M Alhashmi
approach
4 Halal Traceability Halal traceability and Halal tracking Suhaiza Salam 2010
systems in strengthening Halal food supply Zainal Ariffin
chain for food industry in Malaysia (A Nabsiah Abd Wahid
review) Rosly Othman
Yudi Fernando
5 Halal Traceability The users perceptions and opportunities in Azah Anir Norman 2008
Malaysia in introducing RFID system for Mohd Hairul Nizam Md Nasir
Halal food tracking Masliyana Azmi
6 Trust in Halal Kosher in New York City, Halal in Hugh Campbell 2011
Status Aquataine: Challenging the relationship Anne Murcott
between neoliberalism and food auditing Angela Mackenzie
7 Trust in Halal Muslim consumer trust in Halal meat Karijn Bonne 2007
Status status and control in Belgium Wim Verbeke
8 Halal industry Malaysia as international Halal food hub: Pazim Othman 2009
market Competitiveness and potential of meat- Irfan Sungkar
based industries Wan Sabri Wan Hussin
9 Halal industry Positioning Malaysia ad Halal hub: Nik Maheran Nik Muhammad 2009
market Integration role of supply chain strategy Filzah Md Isa
and Halal assurance system Bidin Che Kifli
10 Halal industry Tapping into the world Halal market: Zalina Zakaria 2008
market Some discussions on Malaysia law and
standards
11 Halal orientation Conceptualization on the dimension for Zunirah Talib 2010
Halal orientation for food manufacturers: Suhaiza Zailani
A study in context of Malaysia Yusserie Zainuddin
12 Halal consumer Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior Syed Shah Alam 2011
behavior, (TPB) in Halal food purchasing Nazura Mohamed Sayuti
perceptions and
awareness
13 Halal consumer Non-Muslims’ awareness of Halal Golnaz, R 2010
behavior principles and related food products in Zainalabidin, M
Malaysia Mad Nasir, S
Eddie Chiew, F.C
14 Halal consumer Business opportunities for Halal product in Endang S Soesilowati 2010
behavior the global market: Muslim consumer

- 14 -
 behavior and Halal food consumption
15 Halal consumer Predicting intention to choose Halal Suddin Lada 2009
behavior products using Theory of Reasoned Action Geoffrey Harvey Tanakinjal
Hanudin Amin
16 Halal consumer Determinants of Halal meat consumption Karijn Bonne 2007
behavior in France Iris Vermier
Florence Bergeaud-Blackler
Wim Verbeke
17 Halal Branding Islamic branding: A conceptualization of Baker Ahmad Alserhan 2010
related term
18 Halal Branding Shaping the Halal into a brand? Jonathan A.J Wilson 2010
Jonathan Liu
19 Halal Quality Implementation of MS1500:2009 : A gap Salina Daud 2011
Assurance analysis Rohiyati Che Din
Suzaida Bakar
Mohd Ridzuan Kadir
Noraina Mazuin Sapuan
20 Halal Quality Religious values informing Halal meat Karijn Bonne 2008
Assurance production and the control and delivery of Wim Verbeke
Halal credence quality
21 Halal education Halal studies in universities: A way Hasan Ahmad 2011
forward to manage Halal business Ahmad Fazullah
Abdul Jalil Borham
Husna Hashim
Munira Abd Razak
22 Halal food Halal food in New Zealand restaurants: An Wan Melissa Wan Hassan 2009
hospitality exploratory study Khairil Wahidin Awang
23 Halal and Factors influencing ICT adoption in Halal Mohd Iskandar Illyas Tan 2012
Information transportations: A case study of Malaysian Raziah Noor Razak
System Halal logistics service providers Mohammad Ishak Desa
24 Halal competitive The influences of religious attributes of Hassan, H 2011
strategy Halal products on export marketing Bojei, J
strategy: preliminary findings
25 Halal integrity The influences of Halal integrity on Mohamad, AB 2011
product adaptation strategy for global trade Hassan, H

B. Conference Paper

No Main Theme Title Author Year

1 Halal supply Halal supply chain in the food industry – Harlina Suzana Jaafar 2011
chain/ logistics A conceptual Model Emi Normalina Omar
2 Halal supply Innovation in logistics services – Halal Harlina Suzana Jaafar 2011
chain/ logistics logistics Intan Rohani Endut
Nashruddin Faisol
Emi Normalina Omar
3 Halal certification Challenge of the Halal food certificate for Kiyoto Kurokawa 2010
food marketing – Implications from the
local branding strategy of Thailand
4 Halal certification Value creation of Halal certification Nurulhuda Noordin 2009

- 15 -
 system: A case of the Malaysia Halal Nor Laila Md Noor
industry Mardziah Hashim
Zainal Samicho
5 Halal certification SMEs and Halal certification Mohani Abdul 20008
Hashanah Ismail
Haslina Hashim
Juliana Johari
6 Halal Traceability The design and implementation of Halal Yongsheng Yang 2011
beef wholly quality traceability system Wensing Bao
7 Halal Traceability A conceptual design of genuine Halal logo Sharifah Nurul Wahida Sayed 2011
detector Mohd Albakir
Rosmiwati Mohd-Mokhtar
8 Halal Traceability Tracking and tracing technology for Halal Siti Sarah Mohd Bahrudin 2011
product integrity over the supply chain Mohd Iskandar Illyas
Mohamad Ishak Desa
9 Halal Traceability Stakeholders’ role for an efficient Melatu Samsi, SZ 2011
traceability in Halal industry supply chain Tasnim, R
Ibrahim, O
10 Halal Traceability Consumer acceptance of RFID-enabled Azah Anir Norman 2009
services in validating Halal status Mohd Hairul Nizam Md Nasir
Shukor Sanim Mohd Fauzi
Masliyana Azmi
11 Halal Traceability RFID tag for Halal food tracking in Azah Anir Norman 2009
Malaysia: User Perceptions and Mohd Hairul Nizam Md Nasir
Opportunity
12 Halal consumer Comparative analysis of the Muslims’ and Mir Mohammad Seyed 2010
behavior, non-Muslims’ satisfaction with Halal Danesh
perceptions and products Alireza Chavosh
awareness Mehrzad Nahavandi
13 Halal consumer An analysis of the Muslim consumers’ Wan Marhaini Wan Omar 2008
behavior, attitudes towards Halal food products in Mohd Zainuri Muhammad
perceptions and Kelantan Azman Che Omar
awareness
14 Halal consumer Is Halal products are more expensive as Nuradli Ridzwan Shah Mohd 2008
behavior, perceived by the consumers? Dali
perceptions and Muslimprenuers challenges and
awareness opportunities in establishing a blue ocean
playing field
15 Halal competitive Indonesian Halal agro-industry products Dwi Purnomo 2011
strategy competitiveness development strategy E Gumbira Sa’id
Anas M Fauzi
Khaswar Syamsu
Muhammad Tasrif
16 Halal quality Quality assurance in Halal food Hayati @ Habibah Ab Talib 2008
assurance manufacturing in Malaysia: A preliminary Khairul Anuar Mohd Ali
study Khairur Rijal Jamaludin
17 Halal and Collaboration, Wealth and Value Creation Alfi Khairiansyah Machfud 2011
Information SMEs’ Halal products communities and Abdul Rahman Ahmad Dahlan
system information systems Jawdat Khatib
Abmed Abdulaziz Ahmed

- 16 -
 C. Master Thesis

No Theme Title Author Year

1 Halal supply Halal logistics and the impact of consumer Rudy Bruil 2010
chain/ logistics perceptions
2 Quality Assurance Managing Halal quality in food service Siew Fun Vivienne Song 2007
industry

D. Book/Book Chapter

No Theme Title Author Year

1 Halal supply Understanding Halal food supply chain Azhar-ul-Haq Lodhi 2009
chain/ logistics
2 Halal production Halal food production Mian N Riaz 2004
Muhammad M Chaudry

E. Trade Magazine and Newspaper

No Main Theme Title Author Year

1 Halal supply Halal compliant terminal – Facilitating Marco Tieman 2009
chain/ logistics Imports and Exports
2 Halal supply Halal transportation: the building blocks of Marco Tieman 2009
chain/ logistics Halal transportation system
3 Halal supply Critical control points within the Halal Hani Mansour Mosa Al 2009
chain/ logistics food chain Mazeedi
4 Halal supply Halal storage: A critical success factor of Marco Tieman 2008
chain/ logistics your Halal supply chain
5 Halal supply Effective Halal supply chains – The way Marco Tieman 2007
chain/ logistics forward
6 Halal supply Port of Rotterdam’s Halal venture Halal Journal 2006
chain/ logistics
7 Halal integrity Safeguarding the Halal integrity – Kamarul Aznam 2007
Beginning with yourself Kamaruzaman
8 Halal traceability Halal traceability: The assurance of safety, Japar Khan, FJM 2008
quality and authenticity
9 Halal standard Being Halal in parts – A reality check Tabrez Dean 2010
10 Halal standard A unified Halal standard…finally? Ruzanna Muhammad 2009
11 Halal standard Standardisation: A solution for achieving Ruzanna Muhammad 2009
economic growth in the Muslim world
12 Halal standard The platform for a global Halal standard Abu Omar, Z 2008
13 Halal standard Globalising Halal standards: Issues and Wan Melissa Wan Hassan 2007
Challenges
14 Halal standard Starting with a clean slate: The race to Kamarul Aznam 2007
establish Halal standards in Turkey Kamaruzaman
15 Halal standard The way forward: International Halal Kamarul Aznam 2007
Integrity (IHI) Alliance Kamaruzaman

- 17 -
16 Halal standard Lessons from other alliances around the Irfan Sungkar 2007
world
17 Halal certification Fundamentals of Halal Foods and Mian N Riaz 2010
Certification
18 Halal certification Halal: A growing market with a caveat Scott Casey 2010
19 Halal certification Indonesia: A need for one Halal logo Kamarul Aznam 2006
Kamaruzaman
20 Halal Industry Being Halal in Luxembourg Cedric Raths 2011
Market
21 Halal Industry Halal reached growing market Prepared Foods 2010
Market
22 Halal Industry Buying Muslim Carla Power 2009
Market
23 Halal Industry Winds of Change: Food market trends and Irfan Sungkar 2009
Market the Muslim markets of Europe
24 Halal Industry Rising income and trade patterns of the Irfan Sungkar 2009
Market global Halal meat trade
25 Halal Industry Another Perspective on Halal and the Halal Journal 2009
Market European market
26 Halal Industry The global Halal food industry: Revisited Irfan Sungkar 2009
Market
27 Halal Industry Halal meat imports in GCC Countries Halal Journal 2009
Market
28 Halal Industry The chilled and frozen Halal food market Halal Journal 2009
Market in Malaysia: Structures and potentials
29 Halal Industry Wholly Halal Michelle Knot 2009
Market
30 Halal Industry Halal foods: A large and under-recognised Food Engineering & 2009
Market market Ingredients
31 Halal Industry The global Halal trade trends and issues Irfan Sungkar 2008
Market
32 Halal Industry Opportunities and threat for the Halal Cedomir Nestrovic 2008
Market market in France
33 Halal Industry Market growth with Halal Kerry Hughes 2008
Market
34 Halal Industry The live exports debate Hariz Kamal 2008
Market
35 Halal Industry Halal goes global Carla Power 2008
Market
36 Halal Industry Meeting the Halal test Carla Power 2007
Market Gatsiounis, I
37 Halal Industry Philippines serious about Halal Hazel Hassan Hisham 2007
Market
38 Halal Industry At the cross-roads Abdalhamid Evans 2007
Market
39 Halal Industry Re-branding Halal Ruzanna Muhammad 2007
Market
40 Halal Industry Signposts Abdalhamid Evans 2006
Market
41 Halal Industry The Australian Halal industry: To be or not Zulfikar M Shariff 2006

- 18 -
 Market to be
42 Halal Industry European retailers go Halal Kamarul Aznam 2006
Market Kamaruzaman
43 Halal Industry Malaysian Halal product for Tesco UK Kamarul Aznam 2006
Market Kamaruzaman
44 Halal Industry The true powers of Halal Kamarul Aznam 2006
Market Kamaruzaman
45 Halal Industry Halal, kosher and the USA Kamarul Aznam Kamaruzamn 2006
Market
46 Halal Industry Seizing opportunities in lucrative Halal Zurinna Raja Adam 2006
Market business
47 Halal Industry The Halal market movement 2006
Market
48 Halal consumer Consumer awareness: Thoughts and trends Irfan Sungkar 2010
behavior, across the globe
perceptions and
awareness
49 Halal consumer Muslim awareness of Halal in the age of Irfan Sungkar 2008
behavior, globalisation
perceptions and
awareness
50 Halal competitive Elements of Success in the Halal food Ahmad Al-Absy 2010
strategy business
51 Halal competitive Modern cluster applications for the age-old Marco Tieman 2007
strategy Halal
52 Halal education Developing human resource skills within Kamarul Aznam 2006
the Halal industry Kamaruzaman
53 Halal slaughtering Stunning and Halal: A review of global Sharifah Shazura Syed Salim 2006
practices Agha
54 Halal slaughtering So you want to…slaughter kosher or Halal Caroline Lovell 2006
poultry

F. Special Report

No Theme Title Author Year

1 Halal industry Australian Halal meat report Abdullah Nana 2010
market
2 Halal industry Addressing the Muslim Market: Can you AT Kearney 2007
market afford not to?
3 Halal industry The Canadian Halal meat market study Aitelmaalem H 2005
market Breland P
Reynolds L
4 Halal industry Halal food industry deserves more MIER 2005
market attention
5 Halal supply Halal logistics Nadia Khan 2009
chain/ logistics

- 19 -
 REFERENCES

1. Needs, Behavior, and Attitudes of People in the United Arab Emirates Towards Consuming Thai -
Halal Packaged Food. The Business Review, Cambridge, 2005. 4(1): p. 274-279.
2. Halal Reaches Growing Market. Prepared Foods, 2010. 179(5): p. 100-100.
3. Abdul, M., et al. SMEs and Halal certification. in ECER Regional Conference. 2008. UiTM
Kelantan.
4. Abdul Talib, H.H., K.A. Mohd Ali, and K.R. Jamaludin. Quality Assurance in Halal Food
Manufacturing in Malaysia: A Preliminary Study. in International Conference on Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering (ICME2008). 2008. Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Faculty of Mechanical and
Manufacturing, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM).
5. Abu Omar, Z., The Platform for A Global Halal Standard, in The Halal Journal. 2008, KasehDia
Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
6. Aitelmaalem, H., P. Breland, and L. Reynolds-Zayak, Canadian Halal Meat Market Study. 2005,
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development.
7. Al-Qaradawi, Y., The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. 2007, Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.
8. Alam, S.S. and N.M. Sayuti, Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in halal food
purchasing. International Journal of Commerce & Management, 2011. 21(1): p. 8-20.
9. Anderson, E. and W. Barton, Determinants of Continuity in Conventional Industrial Channel
Dyads. Marketing Science, 1989. 8(4): p. 310-323.
10. Belkhatir, M., S. Bala, and N. Belkhatir. Business process re-engineering in supply chains
examining the case of the expanding Halal industry. 2009. Milan.
11. Bonne, K. and W. Verbeke, Muslim consumer trust in halal meat status and control in Belgium.
Meat Science, 2008. 79(1): p. 113-123.
12. Bonne, K., et al., Determinants of Halal meat consumption in France. British Food Journal, 2007.
109(5): p. 367-386.
13. Bruil, R., Halal logistics and the impact of consumer perceptions, in School of Management and
Governance. 2010, University of Twente: Enschede.
14. Che Man, Y., et al., Malaysia Halal Hub Opportunities, in 4th Asian Livestock & Feed Industry
Conference. 2007.
15. Danesh, M.M.S., A. Chavosh, and M. Nahavandi. Comparative analysis of the Muslims' and non-
Muslims' satisfaction with Halal products. in Advanced Management Science (ICAMS), 2010 IEEE
International Conference on. 2010.
16. Dimitris, F., M. Ioannis, and M. Basil, Traceability data managament for food chains. British Food
Journal, 2006. 108(8): p. 622-633.
17. Erramilli, M.K. and C.P. Rao, Service Firms' International Entry Mode Choice. Journal of
Marketing, 1993(July1993): p. 19-38.
18. Evans, A., At the Cross-Roads, in The Halal Journal. 2007, KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p.
14-15.
19. Evans, A., Towards a Halal Economy: The Power of Values in Global Markets, in The Halal
Journal. 2011, KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. p. 26-28.
20. Ganesan, S. and R. Hess, Dimensions and Levels of Trust: Implications for Commitment to a
Relationship. Marketing Letters, 1997. 8(4): p. 439-448.
21. Golnaz, R., et al., Non-Muslims' awareness of Halal principles and related food product in
Malaysia. International Food Research Journal, 2010. 17: p. 667-674.

- 20 -
22. Gundlach, G. and J. Cannon, “Trust but verify”? The performance implications of verification
strategies in trusting relationships. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2010. 38(4): p.
399-417.
23. Hald, K.S., C. Cordón, and T.E. Vollmann, Towards an understanding of attraction in buyer–
supplier relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 2009. 38(8): p. 960-970.
24. Heide, J.B., Inter-organizational Governance in Marketing Channels. Journal of Marketing,
1994(January 1994): p. 71-85.
25. Hughes, K., Market Growth with Halal. Prepared Foods, 2008. 177(5): p. 129-129.
26. Hugos, M., Essentials of Supply Chain Management. Second Edition ed. 2006, New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
27. Ik-Whan, G.K. and S. Taewon, Trust, commitment and relationships in supply chain management:
a path analysis. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 2005. 10(1): p. 26-33.
28. Jaafar, H.S., et al. Innovation in Logistics Servces: Halal Logistics. in 16th International
Symposium on Logistics (ISL). 2011. Berlin, Germany.
29. Japar Khan, F.J.M., Halal Traceability: The Assurance of Safety, Quality and Authenticity, in The
Halal Journal. 2008, Kasehdia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. p. 46-47.
30. Jie, F., Supply Chain Analysis of the Australian Beef Industry, in Faculty of Rural Management.
2008, University of Sydney: Sydney. p. 344.
31. Khan, N. (2009) Special report: Halal Logistics.
32. Kwon, I.-W.G. and T. Suh, Factors Affecting the Level of Trust and Commitment in Supply Chain
Relationships. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2004. 40(2): p. 4-14.
33. L.U, O., Traceability in agriculture and food supplu chain: A review of basic concepts,
technological implocations and future prospects. Journal of Food, Agrivulture and Environment,
2003. 1(1): p. 101-106.
34. Lodhi, A.-u.-H., Understanding Halal Food Supply Chain. 2009, London: HFRC UK Ltd.
35. Lu, H., J.H. Trienekens, and S.W.F. Omta, Does guanxi matter for vegetable supply chains in
China?A case study approach, in International agri-food chains and networks: Management and
organization, J. Bijman, et al., Editors. 2006, Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen,
The Netherlands. p. 31-47.
36. Melatu Samsi, S.Z., R. Tasnim, and O. Ibrahim, Stakeholders' Role for an Efficient Traceability
System in Halal Industry Supply Chain, in Annuak International Conference on Enterprise
Resource Planning + Supply Chain Management (ERP + SCM 2011). 2011: Penang, Malaysia.
37. Mohd Albakir, S.N.W.S. and R. Mohd-Mokhtar. A conceptual design of genuine Halal logo
detector. in Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. 2011.
38. Nik Muhammad, N.M., F. Md Isa, and B.C. Kifli, Positioning Malaysia as Halal Hub: Integration of
Supply Chain Strategy and Halal Assurance System. Asian Social Science Journal, 2009. 5(7): p.
44-52.
39. Noordin, N., et al. Value Chain of Halal Certification System: A Case of the Malaysia Halal
Industry. in European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems 2009
(EMCIS2009). 2009. Crowne Plaza Hotel, Izmir.
40. Norman, A.A., M.H.N.M. Nasir, and M. Azmi, The users perceptions and opportunities in
Malaysia in introducing RFID system for Halal food tracking. WSEAS Trans. Info. Sci. and App.,
2008. 5(5): p. 843-852.
41. Norman, A.A., et al. Consumer acceptance of RFID-enabled services in validating Halal status. in
Communications and Information Technology, 2009. ISCIT 2009. 9th International Symposium
on. 2009.
42. Omar, E.N. and H.S. Jaafar. Halal supply chain in the food industry - A conceptual model. in
Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA), 2011 IEEE Symposium on. 2011.

- 21 -
43. Per, E., Food product traceability and supply chain network integration. Journal of Business &
Industrial Marketing, 2009. 24(5): p. 421-430.
44. Power, C., Halal goes global. New Statesman, 2008. 137(4900): p. 18-18.
45. Pullman, M. and Z. Wu, Food Supply Chain Management: Economic, Social and Environmental
Perspectives. 2012, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
46. Rajagopal, S., et al., Halal certification: implication for marketers in UAE. Journal of Islamic
Marketing, 2011. 2(2): p. 138-153.
47. Riaz, M. and M. Chaudry, Halal Food Production. 2004, Florida, United States of America: CRC
Press LLC.
48. Riaz, M.N., Fundamentals of Halal Foods and Certification. Prepared Foods, 2010. 179(1): p. 71-
76.
49. Suddin, L., T. Geoffrey Harvey, and A. Hanudin, Predicting intention to choose halal products
using theory of reasoned action. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and
Management, 2009. 2(1): p. 66-76.
50. Sungkar, I., Food Security & The Paradox of Muslim Countries, in The Halal Journal. 2008,
KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p. 28-29.
51. Sungkar, I., The Rising Importance of the Food Service Sector, in The Halal Journal. 2008,
KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p. 30-31.
52. Sungkar, I., Rsing Income and Trade Patterns of the Global Halal Meat Trade, in The Halal
Journal. 2009, KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p. 32.
53. Talib, Z., S. Zailani, and Y. Zainuddin, Conceptualizations on the Dimensions for the Halal
Orientation for Food Manufacturers: A Study in the Context of Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of
Social Sciences, 2010. 7(2): p. 56-61.
54. Tieman, M., Effective Halal Supply Chains: The Way Forward, in The Halal Journal. 2007,
KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p. 52-54.
55. Tieman, M., Modern Cluster Applications for the Age Old Halal, in The Halal Journal. 2007,
KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p. 44-48.
56. Tieman, M., Halal Storage: A Critical Success Factor of Your Halal Supply Chain, in The Halal
Journal. 2008, KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur.
57. Tieman, M., Halal Compliant Terminal: Facilitating Imports and Exports, in The Halal Journal.
2009, KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur.
58. Tieman, M., Halal Transportation: The Building Blocks of A Halal Transportation System, in The
Halal Journal. 2009, KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p. 30-31.
59. Tieman, M., The application of Halal in supply chain management: in-depth interviews. Journal
of Islamic Marketing, 2011. 2(2): p. 186-195.
60. Wan Hassan, W.M., Globalising Halal Standards: Issues and Challenges, in The Halal Journal.
2007, KasehDia Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur. p. 38-40.
61. Wan Omar, W.M., M.Z. Muhammad, and C.A. Omar. An Analysis of the Muslim Consumers'
Attitudes towards Halal Food Products in Kelantan. in ECER Regional Conference 2008. 2008.
UiTM Kelantan, Malaysia.
62. Williamson, O.E., The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. 1985, New York: Free Press.
63. Yang, Y. and W. Bao, The Design and Implementation of Halal Beef Wholly Quality Traceability
System Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV, D. Li, Y. Liu, and Y. Chen,
Editors. 2011, Springer Boston. p. 464-472.
64. Zaheer, A., B. McEvily, and V. Perrone, Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effects of
Interorganizational and Interpersonal Trust on Performance. Organization Science, 1998. 9(2): p.
141-159.

- 22 -
65. Zailani, S., et al., Halal traceability and Halal tracking systems in strengthening Halal food supply
chain for food industry in Malaysia (A review). Journal of Food Technology, 2010. 8(3): p. 74-81.

- 23 -